Periodic Classification of Elements

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 Periodic Classification of Elements

Elements are classified on the basis of similarities in their properties. At present, 118
elements are known to us, out of which 98 are naturally occurring while remaining are
synthesized artificially by man. Main objective of classification of elements is to make the
study of 118 elements more convenient, systematic and organised.

Periodic Classification
The arrangement of elements in such a way so that elements having similar properties
reappear at a regular interval, is called periodic classification or periodic arrangement of
elements.
Dӧbereiner : grouped the elements into triads and said that the atomic weight and properties
of the middle element is the average of atomic weights or properties of other two elements.
Newlands: gave the law of octaves and told that when elements are arranged in increasing
order of their atomic weights, every eighth element resembles in properties with the first one
just like musical notes.

Mendeleev's Periodic Table

Mendeleev studied the formula and properties of hydrides and oxides of different elements
and on the basis of their comparative study, he gave a law called the Mendeleev's periodic
law.
It states that the properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic
masses or atomic weights i.e., if elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic weights,
after a regular interval the elements having similar properties reappear.
Mendeleev's periodic table is the tabular representation of Mendeleev's periodic law.
It contains vertical columns called groups and horizontal rows called periods. In this table,
there were 8 groups and 7 periods.
Mendeleev placed elements with similar nature in the same group with respect to atomic
weight.
Characteristics of Mendeleev's Periodic Table
(i) To place certain elements into correct group from the point of view of their chemical
properties, Mendeleev reversed the order of some pairs of elements. e.g., cobalt (atomic
mass 58.9) appeared before nickel (atomic mass 58.7).
(ii) Mendeleev left some gaps in his periodic table for new elements that had not been
discovered at that time. e.g., Eka-boron, Eka-aluminium and Eka-silicon, the properties of
which had been found similar to the scandium, gallium and germanium discovered later.
Advantages of Mendeleev's Periodic Table
This table was found helpful
(i) for the study of elements conveniently.
(ii) for the prediction of properties of new elements.
(iii) for predicting the valency of the elements.

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 Periodic Classification of Elements

(iv) for calculating actual atomic weight.

Limitations of Mendeleev's Classification
(i) He could not assign a correct position to hydrogen in his table.
(ii) Isotopes of all the elements posed a challenge to Mendeleev's periodic law.
(iii) Atomic masses do not increase in a regular manner in going from one element to the
next. So, it was not possible to predict how many elements could be discovered
between two elements.
(iv) Some elements having similar properties had been placed in different groups like Cu
and Hg; Ag and Tl' Au and Pt were placed separately. Similarly, some elements having
different properties had been placed together. e.g., in group 8, block of three elements
had been placed together but they differ in properties. Similarly, copper, silver and
gold are placed with chemically dissimilar alkali metals in group 1.
(v) Metals and non-metals were not placed separately in this periodic table.

Modern Periodic Table

It was given by British chemist Moseley in 1913 on the basis of his discovery that
atomic number is the most fundamental property. It is a tabular form of modern periodic law,
according to which, "the physical and chemical properties of the elements are the periodic
function of their atomic numbers". This table removed almost all the drawbacks of
Mendeleev's periodic table.
Numerous forms of periodic table have been devised form time to time. A modern version,
so called long form of the periodic table of elements, which is based on the electronic
configuration of elements, is the most convenient and widely used.
Characteristics of Long Form of Periodic Table
(i) The horizontal rows are called periods and the vertical columns are called groups.
(ii) The groups are numbered from 1 to 8 and there are altogether 7 periods.
(iii) Elements having similar outer electronic configurations in their atoms are arranged in
the vertical columns, i.e., groups or families. That's why elements of group possess
similar chemical properties.
(iv) The period number corresponds to the highest principal quantum number (n) of the
elements in the period and each period marks a new electronic shell getting filled.
(v) The first period contains 2 elements and the subsequent periods consist of 8, 8, 18 and
32 elements respectively and seventh period is incomplete.
(vi) In this form of the periodic table, 14 elements of both six and seventh periods
(lanthanoids and actinoids respectively) are placed in separate panels at the bottom.
Characteristics of Periods
(i) The number of valence electronic in elements increases from 1 to 8 on moving from
left to right in a period.
(ii) The elements in a period have consecutive atomic numbers.
(iii) The valency of element increases from 1 to 4 and then decrease to 0 (zero) on moving
from left to right in a period, with respect to hydrogen.

