GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
and chemical properties
LESSON 7: PERIODIC TABLE: HISTORY
Periodic Table – systematic arrangement
of all the elements showing periodic
similarities and difference in their
properties
History:
Johann Dobereiner
- Attempts to arrange the elements
based on similar properties and
grouped them together in triads
(group of 3) – LAW OF TRIADS
- Increasing order of atomic masses
- Atomic mass of 2nd element is
(almost) equal to 1st and 3rd
element; making it halfway
- Flaws: could be grouped into a set
of more than 3
o Incorrect measurement
John Newlands
- 8 elements per group
- Solved one of the discrepancies of
Johann Dobereiner (set larger than
3)
- Elements that been known at the
time were put into relative atomic
mass
- Elements were similar to other
elements every 8th place
- Flaws: elements in the same row
with different chemical properties
as well as having two elements in
the same boxes.
Lothar Meyer
- He organized 28 elements into 6
different families with the elements
having a likeness in both physical
- Left a room for undiscovered
elements
- Made 8 major family
- Used the valence electron to
organize and keep the families in
the pattern
- Flaws: not all elements are
discovered that time that made
Meyer’s periodic table incomplete
Dmitri Mendeleev
- Father of periodic table
- Similar to Meyer’s
- Published first in 1869
- Took 63 elements and arranged it
by atomic mass and grouped by
physical and chemical properties
- Left rooms for new elements and
predict some such as eke-silicon and
eka-boron (similar to Al and He)
- Flaws: Noble gas were not found
due to being undiscovered
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
LESSON 8: PERIODIC TABLE:
GENERAL FEATURES
 Group Number / Family
- Vertical columns which
represent the similarities on
their valence electrons and
need for chemical bonding –
there are 8 families (A; main
group and B; sub – group)
- Indicated the number of
valence electron
 reactivity
Group Name (A) Info
- Valence electron = 1
Alkali Metal (1A) - Electron
configuration: n s1 B; sub -group: Transition Metals
- Low ionization
energy and
electronegative
- Metallic; dense and lustrous, good
- Largest atomic size conductor of heat and electricity
and highly reactive
- Largest atomic
number, largest Inner Transition
atomic size and
level of reactivity Lanthanide Acetamide Series
- Valence electron = 2
Alkali-Earth Metal - Electron Series
(2A) configuration: n s2 - Rate-earth - Elements
-
- Less metallic
Soluble in water
- Metals after V are
- Reactive - Period 6 artificially
- Valence electron = 3
Boron Group (3A) - Electron
- 4f sublevel produced
configuration: - All
n s2 n p 1 radioactive
- All are metals
except Boron - 5f sublevel
- Metalloid - Period 7
- Valence electron = 4
Carbon Group (4A) - Electron
configuration:
2
ns np
2
 Period / Series – horizontal row of
- Metallic progression
- Has allotropes elements representing the number
elements of principal energy level in the
- “phictogens”
Nitrogen Group - Valence electron = 5 atoms of each elements
(5A) - Electron
configuration:
2 3
Classification:
ns np
- Metallic progression
-Has dangerous
Metals
allotropes
- Nitrogen-diatomic Properties:
molecule
Chalcogens (6A) - “Oxygen Group” Conductivity – ability to transfer
- Valence electron = 6
- electron configuration: heat and electricity
2 4
ns np
- allotropes of oxygen Luster – the mirror-like shine that
-one forming elements
- Valence electron = 7
reflects light well
Halogens (7A) - Electro
configuration: Malleability – ability to be
2 5
ns np hammered
- Some are diatomic
molecule
- Non-metals Ductility – ability to be drawn into
Noble Gas (8A) - Inner gases wire
- Valence electron=8
- Electron
configuration: Non – metals -opposite of Metals
2 6
ns np
- Except He(2) Metalliods / Semi – Metals
- Extremely stable
- Monoatomic gas  Blocks
- Colourless
- Little to no
S Block – electric configuration ends with s
sublevel (Group 1A and 2A including He)
P Block - electric configuration ends with p
sublevel (Group 3A to 8A except He)
D Block - electric configuration ends with
d sublevel (Group of Transition Metals)
F Block - electric configuration ends with f
sublevel (Lanthanide and Actinide Series)
 Trends
Atomic Size
Period: increasing, Atomic Size:
increasing
Group: increasing, Atomic Size:
decreasing
Metallic Property
Period: increasing, Metallic
Property: increasing
Group: increasing, Metallic
Property: decreasing
Ionization Energy – energy required to
remove electron (cation)
Period: increasing, IE: decreasing
Group: increasing, IE: increasing
Electron Affinity – energy change that
occurs when an atom gains electron
(anion)
Period: increasing, EA: decreasing
Group: increasing, EA: increasing
Electronegativity – ability of an atom to
attract an electron
Period: increasing, EN: decreasing
Group: increasing, EN: increasing
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
LESSON 9: COVALENT COMPOUND
- Compounds whose atoms are
held together by covalent
bonds
*composed of non-metals that
share electron aims to have
electronic configuration
Octet Rule
- Formulated by Gilbert Newton
Lewis
- States that atoms react in order
to acquire a fill set of 8 valence
electrons similar to the
electron configuration of the
noble gas
o Expanded Octet –
numbers of valence
electron larger than 8
after bonding (*only
visible in period 3 and
below)
Structural Formula – a graphic
representation of the molecular
chamber and used to represent the
bonds
Lewis Dot Structure –
represents the number of valence
electron by means of dots
surrounding the symbol of the
elements.
*element sym. + dots + line bonds
*dots = valence electron = group # o Gives the composition of the
*single bond=1 pair (line), double bonds=2, triple bonds=3 molecule, in terms of the
STEPS IN DRAWING THE LEWIS DOT actual number of atom
STRUCTURE: present
 Empirical Formula – gives the
1. Identify the number of valence composition of the molecule, in
electrons and write the Lewis Structure of terms of the smallest ratio of the
the elements number of atom present.
2. Add the valence electrons of the  Structural Formula – use of line and
elements dots

