MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 1

cell

Microbiology 2. Bacterial Cell -

- Function: Adherence
A complex structure that forms the two “wrappers”
Envelope that surrounds the cytoplasm
- Parts of Bacterial Cell Envelope:
- Is the study of mute microorganisms which are too small 1) Cell wall
to be seen by our naked eyes. - Surrounds the cell like a webbed bag.
- Composed of Peptidoglycan a.k.a.
Compound microscope- bacteria, protozoan, “Murein”
- 2 Alternating sugars (binded by
fungi, helminths tetrapeptide):
o N- acetylglucosamine (NAG)
Electron microscope- viruses, prions (infectious o N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
proteins) - Function: provides structure and shape
to the cell protection against osmotic
Scope of Microbiology forces and the basis for gram staining.
2) Cytoplasmic membrane
- Composed of lipids and associated
A. Domains of living organisms proteins. Some bacteria have sterol like
- Archaea- prokaryotes with cell wall, inhabit molecule known as “Hopanoids”.
extreme environment, not medically important - Function: maintains cell integrity and
regulates transport
and do not cause disease in humans. 3. Fimbriae - Sticky, proteinaceous, Bristle-like, “spikes” and non-
- Bacteria- are prokaryotic, unicellular, lack nuclei. motile projections.
Divide through binary fission, bacterial cell walls - Used to adhere to one another and to substances
in the environment
are composed of polysaccharides. - Important in: Neisseria gonorrhea (“Hitch Hikers”/
- Eukarya: tulo) and Biofilms
Nitrogen fixation- o Microorganism- fungi and protozoa 4. Pili a.k.a. Sex Pili - longer than fimbriae, but usually shorter than
or Conjugation Pili flagella.
mushroom o Macroscopic organisms- mushrooms, - Composed of a protein called “Pilin”
Nitrogen from urine, storm plants and animals - Involved in: attachment, motility and DNA
- Transfer: Conjugation
Bacterial Anatomy 5. Flagella - long, whip-like structures. Composed of a protein
1. Glycocalyses - literally means “Sugar cup” called “Flagellin”
- is a gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds - Function: motility (Chemotaxis), Rotate 360 degrees
outside the cell. (Runs and tumble)
- 2 types of glycocalyx: - Flagellar Arrangement (PALME)
a) Capsule P Peritrichous (around the cell)
- firmly attached to the cell surface. A Amphitrichous (located both ends)
Composed of organized repeating L Lophotrichous (Tuff flagella, “Ponytail”)
units of organic chemicals M Monotrichous (one flagella)
(polysaccharides and polypeptide) E Endoflagella (wrapped around the cell)
- Function: Evasion of phagocytosis
6. Cytoplasm - gelatinous material inside a cell. Semi-transparent,
b) Slime layer
fluid, elastic and aqueous.
- a loose, water soluble, viscous
- Composed of: Cytosol (fluid), Inclusions (reserve
glycocalyx. Loosely attach to the
deposits), Ribosomes

7. Ribosomes - Site of protein synthesis in cells. Composed of
polypeptides and molecules of RNA
- Size:70s (2 units: 30s- smaller subunit, 50s- larger
subunit) {Buy AT 30s CEL 50s}
8. Genome - Nuclear area of nucleoid
- 2 structures:
o Chromosomes- double stranded, usually
single except Vibrio cholerae (long and
continuous, circularly arranged)
o Plasmids- circular molecule of DNA and it
replicates independently
PLASMID FACTORS
 R Plasmids- Resistance (antibiotic
resistance)
 F Plasmids- Fertility (Conjugation)
 V Plasmids- Virulence (toxins and
enzymes)
9. Endospores - Stable resting stages that barely metabolize
- Extremely resistant to drying, heat, radiation and
lethal chemicals
- Germinate only when conditions improve
- A defensive strategy against hostile
unfavourable conditions
 Sporulation- making endospores
 Germination- back to its active form
- Common locations of endospore:
o Bacillus anthracis- endospore located
centrally
o Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lecheliforte
(Bacitracin)- sub terminally
o Clostridium tetani- terminally
Others:
o Transposons a.k.a. “Jumping Genes”
- move themselves from one location to
another either same or different
molecule
o Complex Transposon
- Not connected with jumping or
transposition. Contains genes
antibiotic resistance
Bacterial Growth
- An increase in the number of cells present
- Bacteria reproduce by Binary Fission
MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 2
Generation Time
- the time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide
- time required for a population of cells to double in
number
Bacterial Growth Curve
1) Lag Phase
- The cells are adjusting to their new environment
- Most cells do not reproduce immediately
- Actively synthesize enzymes to utilize novel nutrients in the medium
2) Log Phase
- Enter a phase of rapid chromosome replication, growth and
reproduction
- Population increases logarithmically
- Susceptible to antimicrobial drugs
3) Stationary Phase
- Phase where the rate of reproduction decreases
- Nutrients are depleted and wastes accumulate
- The number of dying cells=number of cells being produced
or
4) Death Phase a.k.a. Decline Phase
- cells die at a faster rate than they are produced which happens if
nutrients are not added and nutrients are removed
- Apoptosis= program cell death
3 types of Bacterial Staining
1. Simple Stain
- An or alcohol solution of a single basic dye
- Involve no more than soaking the smear in the dye for 30-60 seconds
- Primary Purpose: is to highlight the entire microorganism so that
cellular shapes and basic structures are visible
2. Differential Stain
- Differentiates between two large groups of microorganisms the
gram-positive and gram-negative cells
3. Gram Staining
- Different kinds of bacteria react differently to the gram stain
for because of the structure differences in their cell walls procedure
(CGAS Abelgas)
 Crystal Violet- primary stain (crystal-violet/blue)
Gram (+)- thick cell wall
 Gram’s Iodine- mordant (strengthens the primary stain)
 Alcohol- decolorizer
 Saffranin- secondary stain (pink/red), (Gram-)
- Gram staining is important in providing a valuable information for the
treatment of disease
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cultivate use candle jar

