Bahria College Anchorage Islamabad

Cambridge Section
Subject: Chemistry
Class: P2

Unit 4 (BOOK 9)
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Note: Read all the topics, try to find out the answers to the questions given in each topic and
complete them in your notebooks.
Some of the extra questions are given as follows. Try to make as many questions you can from each
topic and learn them.

4.1 The structure of atom

Q1. Which particle of the atom has almost no mass?

Ans1. Electron almost has no mass.

Q2. Which particle has the positive charge?

Ans2. Protons have the positive charge.

Q3. Which particle has no charge?

Ans3. Neutrons have no electrical charge.

Q4. Which particle has the negative charge?

Ans4. Electrons have the negative charge.

Q5. Draw a labelled atomic structure.

Ans5.

Q6. What do you know about Rutherford’s gold foil experiment?

Ans6. In this experiment Rutherford fired fast moving particle at a very thin gold foil. Most
of the particles passed straight without being deflected .Only few particles deflected and
changed their direction. This led him to the idea that gold atoms must be mostly empty
spaces, with the particles packed into the centre as nucleus.
Q7. Which particles make up the nucleus of the atom?

Ans7 protons having positive charge and neutrons having no electrical charge make up the
nucleus of an atom.
4.2 More about the structure of the atom

Q1 what does the atomic number tell us about the atom?

Ans1 The atomic number tells us how many protons are there in an atom.

Q2 What does the atomic mass tell us about the atom?

Ans1 The atomic mass tells us how many protons and neutrons are there altogether in an
atom.

Q3. What is the overall charge on the atom of an element?

Ans3. The overall charge on the atom of an element is neutral because protons have positive
charge and electrons have negative charge. The number of protons and electrons are same in
an atom so it is always neutral.

Q4 Find the number of protons electrons and neutrons in the following:

Part (a) is done for you, complete (b),(c) & (d)

16
a) S32
atomic number=16
mass number=32
no of protons =16
no of electrons =16
no of neutrons= mass number- atomic number
=32-16
=16
b) B11 5 c) Cl 35 17 d) Ar 40 18
Q5 What is an electronic structure?

Ans5. The arrangement of the electrons around the shells/orbits in an atom is called the
electronic structure or configuration of an atom. The first shell can contain only two
electrons, second and third shell can have up to 8 electrons.

Q6 Draw the labelled atomic structure of the following :

Part (a) is done for you, complete (b),(c) & (d)

a) fluorine
Explanation:
atomic number=9
mass number=19
no of protons =9
no of electrons =9
no of neutrons= mass number- atomic number
=19-9
=10
Therefore two electrons in the first shell and seven electrons in the second shell.
b) Phosphorous c) Magnesium d) Potassium

4.3 Trends in Group 1

Q1. Why group 1 elements are called alkali metals?
Ans1. The group 1 of the periodic table contain six elements namely Lithium, Sodium,
Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium and Francium. These metals are called alkali metals because
they form alkali (i.e. strong bases capable of neutralizing acids) when they react with water.
Q2. Why size of the atom increases down the group?
Ans2. When we move down a group, the number of electrons increases. Each shell can only
occupy certain number of electron. The electron starts to occupy new space around the atom.
So the atomic size increases.
Q3. Why melting and boiling point of group 1 elements decrease down the group?
Ans3. All Group 1 elements have one electron in their outermost shell which is held very
weakly by the nucleus. The increasing atomic radius means weaker forces between the
electrons and nucleus and so a lower melting and boiling point.
Q4. Why reactivity of group 1 elements increases down the group?
Ans4. The reactivity of group 1 elements increases as you go down the group because the
atoms become larger. The outer electron becomes further from the nucleus. The force of
attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron decreases.
Q5. Why do elements in Group 1 have similar properties?

Ans5.Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because

they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. The atoms of all group 1 elements
have similar chemical properties and reactions because they all have one electron in their
outer shell.
Q6. What are the properties of the elements in Group 1?
Ans6. The group 1 elements are all soft, reactive metals with low melting points. They react
with water to produce alkali. Reactivity increases down the group. Melting and boiling point
decreases down the group. They all have one electron is the outer most shell.

4.4 Trends in some other groups

Q1. Why group 7 elements called halogens?

Ans1. The Group 7 elements are called the halogens. Chlorine, bromine and iodine are the
three common Group 7 elements. Group 7 elements form salts when they react with metals.
The term 'halogen' means 'salt former'.

Q2. Why melting and boiling point of group 7 and 8 elements increases down the group?
Ans2. This is because the strength of forces increases since the atoms have more electrons
as you move down the group so the melting and boiling point increases down the group 7 and
8.
.Q3. Why reactivity of group 7 elements decreases down the group?
Ans3. The reactivity of Group 7 elements decreases down the group The electrons in the
outer shell move further away from the nucleus as we go down the group and the attraction
force between the electrons and the nucleus become weaker and weaker. This weaker
attraction in the larger atoms makes it harder to gain electron.
Q4 What are the properties of the elements in Group 7?
Ans4.Halogens display physical and chemical properties typical of non metals. They have
relatively low melting and boiling points that increase steadily down the group. They all have
seven electrons in their outer most shell. Reactivity decreases down the group.

Q5 What are inert/noble gases? What are their properties?

Ans5. Any of a group of rare gases that include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and
usually radon and that exhibit great stability and extremely low reaction rates are called inert
or noble gas. They all conduct electricity, are odourless and colourless. All of the inert gases
have their outer most shells complete.