Atoms, Elements, reactions and mixtures

Matter
It’s what the world is made of. Matter
Matter on earth is in the form of:
• Solid
• Liquid or Made UP of
• Gas

Solids, liquid and gas are made from tiny particles called atoms and molecules ATOMS

NEUTRONS PROTONS
Element is a substance that can't be broken down into simpler
Elements is found in the Periodic Table
substances ELECTRONS
Each element is made up of only ONE type of atom, which has a There is 118 known Elements is found in the Periodic Table, with its own unique
specific number of protons in its nucleus. set of properties

Periodic table arranges

• elements in order of increasing atomic number
• Group elements according to similar properties
Atomic Structure

Electron Orbits
Atomic Number is the number of protons, neutrons and electrons (it the determines the chemical
properties of the element and its unique properties)

Subatomic Particle Relative electric charge Atomic location

Protons Positive (+) Nucleus

Neutrons Neutral Nucleus

Electrons Negative (-) Space around the nucleus

 GROUP
PERIOD 1 IA 18 VIIIA
1 1,008 2 4

Metal Semi Metal Non Metal

1 H Group IUPAC Group CAS He
Alkaline Metal Chalcogens Element
Hydrogen 2 IIA 1 IA Alkaline Earth Metal Halogens Element 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA Helium
3 6,94 4 9,01 Atomic Number 1 1,008 Atomic Mass Transition Metal Noble Gas 5 10,81 6 12,01 7 14,01 8 16 9 19 10 20,18
Lanthanide
2 Li Be H Atomic Symbol Actinide B C N O F Ne
Standard State (25oC - 101 kPA)
Lithium Beryllium Hydrogen Ne = Gas Fe = Solid Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
11 22,99 12 24,31 Ga = Liquid Tc = Synthetic 13 26,98 14 28,09 15 30,97 16 32,07 17 35,45 18 39,95
Atomic Name
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
VIIIB
Sodium Magnesium 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 10 11 IB 12 IIB Aluminium Silicon Phosporus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
19 39,1 20 40,08 26 55,85 29 63,55 30 65,39 32 72,61 33 74,92 35 79,9

4 K Ca Fe Cu Zn Ge As Br
Potassium Calcium Iron Copper Zinc Germanium Arsenic Bromine
47 107,87 51 121,76 52 127,6 53 126,9

5 Ag Sb Te I
Silver Antimony Tellurium Iodine
78 195,08 79 196,97 80 200,59 85 209,99

6 Pt Au Hg At
Platinum Gold Mercury Astatine

LANTHANIDE

ACTINIDE
 Ch e m ic a l
No . Na m e
s y m bo l
1 H Hy d r o g e n
2 He He l iu m
3 Li Lit h iu m
4 Be Be r y l l iu m
5 B Bo r o n
6 C Ca r b o n
7 N Nit r o g e n
8 O Ox y g e n
9 F Fl u o r in e
10 Ne Ne o n
11 Na S o d iu m
12 Mg Ma g n e s iu m
13 Al A l u m in iu m
14 Si S il ic o n
15 P Ph o s p h o r u s
16 S S ulp hur
17 Cl Ch l o r in e
18 Ar Ar g o n
19 K P o t a s s iu m
20 Ca Ca l c iu m
26 Fe Ir o n
29 Cu Co p p e r
30 Zn Z in c
32 Ge G e r m a n iu m
33 As A r s e n ic
35 Br Br o m in e
47 Ag S il v e r
51 Sb A n t im o n y
52 Te T e l l u r iu m
53 I Io d in e
78 Pt P l a t in u m
79 Au Go l d
80 Hg Me r c u r y
85 At A s t a t in e
 Diatomic means that an atom cannot exist by itself.
7
There is no such thing as lone O atoms floating around the atmosphere.
Oxygen exists as O2, because the O atoms must live in pairs.
These atoms are too unstable to exist alone.

Where to find the Diatomic molecules

Remember: I I2
Bring Br2
Clay Cl2
For F2
Our O2
New N2
Home H2
Elements can react with each other chemically to form
compounds.
Compounds
Compound: Ammonia
(NH3)
Element: Element: Pure materials
Nitrogen Hydrogen (Particles are the same)

Elements Compounds
Materials that cannot be broken down Materials that can be broken down into
into simpler parts by chemical means simpler parts by chemical means

Examples Examples
• Helium gas - Carbon • Distilled water (H2O)
• Iron - Sodium • Table salt (NaCl)
• Copper - Zinc • Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A compound is a material that consists of atoms of two or more different elements

chemically bonded together.
Forces between particles Compounds
When atoms are close to each other, attractive forces exits between
atoms (keeping them together = forming a compound)

A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together.

Attractive forces exist between molecules (usually weak)

Repelling forces also exist between particles when it is pushed too

close together.

Decomposition reaction. (To break down)

Compound decomposition refers to the process of breaking down a
compound into its constituent elements or simpler compounds.

For a compound to decompose, energy must be added.

This can be achieved through various chemical reactions, such as
thermal decomposition, electrolysis, or chemical reaction with
another substance.
 Mixtures
Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not Mixtures can be separated by physical means.
chemically combined with each other hand sorting,
separating funnel or Magnetic separation

What are the properties of a mixture:

1. The components are not in a specific ratio.
2. The components retain their own properties.
3. The components can be separated by physical means.

Pure materials

Pure materials
Mixtures: It can be elements or compounds.
Two or more materials that are mixed Compounds can be broken down
without chemically reacting with each chemically into simpler parts.
other. Impure, particles differ. Examples
Examples • Helium gas
• Tap water contains chemicals like • Iron
chlorine to make it suitable for use. • Copper
• Seawater contains salts and sand. • Distilled water (H2O)
• Air contains different gases, smoke • Table salt (NaCl)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Element Compound 2 or more elements combined
Mixtures
Na NaCl2 Ground mix with metals
O H2O
N Sand mixed with water
C6H12O6
K K
Li Li

Reaction
Na + Cl NaCl

Reactants Products
11 Electrons
11 Protons
Atomic number 11
11 Electrons Na
Element Name Na

Atomic Mass 23
11 Protons
Neutron = Atomic mass - atomic number
= 23-11 Atomic Mass = the weight of the nucleons (in nucleus)
=12 Nucleons = protons + neutrons
 HOW TO DRAW A SHELL DIAGRAM.

Find the element on the periodic table.

19 The atomic number tells you how many electrons to

K draw in total. For example, potassium has 19 electrons

Draw a small circle and write the symbol in the centre.

potassium
This represents the nucleus
39,098
Draw a circle around the nucleus. This is the first electron shell
Add up to two electrons to the first electron shell.
Electrons are usually represented by a dot or cross

Draw another circle around the first shell.

This is the second shell
Add up to eight electrons to the second shell

Draw another circle around the second electron shell.

xx This is the third shell
Add up to eight electrons to the third shell
xx
Draw the last circle around the third shell.
This is the fourth electron shell
x xx
K x xx x Add up to two electrons to the fourth electron shell.
xx x For potassium, only one electron is added to this shell

x There should be 19 electrons

xx Remember:
xx the first shell should only have 2 electrons
the second and third shell can only have 8 electrons

The number of shells shows which period, or row, it’s in

and the number of electrons in the outer shell shows which group it’s in.