Bacteria Cell and Arrangement
1. Cocci
- spherical, lancet (Strep. Pneumoniae) Culture Media
- kidney, coffee bean (Neiseeria gonorrhea) 1. Enriched Medium
2. Bacili- rod shape (Clostridium and Bacillus Species) - provides nutrients and environmental conditions that favor
3. Cocobacilli the growth of particular microbe but not others.
4. Spirals- Spiralla and Spirochetes - “choosy” target fastidious organisms
5. Vibrios- comma shape (Vibrio cholerae) - Example: Tahar Martin
6. Pleomorphic- no definite shape and can change shape 2. Selective Media
(Corynebacterium diphtheriae- Elongation process, Long Snap - designed to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and
division, Chinese letters/palisade/v-shape) encourage the growth of the desired microbes.
7. Fusobacterium - Ex. Saboraud Dextrose agar- decrease pH for fungi
8. Filamentous 3. Differential Media
Growth requirements - contains the culture plate specific chemicals to indicate
According to nutrient: Sources of Carbon, Energy and Electron which species possess and which lack a particular
biochemical process
Sources of Carbon - Example: Blood Agar Medium- test RBC use the enzyme
1. Autotrophs hemolysin
- utilize inorganic sources of carbon o / Alpha-hemolysis- “green” (partial hemolysis)
- make organic compounds o β/ Beta- hemolysis- “colorless” (complete hemolysis)
2. Heterotrophs o δ/ Gamma-hemolysis- “no change” (no hemolysis)
- Uses or catabolize reduced organic molecule
- the “users” Bacterias
Gram (+) Bacteria
Sources or Energy Gram Positive Cocci: Gram Positive Bacilli:
1. Chemotrophs- acquire energy from redox reaction o Staphylococcus o Endospore Forming:
2. Phototrophs- use light as energy sources o Streptococcus -Bacillus
o Enterococcus -Clostridium
Categorize based on their Carbon and Energy Sources o Non-endospore Forming:
1. Photoautotrophs- E-light, C- inorganic - Listeria
2. Chemoautotrophs- E-Redox, C-inorganic -Corynebacterium
3. Photoheterotrophs- E- light, C-organic -Propionibacterium
4. Chemoheterotrophs- E-Redox, C- organic

Oxygen Requirement Gram Positive Cocci

1. Obligate Anaerobes- die in the presence of oxygen, do not use Staphylococcus - Opportunistic pathogens
oxygen only inorganic molecules. Perform Anaerobic respiration - Non-motile
2. Obligate Aerobes- require oxygen to live. No oxygen they die. - Salt tolerant: 10% NaCl
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor to make energy. - Tolerate: desiccation, radiation and heat
3. Facultative Anaerobes- prefer oxygen rich condition. Continue - Normal members of every human’s
growth even oxygen is not available microbiota
4. Aerotolerant Anaerobes- insensitive to the presence of oxygen. They - Test: production of coagulase
ferment carbohydrates - Important members: (SEA)
5. Microaerophiles- are aerobic, requires oxygen in a very low o Staph. saprophyticus
concentration. Ex. Helicobacter pylori (stomach conc. 2-10%) o Staph. epidermidis
6. Capnophiles- require very low oxygen but rich in Carbon Dioxide. To o Staph. aureus
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 4

Empyema- pus in the

lungs
a) Staphylococcus aureus (pimples)
- Coagulase positive. b) Staphylococcus epidermis
- Most pathogenic - coagulase negative
Has grape-like arrangement, cluster - Major cause of infection is
form (au- golden yellow color) associated with prosthetic devices
- Diseases: and catheters
 Non-invasive disease- Food - Causes “stitch abscess”
poisoning due to enterotoxin
 Cutaneous Disease: c) Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
Scalded Skin - Coagulase negative
Syndrome- produces - Causes UTI in active young women
exfoliative toxin, prone - Second to E. coli in terms of
to infection incidence causing UTI.
Impetigo- starts at Streptococcus - strep- means chains
face near lips. - Rebecca Lancefield- classified organisms
Characterize by red based on serotype based on the certain
rash, vesicle with pus requirements of the cell wall
and crusty like (highly - Lancefield Classification:
contagious) Group A
Folliculitis- infection of  Beta-hemolytic Strep. (Strep.
hair follicles pyogenes)
Sty- infection of Group B
eyelashes  Beta-hemolytic Strep. (Strep.
Furuncle or Boil agalactiae)
Carbuncle- spread of Group D
boil  alpha-hemolytic strep/ Viridans
 Systemic Disease: group (Strep. pneumoniae).
Toxic Shock  Inhabit mouth, pharynx, GI and
Syndrome- manifested genitals
by fever and  Part of normal flora (opportunistic
hypotension, releases pathogens)
toxic shock syndrome
toxin a) Streptococcus pyogenes
Endocarditis- targets - Cause pharyngitis
or destroys valves - Strep Throat
(Congestive Heart - Scarlet Fever/ Scarlatina-
Failure) strawberry, red tongue
Osteomyelitis- targets - Streptococcal Toxic Shock
bone marrow and the Syndrome
surrounding base - Necrotizing Fasciitis a.k.a. Flesh
Bacteremia- bacteria eating Strep
in the blood from - Rheumatic Heart Disease- from
cutaneous skin multiple infection which are
Pneumonia- fluid in not treated
the lungs - Impetigo
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- Glomerulonephritis- difficile - Causes Pseudomembranous collitis due to

