SIR C. R.

REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(PERMANENTLY AFFILIATED TO JNTUK)
ELURU, A.P, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A.Y 2022-2023

INTERNSHIP PROJECT

FLAT SLAB (Advanced civil engineering topic)

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

Submitted by

B.SESHU BABU- 21B85A0104

M.VISHAL -20B81A0115

V.DILEEP KUMAR-21B85A0122

Under the esteemed guidance of

S.SAI CHARAN M.TECH (Assistant professor)

DEP
ARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINERRING
SIR CR REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINERRING, ELURU
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Internship Project report entitled “FLAT SLAB” is
a Internship Project work had done by the B.SESHU BABU with Regd. No:
21B85A0104 , M.VISHAL with Regd. No: 21B85A0115 &V.DILEEP KUMAR
with Regd. No: 21B85A0122 during the academic year 2022-2023 as a partial
fulfilment of the academic requirements for the award of the Bachelor of
Technology in Department of Civil Engineering from JNTU(K), Kakinada.

S.SAI CHARAN M. TECH C. RAMESH DUTT

INTERNSHIP INTERNAL HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

GUIDE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG
ENGG
SIR CRR COE, ELURU
SIR CRR COE, ELURU
EXTERNL EXAMINER
CONTENTS:

 Objectives
 Introduction to flat slab
 Types of flat slab
 Benefits of flat slab
 Applications of flat slab
 Design of flat slab
 Advantages and Disadvantages of flat slab
 Uses of flat slab
 Differences between flat slab and regular slab
 Conclusion
OBJECTIVES:

The following are the objective of flat slabs

1. Introduction to the flat slabs.
2. To study the design of flat slabs manually.
3. Conclusion of flat slabs.
INTRODUCTION:

1. A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not have
beams and girders, and the loads are transferred directly to the supporting
concrete columns. The flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing
system utilizing a slab of uniform thickness, the simplest of structural
shapes.
2. Thin flat slabs ranging from 5 to 9 m are the preferred solution for building
in-situ concrete frame buildings.
3. These slabs are typically used on parking decks, commercial buildings,
hotels, or places where beam projections are not desired.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:

 Flat slabs were originally invented in the U.S.A in year 1906.

 This was the start of these type of construction.
 Many slabs were load-tested between 1910-20 in U.S.A.
 1914 Nicholas propsed a method of analysis of these slab based on simple
statics, this method is known as direct design method.
APPLICATIONS OF FLAT SLAB:

 In the case of high rise building thinner slabs are required so that addition
floors can be added.
 The distance that be spanned by post-tensioned slabs exceeds that of
reinforced constructions with the same thickness.
 For increasing span lengths so as to increases the usable unencumbered floor
space in buildings.
 For diminishing the number of joints in the structure.
 For the speedy construction of the project.
 Large span of slab can obtain easily.
 The structure is crack free as the whole structure is in compression.
 The moulds can be used number of times as per demand.
TYPES OF FLAT SLAB:

1. TYPICAL FLAT SLAB:

 This slab is also called beam slab construction so beams are sometimes
avoided in warehouses, offices, public halls, and slabs are supported directly
by columns.
 These types of constructions are also aesthetically appealing and supported
by straight columns.

2. FLAT SLAB WITHOUT DROP AND WITH COLUMN

HEAD:

 The column head is sometimes widened to reduce perforation shear in the

slab, the widest parts are called column heads.
 The column heads can be provided within any angle from an architectural
point of view, but for design the concrete in the portion at 45° on either side
of vertical only is considered as effective for the design.
3. FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANEL AND WITHOUT COLUMN
HEAD:

 The moments in the slab are higher near the column, so the slab is thickened
near the column by providing drops.
 Sometimes the drops are called the capital of the pillar.
 Providing drop panels around the column heads enables flat slabs to carry
large shear forces without the need for shear reinforcement.
 Although longer spans can be provided, the drops complicate the
construction process and can interfere with routing of services.
INDIAN CODE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING
FLAT SLAB:

1) Thickness of flat slab:

 The thickness of flat slab shall be generally controlled by considerations of
span to effective depth ratio.
2) Drops:
 The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and have a length in
each direction not less than one third of the panel length in each direction.
For exterior panels, with drops at right angles to the non continuous edge
and measured from centre line of the columns shall be equal to one half the
width of drop for interior panels.
3) Column heads:-
 When column heads are provided, that portion of column head which lies
within the largest circular cone or pyramid that has vertex, angle of 90 and
can be included entirely within the outlines of the column and the column
head, shall be considered for design purposes.

