Dmitri Mendeleev – in 1969 he was able to show
a definite relationship between chemical
properties and atomic weights of elements. He
noticed that if you arranged it all, the known
chemical elements in the periodic table can
put in order of increasing atomic weights. He
made the table leaving gaps for new elements
to be discovered and fill them.
- Mendeleev promulgated the old periodic law
which stated that some physical and chemical
properties of elements are periodic function of
their atomic weights.
Henry Moseley – according to him early
periodic table showed some error. He studied
the characteristic X-ray spectra of the elements
known then. The result of his experiment showed
that the atomic numbers of the elements not
the weights as was previously thought were
directly related to square root of the frequency
of the X-ray. The discovery led to the re-
establishment of the periodic law into: The
physical and chemical properties of the
elements are periodic functions of their atomic
number.
Topic 2: ARRANGEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
GROUPS OR FAMILY OF ELEMENTS- are
arranged in vertical rows
Two major Groups:
A’s Group- Representative Elements
B’s group Transition Elements
Group 1A- Alkali Earth Metal
Group 2A- Alkaline Earth Metal
Group 3A- Aluminum or Boron Family
Group 4A- Carbon Family
Group 5A- Nitrogen Family
Group 6A- Oxygen Family
Group 7A- Halogen Family
B’s group Transition Elements
Group 1B- Coinage Metal
Group 2B- Zinc Family
Group 3B- Scandium Family
Group 4B- Titanium Family
Group 5B- Vanadium Family
Group 6B- Chromium Family
Group 7B- Manganese Family
Inert Group of Elements
Group 0- Noble Gasses
PERIODS OF ELEMENTS – are arranged in
horizontal columns
Period 1 H - He
Period 2 Li- Ne
Period 3 Na- Ar
Period 4 K- Kr
Period 5 Rb- Xe
Period 6 Cs- Rn
La- Yb
Period 7 Lr-Uuo
Ac- No
Topic 3: Generalization of the Periodic Table
1. Subgroup A - the group number is equal
to the number of electrons in the
outermost shell.
2. Subgroup B - the group number is equal
to the number of electrons in the
outermost shell
3. For all the elements, the series number
corresponds to the number of shells that
the atom needs to load its electrons.
4. Atoms belonging to group I, II, and III
tend to attain a stable configuration
(called octet configuration) by losing 1,2
0r 3 electrons and become cat ions with
a +1, +2 and +3 charge.
5. Atoms belonging to group V, VI and VII
tend to acquire the octet configuration
by gaining 3,2 and 1 electrons to become
anions with a -3, -2 and -1 charge.
6. Atoms belonging to group IV may lose
electrons or gain electrons depending on
the circumstances of bond formation.
7. Group VIII with eight electrons (except
He) in the outermost shell are chemically
inert, because they already obtain the
octet configuration.
Topic 4: PERIODIC PROPERTIES  Some named based on their latin names.
1. Atomic size. As determined from the 1. Sodium – Na (Natrium)
values of its atomic radius, atomic size 2. Potassium – K (kalium)
increases from top to bottom along a 3. Iron – Fe (Ferrum)
group, because of an increase in the 4. Copper – Cu (Cuprum)
number of electron filled electron shells. 5. Silver – Ag (argentum)
2. Ionization Energy (IE) - is the energy 6. Tin – Sn (Stannum)
required to remove the electron from a 7. Antinomy – Sb (Stibium)
gaseous neutral atom, and convert it 8. Tungsten – W (Walfram)
into a positive ion. 9. Gold – Au (Aurum)
3. Electron Affinity (EA) is the energy given 10. Lead – Pb (Plumbium)
off when an electron is added to a
neutral atom, converting it to a
 Some elements named after planet
negative ion.
1. Mercury (Hg) – Planet Mercury.
4. Electronegativity (EN) measures the
2. Neptunium (Np) – Planet Neptun
ability of an atom to attract shared pair
3. Tellurium (Te) – planet Earth
of electrons. Big atoms have lower
4. Plutonium (Pu) – planet Pluto
electronegativity while smaller atoms
5. Uranium (U) – Planet Uranus
have higher electronegativity.
5. Metallic Property measures the
tendency of atom to lose electrons. Big  Some elements named after country
atoms are more metallic, while small 1. Americium – America
atoms are less metallic. 2. Francium – France
6. Valence Periodicity is exhibited most 3. Germanium – Germany
consistently among the representative 4. Indium – India
elements, i.e elements of group 1A have 5. Californium – California
a valence of +1, and those under group 6. Polonium – Poland
IIA has a valence of 2. 7. Darmstadium – Darmstadt, Germany
8. Nihonium – Japan or Nihon
Linus Pauling – his scale classifies metals with low
9. Dubnium – Dubna in Russia
electronegativity and nonmetals with higher
10. Berkelium – university of California at Berkeley
electronegativity.