inflammation of kidney tubules Clindamycin
- Discontinue Clindamycin treatment if
b) Streptococcus agalactiae uncontrolled watery diarrhea for 3 days is
- has butterfly colonies observed
- Seen in infants and neonates - Treatment: Metronidazole and Vancomycin
- Transferred by lactating 3. Clostridium - Releases Botulinum Toxin- one of the most
mothers to their babies botulinum powerful toxin 30 grams is enough to kill USA
- Causes Neonatal bacteremia - MOA: blocks the secretion of Acetylcholine
- Meningitis - Causes Food poisoning from canned goods
- Pneumonia - Causes the “Floppy Baby Syndrome” a.k.a.
Flascid Paralysis means that there is no
c) Streptococcus pneumoniae contraction of muscle (only relax)
- In diplo arrangement - Death: Final Exhalation
- Lancet shape 4. Clostridium tetani - Secretes Tetanus Toxin a.k.a. Tetanospamin
- Causes Community Acquired - MOA: blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitter
Pneumonia (CAP) GABA
- Otitis media - Causes Spastic Paralysis (contraction only)
- Otitis externa (swimmers ear) - Signs and Symptoms: stiff facial muscle, rigid
- Tx: Ceftriaxone muscles, Risus sardonicus (Sardonic smile) and
- Endocarditis lock jaw
- Test: Quellung Reaction- test - Death: Final Inhalation.
the presence of capsule. 5. Clostridium - Inoculated with trauma into muscle
Gram (+) Bacillus myonecrosis - Secrete exotoxin that destroy adjacent
- Characteristics: Rod shape, chain endospore forming gram muscles
1. Bacillus anthracis - has central endospore - Enzymes degrades muscle and produces thin
- Virulence Factor: Blackish fluid
o Capsule: glutamic acid Non-endospore forming
o Secrete anthrax toxin- Causes 1. Listeria - Motile at room temp.
Anthrax a.k.a. Wool Sorters Disease monocytogenes - Has Tumbling motility
(inhalational anthrax). S/Sx: - From delicatessen cold cuts/ soft cheese
breathing problems then shock- RIP - Disease: Listeriosis
2. Bacillus subtilis - Endospore is located in the Subterminal - Primarily affects newborn, children and
- Isolated from debrided tissue from a pregnant women
compound fracture of a 7-year old Margaret - Only gram positive which produces Endotoxin
Tracy - Note: All gram-positive produces exotoxin
- The old source of Bacitracin except Listeria monocytogenes
- New source: Bacillus licheniformis 2. - Causes uncontrolled Acne (Acne vulgaris)
3. Bacillus cereus - Causative agent of fried rice poisoning Propionibacterium - Acne- widespread, painful, very red, very
Gram (+) Clostridium acne sticky with pus vesicles
1. Clostridium - Can cause food poisoning due to enterotoxin - Increase susceptibility during puberty/
perfringes - Endospores are introduced into the wounds adolescence (hormonal)
- Ferment muscle and muscle proteins (forms - No treatment is required in most cases.
brown gas when secreted) Treatment:
- Causes Gas Gangrene a.k.a. Myonecrosis o Isotretinoin (Accutane)
2. Clostridium - An opportunistic pathogen o Erythromycin and Clindamycin
-Severe cases: pills to neutralize hormones
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3. Corynebacterium - Causes diphtheria Bacteria