3. Determine the central atom using the Writing Chemical Formula of Covalent
covalency (highest) or the Compound:
electronegativity (lowest) - Prefix used in the name of each
*central atom – atoms in between the element in a covalent compound
structural formula except Hydrogen indicates the number of atoms for
that elements and is shown in its
4. Put a pair of electrons on between
subscript
atom to form chemical bond
Step 1: Identify elements involved in the
5. Complete the octet (or check) on the
compound and their subscript
outside
Step 2: Identify the Greek prefixes in the
compound and its equivalent number
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 Step 3: Put together the elements’ symbol
LESSON 10: CHEMICAL FORMULA OF and the subscript coming from the Greek
COVALENT COMPOUND prefixes

Chemical Formula – tells the number of *if subscript is 1, no need to indicate

atoms of each element in a compound =invisible subscript

Ex: H 2 O - water Greek Prefixes

Subscript – number written tot eh 1 Mono

below and the right of the chemical 2 Di
symbol that indicates the number of 3 Tri
atoms are in the molecule 4 Tetra
5 Penta
KINDS OF CHEMICAL FORMULA 6 Hexa
 Chemical Formula (molecular 7 Hepta
formula) – numbers of atom are 8 Octa
indicated or the subscript can give 9 Nona
10 deca
accurate results