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 Periodic Classification of Elements

(iv) Atomic size, electropositive nature, metallic nature, reducing nature of elements and
basic nature of oxides all decrease from left to right in a period.
(v) Electronegative nature, non-metallic nature, acidic nature of oxides, ionization
potential all increase from left to right in a period. In a period, electron affinity also
increases from left to right.
Characteristics of Groups
(i) All the elements of a group of the periodic table have the same number of valence
electrons and hence, have almost similar chemical properties.
(ii) Atomic size, electropositive nature, metallic nature, reducing nature of elements and
basic nature of oxides all increase from top to bottom in a group.
(iii) Electronegative nature, ionization potential, electron affinity, non-metallic nature and
acidic nature of oxides all decrease down a group with increasing atomic number.
(iv) Reactivity of metals increases down the group but that of non-metals decreases down
the group.

Types of Elements
Depending upon the type of orbital receiving the valence electron, the elements can
be classified into following four blocks

𝒔-Block Elements
(i) In these elements, valence electron (s) enters in s-orbital.
(ii) Group-1 and 2 (IA and IIA) of the periodic table belong to this block.

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 Periodic Classification of Elements

(iii) Group-1 (IA) of the periodic table is collectively called as alkaline earth metals.
(iv) Group-2 (IIA) of the periodic table is collectively called as alkaline earth metals.
(v) These elements are soft metals, electropositive and from basic oxides.

𝒑 − Block Elements
(i) In 𝒑-block elements, valence electron(s) enters in 𝒑-orbital.
(ii) Group-13 to 18 (IIIA to VIIIA) are 𝒑-block elements in the periodic table.
(iii) It is the only block which contains metals, non-metals and metalloids.
𝒅- Block Elements
(i) These elements are called transition elements (except zinc, cadmium and mercury).
(ii) In 𝒅-Block elements, valence electron(s) enters in 𝒅-orbital.
(iii) This block contains the elements of group-3 to 12 of the periodic table.

𝒇-Block Elements
(i) The 𝒇-block consists of two series lanthanoids (fourteen elements following
lanthanum) and actinoids (fourteen elements following actinium) of the periodic table.
(ii) Electronic configuration of actinoids are irregular.
(iii) Elements of this block are also called inner-transition elements.
(iv) Elements beyond uranium (at no. 92) are man-made elements i.e., synthesized by man
artificially. So, these are called transuranic or synthetic elements. All these elements
are radioactive in nature. e.g., neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), americium (Am),
curium (Cm), berkelium (Bk), californium (Cf), einsteinium (Es), mendelevium (Md), etc.

Trends in Modern Periodic Table (periodic Properties)

The properties which are repeated at regular intervals are known as periodic
properties.
(i) Valency: - It generally increases from 1 to 7 in a period with respect to hydrogen but
with respect to oxygen, it first increases from 1 to 4 and then decreases to 0.
For alkali metals (i.e. sodium, potassium, etc.) it is 1, for alkaline earth metals (i.e.,
magnesium, calcium, etc.) it is 2, aluminium it is 3 and for nitrogen it varies from -3 to
+5.
(ii) Atomic Size: - It refers to the radius of an atom. It generally increases on moving down
the group because new shells are being added as we go down the group.
It decreases along a period from left to right. This is due to an increase in nuclear charge
which lends to pull the electrons closer to nucleus and reduces the size of the atom.
Thus, size of alkali metals is largest and that of halogens is smallest in a period.

(iii) Ionisation Energy: - It is the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated
gaseous atom in its ground state. It generally increases along a period from left to right
due to increase in effective nuclear charge but ionization energy of group-2 elements
(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr) is larger than the ionization energy of group-3 (B, Al, Ga, In) elements.