diphtheriae - Destroys the elongation factor and blocks 2. Pasteurallaceae - Positive in Oxidative test, are fastidious
polypeptide synthesis organisms needs heme and cytochrome
- Vaccine: DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetani) - Differentiation:
- Undergo snaping division o via oxidase test (+ color is dark
- Chinese letter violet/blue)
Gram (-) Cocci o production of cytochrome oxidase
- Characteristics: Gram (-) Facultative Anaerobic Bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae)
- cocci, non-motile, diploccus, produce oxidase positive - Opportunistic coliform pathogens
- has fimbriae and polysaccharide capsule - From colon (enteric)
- major cell wall antigen: Lipooligosaccharide - SEEK (non-lactose fermenters): Serratia marcescens, Escherichia
-Culture Media: Modified Thayer Martin Medium coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae
- 2 Species: - Culture Media: MacConkey Agar; detects lactose fermenters
o Neisseria gonorrhea- Second most commonly from non-lactose fermenters
transmitted sexual disease 1. Serratia - Produces red pigment known as Prodigiosin
o Neisseria meningitides marcescens - Common opportunistic pathogen
1. Neiserria - Diplococci, kidney shaped - Targets narcotics addicts and hospitalized
gonorrhea - Causes: Gonorrhea a.k.a. “tulo”, “drip”, patient
“clap” - Can cause pneumonia, bacteremia and
- Sx: Discharged from the reproductive organ, endocarditis
burning sensation/ painful urination 2. Escherichia coli - Number 1 cause of UTI
- Females are Asymptomatic while males are - Dark violet, “metallic green sheen”
Symptomatic (both Carriers) - Culture media: Eosin Methylene Blue
- Gonoccocal Infection: - Causes gastroenteritis, UTI, septicemia,
o Proctitis- inflammation of rectum neonatal meningitis, acute pyelonephritis and
(anal sex) hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)
o Pharyngitis- inflammation of pharynx - Serotype of E. coli
(oral sex) a) Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
o Gingivitis- inflammation of the gums - produces heat labile toxin (like
(oral sex) cholera)-watery stool
o Keratitis- inflammation of the eyes - produces heat stable toxin (inhibit
o Ophthalmia neonatorum- reabsorption of Na and Cl stimulate
gonoccocal infection of the child secretion of Cl- and bicarbonate
- Treatment: 0.1 % Silver Nitrate (OLD), - Causes Travellers Diarrhea a.k.a.
Erythromycin cream (NEW) Montezuma’s Revenge
2. Neiserria - Can cause Disseminated Intravascular b) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
meningitidis Coagulation (DIC) - Transmitted through undercooked
- Causes the life-threatening sepsis known as ground beef (burger)
Meningoccemia (severe meningitis) - Produces shiga-like toxin a.k.a.
- Causes Petechiae- small haemorrhagic skin verotoxin
lesion/ rash in the trunks and lower extremities - Inhibits protein synthesis
- Sample is obtained from the Cerebro Spinal - Causes hemorrhagic collitis (bloody
Fluid (CSF) diarrhea)
Gram Negative Bacilli - Can develop Hemolytic Uremic
1. - Most common, negative in oxidase test Syndrome (HUS) which is caused by E.
Enterobacteriaceae coli 0157:H7. This is a severe
a.k.a. Enteric complication which can lead to kidney
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failure - Vectors: Flea

c) Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) o Shigella species
- Can cause diarrhea in infants due to o Salmonella typhi
poor sanitation conditions 2. Shigella species
d) Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) Members:
- Invades the epithelial cells a) Shigella dysenteriae
- Virulence factor : plasmids shared by - Most common
Shigella and E. coli - Causes severe form of dysentery known
- Causes identical to Shigellosis as Shigellosis
- Produce small amount of shiga-like - Shigellosis- purulent bloody stool
toxin diarrhea with pus
e) Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) - Produces shiga toxin
- Causes acute and chronic diarrhea b) Shigella flexneri
- Prone to developing countries c) Shigella boydii
- Duration: greater than 14 days d) Shigella sonnei
3. Enterobacter - Normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract of 3. Salmonella typhi
species animals and humans - Motile and peritrichous bacilli
- Opportunistic bacteria that causes UTI, URTI - Ferment glucose with Gas production
and wound infections (Hydrogen sulfide-black color)
4. Klebsiella - Virulence: has capsule: O antigen - Mode of Transmission: consumption of
pneumoniae - Susceptible to alcoholics and COPD patients food contaminated with animal feces
- Signs and symptoms: gelatinous reddish-brown (poultry)
sputum - Causes Typhoid Fever
- Causes sepsis and pneumonia (Hospital - OLD DOC is Chloramphenicol but
acquired pneumonia HAP) changed due to its side effect (BAG)
Non-coliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae {Bone marrow suppression, Aplastic
(PEMP- non lactose) anemia, Gray baby Syndrome}
o Proteus mirabillis - NEW DOC: Ciprofloxacin and
- Rod shaped bacteria Ceftriaxone
- Numerous peritrichous bacteria - Carrier: Typhoid Mary
- Forms wavelike concentric rings on agar surface Pasteurellaceae
- Exhibits swarming phenomenon - Fastidious organisms “choosy”
- Releases urease- enzyme which degrades urea (CO2 - Needs heme and cytochromes
+NH3= ↑pH (solubility, ppt) - 2 Genera:
- May induced kidney stone a. Pasteurella
o Edwardsiella o Pasteurella multicoda- can cause swelling and
o Morganella inflammation of the lymph nodes
o Providencia b. Haemophilus
Truly Pathogenic - YeSS (they can cause disease) o Haemophilus influenzae- most common cause
Enterobacteriaceae o Yersinia pestis of meningitis, can cause life threatening
- Causes Plague a.k.a. Black Plague epiglottis
- Bubonic Plague- lymph nodes o Haemophilus ducreyi- Sexually Transmitted
inflamed (tennis ball) known as Infection, produces toxin that kills human
buboes epithelial cells (lesion), Cause Chancroid a.k.a.
- Pneumonic Plague-develop malaise, Soft Chancre
fever and pulmonary distress Pathogenic Gram Bartonella species:
- Host: Rats, mice Negative Aerobic a) Bartonella bacilliformis