Topic 5: HOW ELEMENTS OBTAINED THEIR NAMES

 Some elements are named after the
discoverer.
1. Bohrium (Bh) – named after Niel Bohr
2. Einsteinium (Es) – Albert Einsteinium
3. Reontgenium (Rg0 – Wilhelm Roentgen
4. Rutherfodium (Rf) – Ernest Rutherfordium
5. Seaborgium (Sg) – Glenn T. Seaborg
6. Mietnerium (Mt) – Lise Mietner
7. Nobelium (Nb) – Alfred Nobel
8. Oganesson – Yuri Oganessian
9. Fermium – Enrico Fermi
10. Lawrencium – Ernest Lawrence
 Some are named by the discoverer
1. Actinium (Ac) – Adre – Louis
2. Argon (Ar) – Sir William Ramsy
3. Barrium (Ba) – Sir Murphy Davy
4. Astanine (At) – Dale R. Carson
5. Berkelium (Bk) – Stancy G. Thompson
6. Aluminum (Al) – Hans Christian dersted
7. Cadmium (Cd) – Friedrich Strohmeyer
8. Berrylium (Br) – Louis – Nicholas Vauquelin
9. Chlorine (Cl) – Carl Wilhelm Scheele
10. Bismuth (Bi) – Claude Geoffroy
A# Symbol Name Atomic Weight Why do atoms combine?

- to gain stability because according to the octet

1 H Hydrogen 1 configuration, an atom can gain stability if they have 8
electrons in their outermost shell. In other words,
2 He Helium 4 bonding involves either sharing or transferring electrons
to satisfy the octet rule.
3 Li Lithium 7

4 Be Beryllium 9 There are two types of bond

5 B Boron 11 1. Ionic Bond – transfer electron, Metal

6 C Carbon 12 2. Covalent Bond – share electron, Non-M and M.

7 N Nitrogen 14

8 O Oxygen 16

9 F Fluorine 19

10 Ne Neon 20

11 Na Sodium 23

12 Mg Magnesium 24

13 Al Aluminum 27

14 Si Silicon 28

15 P Phosphorus 31

16 S Sulfur 32

17 Cl Chlorine 35

18 Ar Argon 40

19 K Potassium 39

20 Ca Calcium 40

21 Sc Scandium 50

22 Ti Titanium 48

23 V Vanadium 51

24 Cr Chromium 52

25 Mn Manganese 55

26 Fe Iron 56

27 Co Cobalt 59

28 Ni Nickel 59

29 Cu Copper 64

30 Zn Zinc 65
Topic 1: GROUP I -A: ALKALI METALS • The only alkali metal that melts above the boiling
point of water bridge element
It reacts vigorously w/ water to form hydrogen gas &
the metallic hydroxides. It has the alkalinity in nature w/ • (Li resembles Mg, to some extent Ca, more closely
alkalinity increasing as the ionic readily increase. It has than Na)
only 1 valence; has a single positive charge. The most
Pharmacologic Action:
reactive of all metallic elements. The hydroxides give
alkaline solutions (increase w/ atomic number) Depressant
ALL Group IA have increasing oxidation potentials w/ Diuretic
increasing ionization potentials except LITHIUM.
Nonpharmacologic Action:
Members:
Heat exchanger in aircon
• Hydrogen (H)
Important Compounds of Lithium:
• Lithium (Li)
1. Lithium Bromide (LiBr)- Depressant
• Sodium (Na)
2. Litium Carbonate (LiCO3) - DOC for Mania
• Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
• Rubidium (Rb)
• aka “Natrium” (Latin word, from nature)
• Francium (Fr) –highest activity among Group IA
• Most abundant Extracellular Fluid Cation
• Ammonium (NH4)
• The cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical
Hydrogen (H) utility of organic medicaments - used w/ caution in the
• Also known as “Inflammable Air”. treatment of cardiac & renal condition in w/c edema is
a problem (Na-H20 retention)
• Lightest element
Important Compounds:
• It has no therapeutic use
 Sodium Acetate
• Uses: Inflating Balloons
 Diuretic
Isotopes:
 Urinary and systemic alkalizer
(a) Protium - most abundant
 Antacid
(b) Deuterium - heavy hydrogen
 Sodium bicarbonate
(c) Tritium - radioactive isotope
 Aka: “Baking soda”
Water Vapor – the best expectorant
 Systemic antacid
Messerschmidt process - can obtain 99% purity
gydrogen.  Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate

