“CHEMISTRY NOTES”

Chapter No 1:

“Basic Concept of Classification of

Element”
 Chemistry:
It is the branch of science in which we study about Matter.

 Matter: Everything which occupies space and have some mass is known
as Matter.

“Classification Of matter”

Element Compound
(Pure State) (Mixture State)

 Modern Periodic Table:

The arrangement of elements in order to increasing atomic number
& Period reputation of physical and chemical properties in an atom is called
periodic law.

I. Atomic Number:
Total number of electron and proton in an atom is called as Atomic
number.
II. Atomic Mass/weight:
The sum of neutron and proton is called as Atomic mass/weight.

 Groups: The vertical columns in the periodic table are known as Groups.
There are 18 Groups in Periodic Table.
 Periods: The horizontal rows in the periodic table are known as Periods.
There are 7 Periods in Periodic Table.

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 MODERN PERIODIC TABLE:

“Blocks in the Periodic Table”

s-block = 2 Groups.
d-block = 10 Groups.
p-block = 6 Groups.
f-block = 14 Groups.
Number of Elements in the Periods of the Periodic Table:

1st Period: Two (2) Elements.

2nd & 3rd Period: Eight (8) Elements.
4th & 5th Period: Eighteen (18) Elements.
6th Period: Thirty Two (32) Elements.
7th Period: Incomplete.

 Lactinide series = 6th Period => Lanthinium Elements.

 Actinide series = 7th Period => Actinium Elements.

6th & 7th Periods (On the bottom) are called Inner transition elements.

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 “Names of the Groups”
o 1st Group: Alkali Metals.
o 2nd Group: Alkaline Earth Metals.
o 3rd Group: Boron Family.
o 4th Group: Carbon Family.
o 5th Group: Nitrogen Family.
o 6th Group: Oxygen Family.
o 7th Group: Halogens.
o 8th Group: Noble Gases/Rare Gases.

Valency:
It is the tendency of an atom to lose or gain electrons from group 1 to 4. Valency of
electrons is equal to group number.
Group 5 to 8 valency formula: [8 “-” Group Number].
Ionization:
Conversion of a compound into ions is called Ionization.
K, L, M, N Shell
2n2 … n= Number of shell.

Octate Rule:
An atom which gains eight electrons in its valence shell and
become stable it is called as Octate Rule.
Naoh Hydroxyl Ion.
H3O Hydronium Ion.
+Ion => Cation.
-Ion => Anion.
Monovalent: Have to lose or gain only one electron in valence/outer most shell.
Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of
electrons towards itself.
 Ionization Potential: The energy which is required to loss an electron from
the valence shell of an atom is known as Ionization Potential/Energy.
 Electron Effinity: When an atom in gaseous state gain or loss electron is called
Electron Effinity.
 Organic Compounds: The compound contains carbon or hydrogen.
Reducing properties (Reduction): Loss of oxygen is
known as Reduction.

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 “PERIODICI
TY Variations
OF SOME in properties of elements: in groups & in Periods.
1. Atomic Sizes:
The distance between nucleus to outer most shell is known as Atomic
size. One of the most obvious properties of an atom is its size. A plot of atomic volume against
atomic number for the first 60 elements.
Structure of Elements:

3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10+

Li Be B C N O F Ne

2. The Size of Ions:

The positive ions (Cation) are smaller than the parent atom because:
i. The outer shell of electron is lost.
ii. The nucleus charge can pull the remaining electrons closer to the nucleus,
as there are more protons than electrons.

The periodicity of atomic (Covalent) and Ionic radii.

3. Ionization Energy/Potential:
The energy required to remove electron from the outer most
shell of an atom is known as I.E/I.P.
1st Ionization Energy:
The energy required to remove only one electron from the valence shell and form
a single positive charge is known as 1st Ionization Energy.
The 1st Ionization Energy decreases Up to Bottom & increases
along the period: in the Periodic Table.
4. Oxidation State:
The apparent positive
+ -
charge on an atom in a compound is known as
Oxidation State. E.g: Na cl . The oxidation state of normal element belongs in the
periodic table.