Bacilli - invades and weaken erythrocytes
(RBC)
- Vector: Blood sucking sandflies
- Disease: Bartonellosis (prone to Peru,
Ecuador and Columbia)
b) Bartonella Quintana
- Causes Trench fever a.k.a. 5-day
fever
- Vector: human body lice (trench-
soldiers)
c) Bartonella henselae
- causes Cat Scratch Disease
- Transmitted through cat scratches
and bites
Brucella species:
o Brucella melitensis- goat and
sheep
o Brucella abortus- cattle
o Brucella suis- swine
o Brucella canis- dogs, foxes and
cayotes
- Causes Brucellosis a.k.a. Fluctuating
Fever, Undulant Fever, Bang Fever,
Malta Fever, Rock Fever of Gibraltar,
Fever of Crete
a) Bordatella pertussis
- Causes Pertusis
- a.k.a. Whooping Cough
- Infer with the action of
ciliated epithelial cells of
trachea
- Paralyzed ciliated cell
- Kills cilia making it
congested with sound
when coughing (whoop)
- Children are usually
susceptible
Pseudomonas aeroginusa
- Pigments produced:
o Pyocyanin- blue
o Pyoverdin- green
o Pyorubin- red
o Pyomelanin- brown
- Most common cause of Hospital
acquired pneumonia
- Burn patients are susceptible
- Most common cause of nosocomial
MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 8
disease
Francisella tularensis
- Causes Tularemia
- a.k.a. Rabbit Fever and Tick Fever
- Most common reservoirs
o Rabbits
o Muskrats
o Ticks
Legionella pneumophilia
- Causes Legionnaires’ Disease
- Legionellosis
- From: aircons, sprinkler system, hot tubes
(jakuzzi)
- DOC: Erythromycin
Coxiella burneti
- Causes Q Fever (Questionable/ Quizzy
Fever)
- Endospore Forming
- MOT: contaminated unpasteurized milk
Acid-Fast Bacteria Mycobacterium
- Color fast: resistant to fading
- Gram staining is not suitable due to
water soluble stains
- Cell wall contains mycolic acid (waxy
lipid)
Acid Fast Staining
- Carbol fuschin- primary stain
- Acid alcohol- decolorizer
- Methylene blue- Secondary stain
- Positive result: red
1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Serpent like arrangement, cord-like
or S arrangement
- Virulence factor: Cord Factor
- Causes: Tuberculosis a.k.a.
Consumption, Wasting Disease,
White Plague, Koch Disease
- MOT: aerosol transmission/ droplets
- Diagnosis:
 Skin test- Tuberculin Test a.k.a.
Mantoux test (0.1mL of cell wall
antigen of M. tuberculosis,
interpreted after 48-72hours (+)
result formation of wheal.
Vaccine (BCG) gives false
positive disease
 Chest X-ray; infiltrates
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 9