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 Periodic Classification of Elements

(iv) Electronegativity: - It is the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair
of electrons towards itself. It increases regularly along a period from left to right and
decreases on moving down a group. It is highest for fluorine.
(v) Metallic Character: - It is the tendency of an element to form cation by the loss of
electrons. It decreases along a period from left to right and increases in a group on
moving downwards. Thus, metallic elements occupy the left hand columns of the
periodic table.

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 Periodic Classification of Elements

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 5. में डल

े ीफ की आवतत सारणी में तत्वों के वर्गीकरण
का आिार था
1. तत्वों के वर्गीकरण से सम्बन्धित 'अष्टक नियम' The classification of elements was the
का प्रनतपादि ककसिे ककया? basis of Mendeleev's periodic table
Who presented the 'octaves rule' related (a) परमाणु भार / Atomic mass
to the classification of elements? (b) परमाणु आयति / Atomic volume
(a) डोबेराइिर/ Doberiner (c) परमाणु संख्या / atomic number
(b) धयल
ू ड्
ैं स/ Newlands (d) परमाणु घित्व/ Atomic density
(c) डममञी में डल
े ीफ/ Dmitri Mendeleev
(d) लोथर मेयर/ Lothar mayer 6. तत्वों की आवतत सारणी का जिक कौि है
Who is the father of the periodic table of
2. तत्वों का पहला वर्गीकरण ककसिे ककया था elements?
Who did the first classification of (a) जोहािेसवांडरवाल्स/Johannes
elements VanderWaals
(a) लोथर मेयर/ Lothar mayer (b) जोहाि बेयर/ Joha nn Baer
(b) डोबेराइिर/ Doberiner (c) अल्रेड िोबेल/ Alfred Nobel
(c) धयल
ू ड्
ैं स/ Newlands (d) दममत्री में डल
े ीफ/ Dmitry Mendeleev
(d) में डल
े ीफ/ Mendeleev
7. आिनु िक आवतत सारणी में ककतिे आवतत और समह
ू
मौजूद हैं?
3. तत्वों के भौनतक और रासायनिक र्गण
ु उिके परमाणु
How many periods and groups are
भारों के आवतत फलि होते हैं ', यह नियम ददया
present in the Modern periodic table?
The physical and chemical properties of
(a) 7 आवतत और 18 समह
ू / 7 periods and 18
elements are the periodic functions of
groups
their atomic weights', this law given by:
(b) 8 आवतत और 7 समह
ू / 8 periods and 7
(a) में डल
े ीफ िे/ Mendeleev
groups
(b) मोसले िे/ Moseley
(c) 7 आवतत और 7 समह
ू / 7 periods and 7
(c) रदरफोडत िे/ Rutherford
groups
(d) धयल
ू ड्
ैं स िे/ Newlands
(d) 8 आवतत और 8 समह
ू / 8 periods and 8
groups
4. आिनु िक आवतत नियम ककसिे प्रनतपाददत ककया
Who propounded the modern periodic 8. निम्िमलखित में से कौि सा आिनु िक आवतत सारणी
law? का आिार है?
(a) में डल
े ीफ िे/ Mendeleev Which of the following forms the basis of
(b) मोसले िे/ Moseley the modern periodic table?
(c) डोबेरेिर िे/ Doberiner (a) परमाणु द्रव्यमाि/ Atomic mass
(d) धयल
ू ड्
ैं स िे/ Newlands (b) परमाणु संख्या/ Atomic number
(c) िामभकों की संख्या/ Number of nucleon

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 Periodic Classification of Elements

(d) ये सभी/ All of these (c) फ्लोरीि / Fluorine

9. आवतत सारणी में बाएं से दाएं जािे पर तत्वों के (d) मैग्िीमशयम/ Magnesium
इलेक्ट्रोपोमसदटव र्गण
ु का क्ट्या होता है ? 13. तत्व X सत्र
ू XCl2 के साथ एक क्ट्लोराइड बिाता
What happens to the electropositive है , जो एक उच्च द्धपघलिे बबंद ु के साथ एक ठोस
character of elements on moving from left है । X की सबसे अधिक संभाविा है कक आवतत
to right in a periodic table? सारणी के एक ही समह ू में होर्गा
(a) बढ़िा/ Increase Element X forms a chloride with the formula
XCl2, which is a solid with a high melting
(b) कम हो जाती है / Decreases
point. X would most likely be in the same
(c) पहले घटिे से बढ़ता है / First increases group of the Periodic Table as
than decreases (a) Na (b) Mg
(d) पहले वद्धृ ि की तल
ु िा में कम हो जाती है / First
(c) Al (d) Si

decreases than increases

14. कौि से समह
ू तत्वों को संिमण िातु कहा जाता

10. ककसी तत्व M का इलेक्ट्रॉनिक द्धवधयास 2, 8, 4 है ? Which group elements are called

है । आिुनिक आवतत सारणी में , तत्व M को रिा transition metals?

