Grade 8 Chemistry- Material properties pg60 – 67

The structure of the atom:

 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons.

 The protons and neutrons are grouped closely together in the centre of the atom to form
the nucleus.
 Protons and neutrons have more mass than electrons (electrons have almost no mass at all)
 Protons have a positive electrical charge
 Neutrons have no electrical charge
 Electrons have a negative electrical charge
 Scientists from around the world have helped us to understand the structure of the atom.

More about the structure of the atom:

 The atoms of the elements increase in mass as you progress from left to right.
 The atomic number tells you how many protons are in the atom.(atomic number top left
corner of the block)
 The mass number tells you how many protons and neutrons there are in the atom(bottom
left corner)
 Electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus. A shell must be filled before starting the
next shell.
 The first shell only has room for 2 electrons , the second or third shells have room for up to 8
electrons.
 The arrangement of electrons in an atom are often written in numbers.

Trends in group 1:

 The first group also known as the alkali mentals (Lithium , sodium and potassium ) share
some properties.
 The trend in group 1 is that the melting points and boiling points decrease , as you go down
the group(column)
 The elements in group 1 react more vigorously with water as you go down the
group(column)

Lithium has an atomic number of 3 and a mass number of 7. This atom contains 3 protons, 3
electrons and 4 neutrons. The electrons are arranged as 2,1.

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and a mass number of 23. This atom contains 11 protons ,
11 electrons and 12 neutrons . The electrons are arranged as 2,8,1

Potassium has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom contains 19 protons,
19 electrons and 20 neutrons . the electrons are arranged as 2,8,8,1.

Trends in some other groups:

 The 7th group also known as the halogens (fluorine , chlorine and bromine) share some
properties.
 The elements in group 7 react less vigorously as you go down the group.

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. This atom contains 9 protons , 9
electrons and 10 neutrons. The electons are arranged as 2,7.
Chlorine has an atomic number of 17 and a mass number of 35. This atom contains 17 protons , 17
electrons and 18 neutrons. The electrons and arranged as 2,8,7 .

 The 8th group also known as the noble gases (helium , neon and argon)share some
properties.
 They are all gases. They are unreactive and do not form compounds. They also have all their
electron shells full.

Helium has an atomic number of 2 and a mass number of 4. This atomcontains 2 protons, 2
electrons and 2 neutrons. The electrons are arranged as 2 .

Neon has an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 20. This atom contains 10 protons , 10
electrons and 10 neutrons. The electrons are arranged as 2,8,.

Argon has an atomic number of 18 and a mass number of 40. This atom contains 18 protons , 18
electrons and 22 neutrons . The electrons are arranged as 2,8,8.