 Sputum smear- Acid fast rash in the sole of the feet and
Staining hands
- First Line Treatment: RIPES 3. Latent stage- no signs and
o Rifampicin- S/E: red orange symptoms
body fluids 4. Tertiary syphilis- manifested by
o Isoniazid- peripheral neuritis gummas (soft, rubbery painful
(Vit. B6 deficiency) lesions)
o Pyrazinamide- Hyperuricemia, 5. Destruction of CV and CNS tissue,
Hepatotoxicity insanity and blindness
o Ethambutol- optic neuritis 6. Note: s/sx are caused by Hyper
(Mnemonics: ONE) Immune Response
o Streptomycin- ototoxicity and - Syphilis in pregnant woman
nephrotoxicity (not used o Congenital syphilis
anymore) o Poor bone formation
2) Mycobacterium leprae o Meningitis
- Causes Leprosy a.k.a. Hansen’s o Hutchingsons triad (Blind,
Disease deaf, notched, peg shaped
- Starts at the cool regions of the teeth)
body (nose, ears, hands, feet) b) Borrelia burgdorferi
- Hawaii, Molokai- Lepers bell or - Causes Lyme Disease
Leper colony - Vector: Deer ticks: Ixodes
- 2 Manifestation: - S/Sx: arthritis, bull’s eye rash and
a) Tuberculoid Leprosy- non- neurological abnormality
progressive form, Patients with - Also causes Relapsing Fever
strong cell mediated immune - Disease: Barreliosis
response. Losses sensation c) Leptospira interrogans
b) Lepromatous Leprosy- - Causes Leptospirosis waded in flood
progressive form, Patients with waters
weak T-cell immune response. - Target: kidney failure
Destroys tissue in cooler regions - Culture Media: Fletcher’s Media
3) Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare - Contains peptone, rabbit serum and 5-
- Opportunistic pathogen in AIDS fluorouracil which is toxic to other
patient bacteria except Leptospira
- Affects every organ of the body d) Vibrio cholerae
Other Bacterial Spirochetes (BLT)- screw like movement - Causes Cholera
Pathogen o Borrelia - S/Sx: diarrhea with rice watery stool
o Leptospira and severe dehydration
o Treponema e) Campylobacter jejuni
a) Treponema pallidum - Causes bacterial gastroenteritis in USA
- Hard chancre - MOT: contaminated food and drink
- Staining technique: Silver Stain f) Helicobacter pylori
- Microscope: Dark-field microscope - Causes Peptic Ulcer
- Causes: Syphilis, STI - 2-10% microaerophiles
- Stages of Syphilis: - Toxin: urease-CO2 + NH3 (basic) inc. pH
1. Primary syphilis- lesion in site of - Produce cytolytic toxin which kills cells
infection in the stomach causing ulcers
2. Secondary syphilis- widespread - Dx: Urea Breath Test, Endoscopy
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g) Chlamydia h) Mycoplasma
o Chlamydia trachomatis - Organisms without cell wall
- Most common STI - Facultative or aerobic anaerobes
- Causes: Chlamydiasis - Cytoplasmic membrane contains Sterol
- Chlamydial Urethritis- (stabilize the membrane)
gonorrhea-like disease - Pleomorphic
- “Silent Disease” - Fried egg colonies
(asymptomatic) o Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Female S/Sx: slight - Causes Primary Atypical
vaginal discharge, Pneumonia AKA Walking
inflammation of the Pneumonia
cervix, burning pain - Has mild S/Sx does not
upon urination, require hospitalization
Salpingitis - MOT: Nasal transmission
(inflammation of the
fallopian tube)
- Ectopic pregnancy History
- Males: painful Robert Hook - proposed the cell principle
urination, watery
Anton van - Father of Microbiology, first to magnify lenses of
discharge, tingling
Leeuwenhook Giardia lamblia
sensation,
Rudolf Virchow - proposed Biogenesis, life only exist with living
inflammation of the
organism
epididymis
Louis Pasteur - Father of Modern Microbiology, discovered
o Other types of Chlamydia:
Fermentation process/ Pasteurization
 Chlamydial pharyngitis
Julius Petri - introduced petri dish, assistant of Robert Koch
 Chlamydial proctitis
(anus) Frau Hesse - wife/assistant of Julius petri, suggested the use of
 Neonatal conjunctivitis agar as stiffening agent
 Trachoma- eye infection, Joseph Lister - Father of Aseptic Technique, introduced phenol-
leading cause of non- 1st antiseptic agent
traumatic blindness in Robert Koch - developed pure-culture technique, discovered
humans worldwide M. tuberculosis
 Lymphogranuloma Paul Ehrlich - Father of Chemotherapy, discovered
venereum- transient salvarsan/Arsphenamine/Compound 606 (1st
genital lesion at the site of effective agent to treat syphilis)
infection. Followed by Emil von Behring - develop immunity against Diphteria by using
development of buboe antitoxin
(inflammation of lymph Domagk - created Protonsil (red dye) which is a prodrug of
nodes) sulfonamide
o Chlamydia psittaci Alexander Fleming - discovered the fungus method Penicillium
- Causes Ornithosis AKA notatum (OLD source of penicillin). NEW source:
Psittacosis or Parrot Fever Penicillium chrysogenum
- Disease is transmitted to
human by birds Penicillin - DOC of uncomplicated gram (+)
- Treatment: DOC Florey and Chain -developed penicillin in clinical setting
Doxycycline Selman Waksman - discovered Streptomycin (1st aminoglycoside
discovered least nephrotoxic)
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 11

Edward Jenner - developed vaccine for small pox
Septic Shock - an endotoxic shock, common and deadly
response to both gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria
-number 1cause of death in ICU
- Males are smaller than females
- Has spicules (male only) which is used to guide
sperm to females genital prone
2. Platyhelminths - Cestodes a.k.a. “Tapeworms”
a.k.a. - Trematodes a.k.a. “Flukes”
“Flatworms”

Helminths/ Parasitic Worms Intestinal nematodes (SANTET)

- they mature into adults in the GIT of humans.
Transmission:
Parasites- an organism that spends a significant portion of its
a) Ingestion of Eggs (TAE)
life in the living tissue of a host organism and which cause harm - Trichuris trichura a.k.a. “Whipworm”
host immediately killing it. - Causes trichuriasis
- Eggs are lemon or football shaped
Commensalism- parasites benefit from the host without - Targets the large intestine
- Adult worm hatches 1k eggs/ day for 1 year
causing it any harm. - Note: Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis has no
tissue invasion therefore no elevation of eosinophils
Different kinds of hosts - Ascaris lumbricoides a.k.a. “Giant/ human roundworm”
1. Intermediate host- host that harbour the larvae and asexual stage. - Causes Ascariasis/ roundworm disease
2. Definitive host- host that harbour adult and sexual stage. - MOT: injection of egg from contaminated food/ soil
3. Reservoir- ensure continuity of parasites life cycle. - Each adult worm produces 200k eggs/ day
- Excreted in the feces
Transmission - Male: 15-30 cm
1. Ingestion of larvae in a contaminated food - Female: 20-50 cm
2. Ingestion of eggs in feces - Clinical finding of ascariasis: Asymptomatic, Abdominal
3. Insect bites cramping, Dry cough and fever (larvae in the lungs), In
4. Direct skin penetration children: malnutrition (competition of food/ nutrition),
May lead to bowel perforation, peritonitis, vomiting and
anal passage of worms
- Enterobius vermicularis a.k.a. “Pinworm or sitworm”
Immune System Reaction - Causes Enterobiasis
- Manifested by pruritis ani (itchy anus)
- Has no reaction to living worms - Diagnosis: Scotch tape method
- Treatment: Mebendazole, Thiabendazole, and
- Reacts with dead worms and eggs (elevation of Albendazole
eosinophils because of parasitic infection) - Itchy at night (oxygen) and day
Group of Helminths b) Direct skin penetration
1. Nematodes - are elongated, non-segmented and tapered - Strongyloides stercolaris a.k.a. “Threadworm”
a.k.a. at both ends - Causes Strongyloidiasis and Cochin-china diarrhea
“Roundworms” - has complete digestive system (mouth, - MOT: Direct skin penetration
intestine, anus) - Do not pass through feces and batches in intestines
- Female has 20-30 cm - Treatment: Ivermectin or Thiabendazole
- Larvae passed in stools (Auto-infection- larvae in lungs)
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 12