र्गया है (a) समह

ू संख्या 1 से 2 /Group number 1 to

The electronic configuration of an 2

element M is 2, 8, 4.In modern periodic (b) समह

ू संख्या 13 से 18 Group number 13

table, the element M is placed in to 18

(a) 4th ग्रप (c) समह

ू संख्या 3 से 12 /Group number 3 to
ु /4th group
(b) दस 12
ू रा समह
ू /2nd group
(c) 14 वााँ समह (d) समह
ू संख्या 1 से 8 / Group number 1
ू /14th group
(d) 18 वााँ समह to 8
ू /18th group

11. 18 वें समह

ू तत्वों का दस
ू रा िाम क्ट्या है? 15. निम्िमलखित में से ककस तत्व में 2 कक्ष हैं और
What is the other name for group 18th दोिों परू ी तरह से भरे हुए हैं?
elements? Which of the following elements has 2
(a) िोबेल र्गैसें / Noble gases shells and both are completely filled?
(b) क्षार िात/ु Alkali metals (a) हीमलयम /Helium
(c) क्षारीय मद
ृ ा िात/ु Alkali earth metals (b) नियॉि/ Neon
(d) है लोजेंस/ Halogens (c) कैन्ल्शयम /Calcium
(d) बोरॉि/ Boron
12. निम्िमलखित में से कौि सा समह
ू 17 का सबसे
अधिक प्रनतकियाशील तत्व है ? 16. मल
ू ऑक्ट्साइड बिािे वाले तत्व की परमाणु संख्या
Which of the following is the most निम्िमलखित में से कौि है?
reactive element of the group 17? Which of the following is the atomic
(a) ऑक्ट्सीजि/ Oxygen number of an element that forms basic
(b) सोडडयम/ Sodium oxide?

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 Periodic Classification of Elements

(a) 18 (b) 17
(c) 19 (d) 15

17. तत्व A, B और C िमशः तामलका 2, 14 और 16 19. एक तत्व X, आवतत सारणी के तत

ृ ीय आवतत और
के हैं, आवतत सारणी के। दोिों में से कौि सा तत्व प्रथम समह
ू से संबधं ित है । इसकी परमाणु में वैलेंस
सहसंयोजक बंिि बिाएर्गा? इलेक्ट्रॉिों की संख्या ककतिी है ?
The elements A, B and C belong to group An element X belongs to the 3rd period
2, 14 and 16 respectively, of the periodic and 1st group of the periodic table. What
table. Which of the two elements will form is the number of valence electrons in its
covalent bonds? atom?
(a) A और B / A and B (a) 1 (b) 3
(b) B और C / B and C (c) 6 (d) 8
(c) C और A / C and A
(d) इिमें से कोई िहीं/ None of these 20. में डलीफ िे जब अपिा कायत आरम्भ ककया तब तक
ज्ञात तत्व की संख्या थी ?
18. आवतत सारणी में समह
ू में ऊपर से िीचे आते समय By the time Mendeleev started his work,
निम्ि में से कौि सा र्गण
ु घटता िहीं है ? the number of known elements was
Which of the following does not decrease (a) 65 (b) 63
while moving down the group of the (c) 56 (d) 73
periodic table?
(a) परमाणु बत्रज्या/ Atomic radius
(b) िान्त्वक र्गण
ु Metallic character
(c) परमाणु में कक्षों की संख्या /Number of
shells in the atom
(d) संयोजी इलेक्ट्रॉि / Valence electrons

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 Periodic Classification of Elements

Answer

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A

6. D 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. C

11. A 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. B

16. C 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. B

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