 Failure of RCC slab during severe earthquake has lead to wide spread
rejection of flat slab. Many of the existing flat slab buildings may not have
designed for seismic forces. Hence it is important to study their response
under seismic conditions and to evaluate seismic retrofit schemes. In order
to study the response of flat slab under seismic conditions and to evaluate
seismic retrofit schemes push over analysis is performed and by conducting
push over analysis, we can know the weak zones in the structure and then we
will decide whether particular part is retrofitted or rehabilitated according to
the requirement
The retrofitting can be done by
1) Column jacketing
2) Addition of beams at floor
3) Column jacketing and addition of beams

 Column jacketing and is a good cost effective technique but it is adequate

only when seismic deficiency is small.
 The beam retrofitting reduces the sagging hinges significantly. Increasing
the number of story of retrofitting by either column retrofitting alone or
beam retrofitting alone does not improve the behavior significantly. When
column jacketing and addition of beams are adopted simultaneously one or
more number of stories, large increase in lateral strength and stiffness can be
achieved. The pushover analysis of a structure is a static non-linear analysis
under permanent vertical loads and gradually increasing lateral loads.
MODDELING OF FLAT SLAB

BENEFITS OF FLAT SLAB:

 Flat Slabs are considered suitable for most of the construction and
for a symmetrical column layouts like floors with curved shapes
and ramps etc. The advantages of applying flat slabs are many like
depth solution, flat soffit and flexibility in design layout.
 Flat slabs are mostly used in large industrial structures, parking
garages, ramps, warehouse, high rise buildings and hotels. 2. They
are also used where uses of beams are not required.
USES OF FLAT SLAB:
1. Flat slabs are mostly used in large industrial structures, parking garages,
ramps, warehouses, tall buildings, and hotels.
2. They are used where the beam is not required.
3. These slabs also used where the structures require less formwork.
4. Also, provide better diffusion of light to the plain roof surface.
ADVANTAGES OF FLAT SLAB:

1. A flat slab reduces the overall height of the structure.

2. These slabs are capable of lifting concentrated loads.
3. They require less formwork.
4. Since the reinforcement of flat slabs can be easily expanded, it is easy to
place.
5. They also have better quality control.
6. Sprinklers, utilities, and other piping are easy to install due to the absence of
beams.
7. This gives a better appearance and diffusion of light.
8. Better fire-resistant than other floor systems.
9. They can be constructed rapidly.

DISADVANTAGES OF FLAT SLAB:

1. In the flat plate system, the construction of large spans is not possible.
2. The use of a drop panel can interfere with large mechanical ducting.
3. They are not suitable for masonry walls (brittle supports).
4. The thickness of the flat plate slab is greater than that of the typical RCC
two-way slab.
USES OF FLAT SLAB:
1. Flat slabs are mostly used in large industrial structures, parking garages,
ramps, warehouses, tall buildings, and hotels.
2. They are used where the beam is not required.
3. These slabs also used where the structures require less formwork.
4. Also, provide better diffusion of light to the plain roof surface.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLAT SLAB SYSTEM AND SLAB BEAM

SYSTEM:
 Flat slab is a beamless slab with or without drops supported by columns with
or without flare heads unlike the conventional slabs system where the beams
are used. The load is transferred in flat slab from slab to columns and then
directly to the footing.

 In a slab beam system, the floor consists of bean and slab. In flat slab
system, the thickness of slab is large. In slab beam system, the thickness of
slab is small while depth of beam is large.

 Flat slab system provide greater clear ceiling heights. Slab beam system
provides lesser clear ceiling heights.

 In flat slabs load from slab is directly transferred to column. In slab beam
load from slab is transferred to beam and from beam to column.

 In flat slab system, less formwork is needed. In slab beam system, more
formwork is needed.

 Form work is simple hence not costly. In slab beam system, form work is
complicated and hence costly.
CONCLUSION:
 The flat slab is rested on the column and the load from the slab is transferred
directly to the column and then to the foundation.

 Flat slab is a beamless slab with or without drops supported by columns with
or without flare heads unlike the conventional slabs system where the beams
are used. The load is transferred in flat slab from slab to columns and then
directly to the footing. In a slab beam system the load is transferred from
slab to beam than to columns then directly transferred to the footings.

5. Flat slabs are mostly used in large industrial structures, parking garages,
ramps, warehouses, tall buildings, and hotels.

REFERENCES:
 Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design-P.C Varghese.
 S.P 16.
 Design of reinforced concrete structures-R. Narayan.
 And our guide S.SAI.CHARAN SIR (Assistant professor of civil
engineering).