- Diagnosis: Fecal Exam, Enterotest a.k.a. string test, - Causes Onchoceriasis/ River blindness
Sputum - By: Simulium Blackfly bite (river or in moving water)
- DOC: Thiabendazole - Findings: Skin nodules, allergic reaction, lizard skin and
- Pyrantel Pamoate alternative: Mebendazole hanging groin (boys)
- Necator americanus a.k.a. “New world hookworm” - Diagnosis: Skin biopsy and slit lamp exam of eye
- Ancylostoma duodenale/ Old world hookworm (microfilariae)
- MOT: Skin penetration even without wounds (between - Treatment:
toes) o DOC: Ivermectin- kills microfilariae by
- Causes hookworm disease preventing the release of microfilariae from
- Travel to lungs and grow adult worms. (Mnemonics: rIVER)
- Female: 10 mm in length releases 10k eggs/ day o Suramin- target adult worms
- Diagnosis: o Diethylcarbamazine- increase toxicity
o Fecal Exam- reveals eggs, necator examines (alternative)
quickly because it hatches rapidly o Surgical removal
o Sputum Exam- reveal larvae 2) Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
o Eosinophilia - Causes Lymphatic Filariasis or Filariasis a.k.a. Elephantiasis
- Clinical findings: - Transmitted by: female mosquitoes (anopheles and
o Ground itch- initial skin penetration culex)
o Erythema, intense pruritus at the feet and ankle - DOC: Diethylcarbamazine
o Attach to intestines using the buccal teeth 3) Dracunculus medinensis
o Feed on blood and tissue (anemia) - a.k.a. “Guinea worm/ fiery serpent”
o Severe anemia and iron deficiency - Causes Dracunculiasis
o Abdominal discomfort and diarrhea - Length: 100 cm
c) Ingestion of encysted larvae in pork meat - MOT: by drinking water with the intermediate host,
- Trichinella spiralis copepods or water fleas. Proneto African and Asian
- Causes Trichinosis water
- MOT: eating undercooked pork with larvae - Findings: Allergic reaction, Nausea and vomiting, hives
- Targets skeletal muscle and breathlessness, blisters near the foot and ankle
- Findings: if mild no signs and symptoms, diarrhea, - Taken by stick method
abdominal pain, muscle aches, periorbital edema 4) Toxocara canis
- Sever: Targets heart muscle and brain tissue - a.k.a. “Dog roundworm”
- Diagnosis: - Causes Toxocariasis (usually in children)
o Serologic test - 2 manifestations:
o Muscle biopsy 1.) Visceral larva migrans- increased eosinophils,
o Eosinophilia- increase levels of muscle enzymes hepatomegaly and fever
(Creatinine phosphokinase) 2.) Ocular larva migrans- impaired vision and blindness
Blood and Tissue Nematodes - Transmitted through ingestion of eggs from dogs feces
- Transmitted by vectors/ anthropods
- Members: 5) Loa-Loa
o Onchocerca volvulus - a.k.a. “Filarial worm/ African eyeworm/ eyeworm”
o Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi - Transmitted through bite of deer lies
o Dracunculus medinensis - Vector: Chrysops (Mango fly)
o Toxocara canis - It enters the skin eyes
o Loa-loa - Crawls under the skin and leaves characteristic tracks
o Ancylostoma braziliense - Visible in the subconjunctival space around the iris.
1) Onchocera volvulus 6) Ancylostoma braziliense
- Common Name: Blinding worm - a.k.a. “Dog hookworm”
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 13