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“PERIODIC RELATIONSHIP IN COMPOUNDS”

Binary Compounds:
When two different elements combine together they are known as
Binary Compounds.
- Two kinds of Ion
H => Hydride Ion.
+
H => Hydrogen Ion/Proton Ion.
1. Hydride:
When any element combine together with hydrogen are known as Hydrides.
E.g: NH3, H2O etc.
Hydrides may be broadly classified as: Ionic, Covalent, Co-Ordinate..
The element
- of group 1A & 2A (except Be and Mg)
form Ionic hydrides, which contains H Ion.
The element of group 3A to 7A form covalent bind. When we move left to
right in the periodic table the tendancy to form covalent hydrides increases. When
we move Up to Bottom in the Periodic Table the tendency to form covalent hydrides
decreases.
“Electronegativity”
The ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of electron is called Electronegativ ity.
2. Oxides:
These are the binary compounds of oxygen. Oxides of group 1A and 2A are Ionic
in nature and dissolve in water to produce basic solution.
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH.
Oxides of non-metallic elements are generally acidic
in nature. E.g: Co2, SO2, NO2 etc. They dissolve in water to produce acidic
solutions.
Co2, H2O H2Co3.
As we move from left to right in the Periodic Table the nature of
the oxides changes from strongly basic through weakly basic. The acidity of
oxides increases with oxidation state.
3. Halides:
These are the binary compounds of halogens. Fluorides have the highest melting
& boiling points due to small size of fluoride Ion. The halides melting & boiling
points decreases in the following order:
Fluoride > Chloride > Bromide > Iodide.

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 Chapter No 2:

“s- Block Elements”

The metals in the group 1A & 2A of the periodic table are known as s-block elements.
The Alkali metals of group 1A include lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),
rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and francium (Fr).

“ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF S-BLOCK

ELEMENTS”
It tells us the arrangement of electrons in shells & sub shells.
1 Step:
st

Shells: - K, L, M, N, O.
Sub shells: - K = s.
L = s, p.
M = s, p, d.
N = s, p, d, f.
O = s, p, d, f.
2nd Step:
Number of electrons in shells_
s = 2.
p = 6.
d = 10.
f = 14.
3rd Step:
1K = 1s.
2L = 2s, 2p.
3M = 3s, 3p, 3d.
4N = 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f.
5O = 5s, 5p, 5d, 5f.
4th Step:

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.

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 (2, 6, 10, 14)
(s, p, d, f )
For example:
Germanium (Ge) = 30.
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p2.
Carbon (C) = 6.
1s2, 2s2, 2p2.

“PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 1A & 2A

ELEMENTS”
A+B AB (Compound & Molecule).
A+A A (Molecule).
B +B B (Molecule).
Molecules: when same or different atoms combine together they form
molecules. E.g: (A+B, A+A).
Oxides.
Hydroxides.
Sulphides.
Nitrates.
Carbonate.

“PECULIAR BEHAVIOUR OF LITHIUM”

The difference in the properties of lithium than other alkali metals is called as Peculiar
Behaviour.
The important differences of lithium from other alkali metals are:
 The lithium has lower density than other alkali metals.
 It has a higher melting point than other alkali metals.
 Lithium is much harder than other alkali metals.
 It is the least reactive metals than the other alkali metals.
 The reaction of lithium with water is very slow and less vigorous while other alkali
metals react violently.
 Most of the lithium salts are hydroscopic (The compound which absorbs
water/moisture from atmosphere) and form hydrates but its fluoride (F) and
phosphate (PO4) are only sparingly soluble in water as compared to other alkali metals.
 The salts of lithium are less stable than the other alkali metals.
 Lithium forms normal oxides (when burnt) but the other alkali metals form peroxides
or superoxide.
 Lithium hydride is more stable than the hydrides of other alkali metals.
 Lithium combines very slowly with nitrogen to give a nitride.

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  Endothermic Reactions: Reactions in which heat is absorbed is called as Endothermic
Reactions.
Exothermic Reactions: Reactions in which heat is released is known as Exothermic
Reactions.
 Lithium hydroxide is less soluble in water than the other alkali metals.
 Lithium hydroxide is thermally less stable than the other alkali metals.
2LiOH Li2O + H2O.
 Direct reactions are only be taken by Lithium carbide in alkali metals.
 Lithium compounds are more covalent.
 The alkyls and aryls are more stable than the other alkali metals.

“PECULIAR BEHAVIOUR OF BERYLLIUM”

The difference in the properties of Beryllium than other alkaline earth metals is
called as Peculiar Behaviour of Beryllium.
The important differences of lithium from other alkaline earth metals are:
 Beryllium is harder than iron and enough to scratch glass than the other alkaline earth
metals.
 The melting and boiling point of beryllium are much higher than the other alkaline
earth metals.
 Beryllium reacts with alkalies to give hydrogen while other alkaline earth metals do not
react with alkalies.
Be + 2NaOH Na2BeO2 + H2.
 The beryllium sulphide is much more stable in water than the other alkaline earth
metals.
 Beryllium compounds are extremely toxic as compared to other alkaline earth metals.

“GENERAL TRENDS IN CHEMICAL

PROPERTIESOF COMPOUNDS GROUP 1A & 2A”

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