University of Bahrain

Department of Chemistry
General Chemistry 101
CHEMY101

CHEMY101
General Chemistry 101
REFERENCE BOOK: RAYMOND CHANG, JASON OVERBY
(McGraw Hill Education)
Course instructor: Dr. Ezzat
Khan

Office NO. S41-1044

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 Chapter 2: ATOMS MOLECULES AND IONS

 Matter: Anything which has mass and occupies space.

All matter is made up of atoms, which are in turn made up of protons, neutrons and
electrons.

 Element: Simplest form of matter.

 Atoms: The smallest bits of a matter.
Defines as the basic unit of an element that can enter a chemical combination.

 Atom: Smallest part of an element/tiny particle.

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The structure of the atom:
• Series of investigations clearly demonstrated that atoms possess internal
structure. They are made up of even smaller particles (subatomic
particles), electrons, protons & neutrons.
Particle Charge Unit
𝑒 -1
𝑛 0
𝑝 +1

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 The atoms can be identified by the number of protons and neutrons.
 Atomic Number (𝑍): number of protons in the nucleus.
 Mass Number (𝐴): total number of protons and neutrons.

 Representation of an atom: 𝑛 = number p e n

27
Al 13
13

𝑍 = 𝑛(𝑝) 27
Al3+ 13
𝐴 = 𝑍 + 𝑛(𝑛) 13

80
𝑛(𝑒) = 𝑛(𝑝) 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 35
Br 35

80
Br1- 35
35
12 13 14
C C C
6 6 6
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 ISOTOPES

 Atoms that have the same atomic number, but different mass number
(Isotopes) and they play similar chemical properties.

 Uranium has 2 isotopes known as

235
Uranium -235 U

238
Uranium -238 U Dr. Ezzat Khan 5
 Elements

Metals Metalloids Non-metals

 Metals: Good conductor of heat and electricity e. g: Copper, Silver etc.

 Metalloids: Shows properties intermediate between those of metals and non-
metals e.g.: Boron ,Silicon, etc.
 Non- metals: Poor conductor of heat and electricity e.g.: Oxygen, Fluorine etc.

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 Elements arranged in order
of increasing atomic number. Step like line separates
metals from non-metals.

1
Periods – 2 Groups –vertical
Horizontal columns containing
rows. 3 elements with
4 similar properties.
5
6
7

 The Periodic Table is a systematic organization of the

elements.
 Elements are arranged in order of atomic number.
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 Periodic Table: A chart in which elements having similar
chemical and physical properties are grouped together.

 Horizontal rows are known as Periods: There are 7 periods in the Periodic table.
 Vertical columns are known as Groups : There are 18 groups in the Periodic table.
 Group 1: Known as Alkali metals
 Group 2: Known as Alkaline earth metals
 Group 3-12: Known as Transition elements.
 Group17: Known as Halogens.
 Group 18: known as Noble gases/rare gases.

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Group 1: Alkali Metals. Group 18: Nobel Gases.
Charge: +1 Charge: 0

Group 2: Alkali Earth Metals. Group 17: Halogens.

Charge: +2 Charge: -1

H He

+3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

+4

Transition metals
Show more than one
charge.

Lanthanoids.
Actinoids
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 IONS

 Ions: An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has net positive or

negative charge.

 Monoatomic Ions: Contain only one

atom. e.g.: Na+, Cl-, H+, Mg2+, Fe3+

 Polyatomic ions: Two or more atoms combine to form an ion that has
net positive or negative charge.
e.g.: OH-, NH4+, NO3-
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 MOLECULES

 A molecule is an arrangement of two or more atoms which are

held by chemical bond e.g.: Formation of H2O molecule.

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 Diatomic molecules: Which contain two same/different atoms
e.g.: H2, O2, N2 and group 17 elements F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (contain same atoms).
HCl, CO, HBr (contain different atoms).
 Polyatomic molecules: Molecules contain more than two same /different atoms/ two or more atoms combine to form
an ion that has net positive or negative charge e.g.: O3, H2O, NH3.
 Chemical compounds: Is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically
bonded together e.g.: Water, Carbon dioxide (CO2).

Types of compounds

Ionic compounds
Covalent/Molecular compound
Usually formed when a metal reacts with a
non- metal (or poly atomic ion). Formed when two non-metals react with each other.

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 Types of Compounds:
 Ionic compounds
 Covalent or molecular compounds

Ionic compounds are compounds composed of ions, charged particles that are formed when
an atom (or group of atoms, in the case of polyatomic ions) gain or lose electrons.
• A cation is +𝑣𝑒 ion
• An anion is −𝑣𝑒 ion.

Covalent or molecular compounds form when elements share electrons in a covalent bond
to form molecules. Molecular compounds are electrically neutral.
Ionic compounds are (usually) formed when a metal reacts with a nonmetal (or a polyatomic
ion).
Covalent compounds are formed when two nonmetals react with each other.
Since hydrogen is a nonmetal, binary compounds containing hydrogen are also usually
covalent compounds. Dr. Ezzat Khan 13
 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 → 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 → 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 + 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 → 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 (𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦)

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Main group metal cations( Gp 1, 2, 13)

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Transition metals and post-transition metals (group 14 and 15):

Charge of Transition metals and some post-transition metals are represented by

STOCK NOTATION-Representation of charge by Roman Numerals

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Main group–nonmetals (groups 14,15,16,17):

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POLY ATOMIC IONS

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Tips to remember
 Thio- implies replacing an oxygen atom with a sulfur atom

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 Replacing the first element in the formula with another element from
the same group gives a polyatomic ion with the same charge, and a
similar name:

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 The -ate forms (formula and charge) must be memorized.

 The -ite form has one less oxygen that the -ate form.

 The hypo- stem -ite form has two less oxygens than the -ate form.

 The per- stem -ate form has one more oxygen than the -ate form.

 The -ide form is the monatomic

anion. Dr. Ezzat Khan 22
Writing the formula of Ionic compounds:
• The cation is written first, followed by the monatomic or polyatomic anion.

• The subscripts in the formula must produce an electrically neutral formula unit. (That

is, the total amount of positive charge must equal the total amount of negative
charge.

Al2S3
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 Nomenclature of Ionic compound (metal + non-metals) or (metals + poly
atomic anions)
 When naming binary ionic compounds, name the cation first (specifying the charge,
if necessary), then the nonmetal anion (element stem + -ide).

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Metals combine with polyatomic ions to give ionic compounds.
Name the cation first (specifying the charge, if necessary), then the
polyatomic ion as listed in the table.

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Binary Covalent Compounds Between Two Nonmetals.

𝑁𝑂𝑁 𝑀𝐸𝑇𝐴𝐿𝑆 + 𝑁𝑂𝑁 𝑀𝐸𝑇𝐴𝐿𝑆 → 𝐶𝑂𝑉𝐴𝐿𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝑂𝑅 𝑀𝑂𝐿𝐸𝐶𝑈𝐿𝐴𝑅 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑁𝐷

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Bases and its nomenclature

HYDRATES
• Hydrates are compounds that have a specific number of water molecules attached
to them

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

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