Lithium (Li)  Aka: fleet enema

• Also known as “Earth”  Uses: cathartic

• Lightest metal  Sodium metabisulfite

• Lowest density  Water soluble anti-oxidant

• Most reactive element  Sodium Carbonate

POTASSIUM (K)
Aka: Kalium  Strontium (Sr)
Most abundant and predominant Intracellular
cation  Barium (Ba)
Deficiency: hypokalemia
 Radium (Ra)
Pcol action:
1. diuretic Berrylium (Be)
2. important in muscle contraction
- Never employed in medicine because
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS: - It is the most toxic metal
 Potassium acetate
1. antacid - Found in Fluorescent lamp
2. diuretic
3. urinary and systemic alkalizer Magnesium (Mg)

- Lightest of all structurally important metal

 Potassium bicarbonate
1. systemic antacid - Chlorophyll component
2. carbonating agent
3. source of bicarbonate ion - Compound of Grignard’s reagent

Important Compounds:
 Potassium bitartrate
Aka: cream of tartar, creamor  Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3)
Use: laxative
Aka: Magnesia
 Potassium bromide
Use: 1. Antacid
Use: depressant
2. Laxative
 Potassium Carbonate
Aka: potash, salt of peter, perlash  Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
Use: 1. antacid
Aka: milk of magnesia, magnesia magma
2. carbonating agent
3. carbonate source Use: Antacid and Laxative

Cesium (Cs)  Magnesum Oxide (MgO)

- Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming
Aka: calcined magnesia
material first element discovered by means of
Spectroscope. Use: 1. laxative
Important Compound: 2. antacid
 Cesium Chloride (CsCl) - used in density
gradient centrifugation 3. component of Universal antidote

 Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)

Topic 2. GROUP II- A: ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Aka: Epsom salt
All Alkaline Earth Metals reduce water w/ the liberation
of hydrogen & the formation of an alkaline solution Use: 1. cathartic (PO)
except Beryllium (Be)
2. anticonvulsant (IM)
Members:
3. Antidote for Ba toxicity
 Beryllium (Be)
 Hydrated Mg Silicate
 Magnesium (Mg)
Aka: talc, soapstone, french chalk
 Calcium (Ca)
Softest mineral
Uses: 1. Filtering agent Antidote: Epsom Salt

2. Clarifying agent Use: radiopaque subs used for GIT imaging

3. Dusting powder Important Compounds:

Calcium  Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2

- 2nd most abundant cation in Use: CO2 absorbent

- extracellular fluid Radium (Ra)

- Vit D is needed for its maximum absorption - Discovered by Marie Curie

Important Compounds: - Radioactive element use for: Cancer radiotherapy

- Use as diagnostic purpose

 Calcium bromide (CaBr2)
Use: Sedative/depressant

 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Aka: precipitated chalk, prepared chalk
Use: 1. antacid
2. ingredient of toothpaste,
dentrifices

 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)

Aka: muriate of lime
Use: Ca replenisher

 Ca Gluconate
Use: Ca supplement and replenisher

 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

Aka: slaked lime, milk of lime, calcium
hydrate
Use: 1. antacid
2. saponifying agent

Strontium (Sr)

Use: manufacture of flares

Important Compound:

 SrCl2

Use: temperature de sensitizing agent (SENSODYNE)

Barium (Ba)

Aka: Heavy

Toxicity: Baritosis