CONFIRMING PAGES

appendix A
Periodic Table of the Elements

Nineteenth-century chemists discovered that when they family IA. Progressing from left to right, the metallic properties
­arranged the known elements by atomic weight, certain of the elements become less and less pronounced. Elements
properties reappeared periodically. In 1869, Russian chemist in family VIIA are highly reactive gases called halogens, with
Dmitri Mendeleev published the first modern periodic table seven valence electrons. Elements in family VIIIA, called noble
of the elements, leaving gaps for those that had not yet been (inert) gases, have a full valence shell of eight electrons, which
discovered. He accurately predicted properties of the missing makes them chemically unreactive.
elements, which helped other chemists discover and isolate Ninety-one of the elements occur naturally on earth. Phys-
them. icists have created elements up to atomic number 118 in the
Each row in the table is a period and each column is a laboratory, but the International Union of Pure and Applied
group (family). Each period has one electron shell more than Chemistry has established formal names only through element
the period above it, and as we progress from left to right within 109 to date.
a period, each element has one more proton and electron than The 24 elements with normal roles in human physiology
the one before. The dark steplike line from boron (5) to asta- are color-coded according to their relative abundance in the
tine (85) separates the metals to the left of it (except hydrogen) body (see chapter 2). Others, however, may be present as con-
from the nonmetals to the right. Each period begins with a soft, taminants with very destructive effects (such as arsenic, lead,
light, highly reactive alkali metal, with one valence electron, in and radiation poisoning).

IA VIIIA
1 2
Hydrogen Helium
1 H He
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1.0079 4.0026
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
Transition metals
6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 39.948
22.989 24.305 26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Period

Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.933 58.71 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.59 74.992 78.96 79.904 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rubidium Strontium Yitrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94 (99) 101.07 102.905 106.4 107.868 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.34 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Hahnium Seaborgium Neilsbohrium Hassium Meitnerium
7 Fr Ra Rf Ha Sg Ns Hs Mt Key
(223) (226) (261) (262) (263) (261) (265) (266)
1 Atomic number
Hydrogen Name
H Symbol
1.0079 Atomic weight
57–71, Lanthanides
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Percent of human
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium body (by weight)
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.91 140.12 140.907 144.24 144.913 150.35 151.96 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.97 98.5% (6 elements)
0.8% (6 elements)
89 –103, Actinides 0.7% (12 trace
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 elements)
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Not found naturally
(227) 232.038 (231) 238.03 (237) 244.064 (243) (247) (247) 242.058 (254) 257.095 258.10 259.10 260.105 on earth

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