NAMING A COVALENT COMPOUND:
Step 1: identify the name of the element
nd
Step 2: Modifying the name of the 2
element using the suffix – ide.
Step 3: Greek prefixes are used to indicate
the number
Ex: oxygen = oxide
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
LESSON 11: MONOATOMIC AND
POLYATOMIC IONS
Atoms – molecules made up of 2 or more
elements
Molecule – 2 or more atoms combine
together or from a chemical bonding
Ions – atoms that losses or gains electron
When an atom and a molecule acquires a
net charge, it became an ION.
 Cations (+) – atom that losses
electron (Metals)
 Anions (-) – atom that gains
electron (Non-Metals)
Naming Monoatomic and Polyatomic
Cation and Anions
For Metals (monoatomic cations)
 Use the name of the
elements + term “ion”
 Classic Method – latin name +
suffix – ic (if it has highest net
large) or – ous (if has lower
net charge
 Stock Method – place a
roman numeral indication the
charge is written in
parentheses after the English
name of the metal
For Non-Metals (anions)
Monoatomic Anion
 Name of the element is modified by
suffix – ide
Polyatomic Anion
*need to be mindful about the number of
oxygen atom
 Suffix – ate (more oxygen atom) or –
ite (less oxygen atom)
 Prefix hypo – (fewest oxygen atom)
and per – (most oxygen atom)
Polyatomic Ions – oxygen atom is
sometimes substituted with sulfur atom.
Prefix thio –
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
LESSON 12: WRITING AND NAMING
BINARY AND TERIARY IONIC COMPOUND
Ionic Compound – compounding 2 or
more ions
- Combination of cations (+) and
anion(-) or combining metal and
non-metals
- Aims to get neutral atoms which has
0 net charge – the sum of positive
and negative charges must be equal
to zero
- Use of Criss-Cross Method to set
the net charge of 2 elements into 0
Binary Compound – composed of
monoatomic cation and monoatomic
anion
Ternary Compound – composed of
monoatomic cation and polyatomic anion
Naming Binary Compound
- List first the cations (metals)
followed by the anion (non-metal)
Step 1: write the name of the cation
(metal)
Step 2: write the name of the anion (non-
metal) after the cation. Modified it using
the suffix – ide.
Step 3: Put together
Writing Chemical Formula for Binary
Compound
- Cation first then anion
Step 1: Write the chemical symbol of the
element involved
Step 2: write the ionic form: cation and
the anion that includes their net charge or
oxidation number
Step 3: Create an electrically neutral
compound = 0
Naming Ternary Ionic Compound
- Cation first then polyatomic anion
Step 1: Write the name of the cation
(metals)
Step 2: Write the name of the anion (non-
metals) after the cation with the suffix –
ate and – ite
Writing Chemical Formula for Ternary
Compounds
Step 1: Write the Chemical Symbol of the
element and the polyatomic ion involved.
Step 2: Using the chemical symbol of the
element and the polyatomic ion, write
their ionic form
Step 3: Create electrically neutral
compound
Naming Compounds of Metals with more
than one Oxidation Number
Step 1A: (Classic Method)
 Name the metal with higher
oxidation – suffix – ic
 Name the metal with lower
oxidation – suffix – ous
Step 2A:
 Name the non-metal with suffix –
ide
 Name the polyatomic anion with
suffix – ate or – ite
Step 1B: (Stock Method)
 Name the metal, followed by its
oxidation number written in Roman
numeral and enclosed in
parentheses
Step 2B:
 Name the non-metal which ends
with – ide or by the name of the
polyatomic ion.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
LESSON 13: WRITING AND NAMING
BINARY ACIDS AND OXYACIDS
Binary Acids – composed of 2 elements
wherein the first elements are always
hydrogen while the second element is a
nonmetal
Oxyacid – acids consisting of hydrogen,
oxygen and another central elements. In
other words, oxyacid are combinations of
hydrogen and a polyatomic ion
*Hydrogen – fixed element or atom

Writing Chemical Formula of Binary Acids

and Oxyacids
Step 1: Write the chemical symbol of given
compound
Step 2: Write the net charge of the given
compound
Step 3: Do the Criss-Cross Method
*for oxyacid, if the name ends with suffix
– ous then its ends with – ite with the net
charge will be _O3… if ends with the suffix
– ic then it ends with ide with the net
charge will be _O4
Naming Binary Acids and Oxyacids
Binary Acids – use the prefix hydro – and
and the suffix – ic attached to the name of
the acid-forming elements followed by te
word acid. Hydro + (non-metal)ic + acid
Oxyacids – drop the word hydro then the
– ite ending of the polyatomic ion is
changed to – ous and the – ate ending to –
ic finally add the word acid
*polyatomic anion – ite = - ous + acid
*polyatomic anion – ate = - ic + acid