Assignment Modern Physics

Chapter-08
Usman(P19-06)
“Atomic Structure & Periodic
Table”
 Outlines
1:Limitations of Schrodinger Equation
2:Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
3:Understanding the atomic electron structure
4:Concept of electron shells & subshells
5:Nomenclature of atoms
6:Concept of Groups & Periods
7:Explanation of Periodic Table
=>Inert Gases
=>Alkalies
=>Alkaline Earth
=>Halogens
=>Transition Metals
=>Lanthanides
=>Actinides
1:Limitations of Schrodinger’s Equation

Schrodinger equation cannot be solved for the

complex atoms because of the complex potential
interactions.Because,for the complex atoms there is
the interactions between one neuclus and two
electrons.Also both electrons have force of repulsion
on each other.
This section would show us that we can understand
many experimental results without actually finding
wave-functions of many electron atoms.
 2:Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

In 1900s,it was believed that the atoms and

molecules with even numbers of electrons are more
stable than the others.
Scientists believed that the periodic table could be
explained if the electrons are grouped in closed shells.
Bohr,in 1922,proposed that grouping of 2,8 and 18
are corresponding to stable closed shells.
In 1925,Pauli gave his famous “Pauli’s Exclusion
principle” which stated as:
 “No two electrons in an atom may
have the same set of quantum
numbers”
OR
“Two electrons in same subshell would
be aligned in opposite directions with
opposite spin”
 3:Understanding the Atomic Electron
Structure:
Atomic Electron Structure,leading to the observed
ordering of periodic table,can be understood by the
two rules:
1:The electrons in an atom tend to occupy the lowest
energy levels available to them.
2:Only one electron can be in a state with a given set
of quantum numbers(Pauli’s Exclusion Principle).
 Examples:
Let’s apply these two rules on the first two atoms of periodic
table;
1:Hydrogen has the quantum numbers in its lowest state as
(1,0,0,1/2,-1/2) when it is in its lowest energy state.
In the absense of magnetic field,Magnetic and quantum angular
momentums are degenerate to one another.
2:In neutral He,one electron has the quantum number
set(1,0,0,1/2) and other one has(1,0,0,-1/2).
Both electrons have their spin aligned to one another.So,total
spin is zero(Pauli’s Exclusion Principle).
 4:Concept of Atomic Shells and
Subshells
Electron Shell;
Principle Quantum Numbers (n) represents the atomic shells.The are
shown by the code letters as K,L,M ,N and so on…
K is first shell,L is second upper shell,M is third shell and so on…

Electron subshell;
The nl description is called the subshells.We have 1s,2p,3d subshells.
Shells comprises over the sunshells.
 General Principle
1:For each value of magnetic quantum number,there
are two values of spin quantum numbers.
2:For each ‘l’,(2l+1) values of m.
 5:Nomunclature of Atoms

We can write the general order for the atomic

subshells according to their increasing energy:
1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p…..

We can use a general nomunclature to represent the

atoms in the periodic table.This is a symbol consists
on the general ‘X’ represents the original symbol of
element along atomic number .
 6:Concept of Groups & Periods

Groups:
The vertical columns are called groups.They have
same chemical and physical properties because of
their same electronic configurations.
Periods:
The horizontal rows are called periods.The atomic
radius decreases from left to right because of the
increasing nuclear charge.
7:Explanation of the Periodic Table
Inert Gases:
1:The last group is called the inert gases.
2:They have complete outermost shells,closed shells,so
they are chemically inert.
3:They are poor electrical conductors.
4:They have large ionization energies.
5:They are mono-atomic at room temperature.
 Alkalies:
1:Elements of group-1 (Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr).
2:They have only one electron in their outermost
electronic shell.
4:They have lowest ionization energy.
5:Good electrical conductors.
 Alkaline Earth:
1:Group-2 elements(Be,Mg,Ca,…).
2:They have two electrons in outermost valence
shell.
3:Their ionization energies are relatively lower
than alkali metals but they are good conductors.
4:They are chemically active.
 Halogens:
1:Group-17(F,Cl,Br,I)
2:Immediately left to the innert gases.
3:They have a valence of -1 and chemically
active.
4:They form strong ionic compounds with alkali
metals.
 Transition Metals:
1:Three rows in the middle of periodic table in which
3d,4d and 5d subshells are being filled.
2:During the process of filling the d-subshell,the are
aligned in feromagnetic substances,due to spin of
neighbouring atoms.This tendency loses as d-subshell is
being paired.
 Lanthanides:
1:They are from atomic numbers 58-71.
2:They have same properties because they have filled
6s and being filled 4f.
3:They have the similar ionization energies.
4:Large magnetic moments may occur due to large
number of electrons in f-subshell.
 Actinides:
1:They are similar to Lanthanides.Ranges from 90-103.
2:7s is filled and inner shells are being filled.
3:They all are radioactive.
4:They have longer half-lives.
No Question?

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