Let's go through each question one by one:

1. How many electrons are there in an atom of carbon?

Carbon has 6 electrons.

2. How many protons are there in an atom of beryllium?

Beryllium has 4 protons.

3. How many neutrons are there in an atom of boron?

The number of neutrons in an atom of boron can vary depending on the isotope. Typically, boron
has 5 or 6 neutrons.

4. What is the name of the element that has the electronic structure two, 8, 3?

The element with the electronic structure two, 8, 3 is aluminum (symbol: Al).

5. How is the model of the atom we use today different from the Rutherford model?

The Rutherford model of the atom depicted electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets around the
sun. However, the modern model (the Bohr model) describes electrons in specific energy levels or
shells, with each shell having a maximum capacity of electrons.

6. Where in the periodic table do you find the metals?

Metals are found on the left-hand side of the periodic table.

7. What is the trend in the boiling points of Group One elements?

The boiling points of Group One elements (alkali metals) generally decrease down the group. As
you move down the group, the atomic size increases, and the metallic bonds become weaker,
resulting in lower boiling points.

8. What prediction can you make about the boiling point of rubidium?

Rubidium, being below potassium in Group One, is expected to have a lower boiling point than
potassium, which has a boiling point of 759°C. Thus, the boiling point of rubidium would be less than
759°C.
9. How many more electrons than lithium does sodium have?

Sodium has one more electron than lithium. Lithium has 3 electrons, while sodium has 11
electrons.

10. Are halogens metals or nonmetals?

Halogens are nonmetals.

11. What is the trend in melting points in Group seven?

The melting points of Group seven elements (halogens) generally increase down the group. As you
move down the group, the atomic size increases, resulting in stronger van der Waals forces between
the atoms, leading to higher melting points.

12. What is the trend in color in Group 7?

The halogens in Group 7 exhibit a trend in color from pale yellow (fluorine) to greenish-yellow
(chlorine) to dark reddish-brown (bromine) to dark violet (iodine).

13. What is the trend in boiling points in Group 7?

The boiling points of Group 7 elements increase down the group. As the atomic size increases, the
van der Waals forces become stronger, requiring more energy to break the intermolecular forces and
convert the element from a liquid to a gas.

14. What would you predict about the boiling point and melting point of iodine, the next element in
Group 7?

The boiling point and melting point of iodine are expected to be higher than bromine but lower
than astatine. Iodine should have a dark violet color.

15. Would you expect iodine to be more or less reactive than bromine?

Iodine would be less reactive than bromine since reactivity generally decreases down Group 7
elements. Fluorine is the most reactive, and reactivity decreases as you move down the group.

16. What trend in melting points can be seen in Group 8?

Group 8 elements, known as noble gases, have a trend of increasing melting points as you move
down the group.
17. What happens to the size of the atoms as you go down Group 8?

The size of the atoms increases as you go down Group 8 (noble gases). This is because the number
of electron shells increases, leading to a larger atomic size.

18. What similarities are there in the structure of these atoms?

In Group 8 (noble gases), all atoms have a full outer electron shell, which makes them stable and
unreactive.

19. Suggest why this group is called Group 8.

This group is called Group 8 because it contains the noble gases, which are chemically inert or
unreactive. The full outer electron shell gives them stability, and they rarely participate in chemical
reactions.

20. What is the electronic structure of a sodium atom?

The electronic structure of a sodium atom is 2, 8, 1.

21. What is the electronic structure of a chlorine atom?

The electronic structure of a chlorine atom is 2, 8, 7.

22. What is the symbol for a chlorine atom?

The symbol for a chlorine atom is Cl.

23. What is the symbol for a chlorine ion?

The symbol for a chloride ion (chlorine ion with a charge of -1) is Cl⁻.

24. Potassium is more reactive than lithium because it can lose an electron more easily.

True. Potassium is more reactive than lithium because it has a single valence electron in the
outermost shell, which is further away from the nucleus compared to lithium's outermost electron.
This makes it easier for potassium to lose its electron and form a positively charged ion (K⁺).

25. Fluorine is more reactive than chlorine because it can gain an electron more easily.

True. Fluorine is more reactive than chlorine because it has seven valence electrons in its
outermost shell, requiring only one more electron to achieve a stable electron configuration with a
full shell. This makes it easier for fluorine to gain an electron and form a negatively charged ion (F⁻).
26. How many ions of chlorine react with one ion of calcium to form calcium chloride?

Two ions of chlorine (Cl⁻) react with one ion of calcium (Ca²⁺) to form calcium chloride (CaCl₂).

27. Write the chemical formula for calcium chloride.

The chemical formula for calcium chloride is CaCl₂.

28. Write the chemical formula for calcium oxide.

The chemical formula for calcium oxide is CaO.

29. Write the formula for a molecule of methane, a molecule of carbon dioxide, and a molecule of
nitrogen.

- Methane: CH₄

- Carbon dioxide: CO₂

- Nitrogen: N₂

30. How is an ionic bond different from a covalent bond?

In an ionic bond, electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of
oppositely charged ions that attract each other. In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between
atoms, creating a bond by overlapping electron orbitals.

31. When a metal joins with a nonmetal, is a valent or an ionic compound made?

When a metal joins with a nonmetal, an ionic compound is typically formed.

32. Oxygen atoms join together to form an oxygen molecule; explain what the word "molecule"
means.

The word "molecule" refers to a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together.

33. What is a macromolecule? Give an example.

A macromolecule is a large and complex molecule composed of repeating subunits called

monomers. An example of a macromolecule is DNA, which is made up of nucleotide mon

omers arranged in a long chain.