- Disease: Cutaneous larva migrans and creeping eruption 6) Fasciolopsis buski

- Intensely pruritic, migratory skin infection - a.k.a. “Giant intestinal fluke”
- Can be acquired through ingestion of uncooked plants with
metacercariae
Platyhelminths 1) Cestodes a.k.a. Tapeworms
1) Trematodes a.k.a. flukes - Ribbon-like parasites of intestine
- Small icon - They are segmented (lines)
- They are flat, leaf like worm - Proglottids-division/ segment of cestodes
- Infect various organ of the body - They lack digestive system
- Intermediate host: snails - Absorb soluble materials
2) Schistosoma species - Causes injury by sequestering host’s nutrients, excrete toxic
Members: waste and cause mechanical blockage of intestine
o Schistosoma mansoni- intestinal tract feces - Treatment: All cestodes can be treated with Praziquantel
o Schistosoma japonium- intestinal tract feces - Alternative treatment is Niclosamide
o Schistosoma haematobium- bladder-urine 2) Taenia solium a.k.a. Pork tapeworm
- Causes Schistosomiasis - Transmitted through ingestion of eggs/ from undercooked
- Intermediate host: freshwater snail (direct skin penetration) pork
- They cannot multiply in humans - Forms cysticercosis- cysticerci in the brain and skeletal
- a.k.a. “Blood flukes” muscle
- Clinical findings: 3) Taenia saginata a.k.a. Beef tapeworm
o Dermatitis a.k.a. Swimmer’s Ear - Can cause neurocysticercosis which can cause seizure,
o Katayama fever- manifested by fever, headache, obstructive hydrocephalus and focal neurologic
weight loss, cough and hives - Causes Benign infection does not develop cysticerci
o Chronic Fibrosis of organs and blood vessels - Asymptomatic
- Diagnosis: Eosinophilia, Ultrasound of the liver and eggs in the - Malnutrition and weight loss
stool or urine samples - Diagnosis: Fecal exam (reveals proglottids/ eggs in the
- Treatment: Praziquantel sample), CT Scan and Biopsy
3) Paragonimus westermani 4) Echinococcus granulosus
- a.k.a. “Lung fluke” - a.k.a. “Dog Tapeworm”
- Causes Paragonimiasis - Causes Echinococcosis or Hydatid disease
- Transmitted by eating crustacean host (crayfish and crabs) - Transmitted by ingesting fertilized eggs
- Process: from duodenum- peritoneal cavity- diaphragm- - Targets the liver, lungs, brain
pleural cavity-lungs (lay eggs)-inflammation response-forms 5) Dypilidium caninum
granulomas - a.k.a. “Dog Tapeworm”
- DOC: Praziquantel 6) Hymenolepsis diminuta
4) Clonorchis sinensis - a.k.a. “Rat Tapeworm”
- a.k.a. “Oriental liver fluke” - Transmitted through eating infected beetle
- Causes Clonorchiasis 7) Diphyllobothrium latum
- Primary site is the biliary tract - a.k.a. “Fish Tapeworm”
- Transmitted through eating raw freshwater fish - Intermediate Host: Crustacean or freshwater fish (Salmon)
- It blocks bile ducts (500-1000 adult worms) which causes - Can grow up to 45 meters
mechanical irritation, hyperplasia, jaundice, and fibrosis - Largest Tapeworm
- DOC: Praziquantel - Absorbs Vitamin B12
5) Fasciola hepatica - Diagnosis: egg in the feces
- a.k.a. “Sheep liver fluke” 8) Hymenolypsis nana
- Transmitted through eating metacercariae encysted in - a.k.a. “Dwarf Tapeworm”
aquatic vegetation and watercress - Smallest Tapeworm
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 14

brushes
3. Malassezia furfur
- a.k.a. “Pityriasis versicolor/
Tinea versicolor
- Causes ap-ap
- Source of food-oil
- Manifested by
depigmented or
hyperpigmented patches
Fungi of scaly skin
- Microscope: characterize
Mycology as spaghetti and meat
balls shape
- Is the study of fungi Cutaneous Mycoses Dermatophytes
- They grow on skin, nail and
- Fungi are eukaryotes
hair
- Both are unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (molds) - Food source: Keratin/
- Body- process of yeast Ringworm/ Tinea
Genera of Ascomycoses (MET)
- Fungal cell wall- chitin
- Microsporum species
- Fungal cell membrane- ergosterol (target of antifungal - Epidermophyton
drugs) floccosum
- Trichophyton species
- Ergosterol/ Cell wall inhibitors- Amphotericin B and (causes skin and nails
Nystatin infections)
- Synthesis-inhibited by “Azole” antifungals, Terbinafine Dermatophytes:
o Tinea pedis- a.k.a.
and Griseofulvin “Athletes foot”
o Tinea corporis- targets
hairy area of the body
o Tinea capitis- targets hair
and head
o Tinea cruris- targets the
groin, a.k.a. “Jock itch”,
common in varsity players=
Jock strap
- Nucleic acid inhibited by (Flucytosine)
o Tinea unguium- a.k.a.
- Microtubule inhibited by (Griseofulvin) “Onchomycosis”
Treatment: Azole antifungals drugs
Superficial Mycoses 1. Piedra hortae and Terbinafine (topical)
- Black Piedra Cutaneous and Subcutaneous 1. Chloroblastomycosis a.k.a.
2. Trichosporon beigelii Mycoses Chromomycosis
- White Piedra - Characteristics: Cauli
- Forms nodules on hair flower warts- fungi may
shaft, scalp, pubic hair spread up to the lymphatic
- Can be transmitted system
through combs and - Treatment: Surgical
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 15

removal Systemic Amphotericin

- Members: mycoses B
o Fonsecaea pedrosoi
o Cladophialophora 1) Coccidioides immitis
carrionii - Causative agent of
o Fonsecaea coccidioidomycoses
compacta - a.k.a. “Valley fever”
o Phialophora - Major manifestation:
verrucosa pulmonary tract infection
(Phaeohyphomycosis and lesion in the face
) 2. Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Causes lesions that can - Causative agent of
lead to spreading internally blastomycoses
- Causes: Alternaria, - Respiratory tract infection
Exophiala, Wangiella and - Lesion with pus in face or
Cladophialophora upper body
2. Mycetomas 3. Histoplasma capsulatum
- It causes tumor-like - Causative agent of
infections of the skin, fascia Histoplasmosis
(lining of the muscle), bones - Most common fungal
of the hands and feet systemic disease
- a.k.a. “Madura foot” - Found in moist soils
- Causes Ascomycota- sac containing highly levels of
fungi (MAPE) nitrogen
o Madurella - From the dropping of bats
o Acremonium and birds
o Pseudallescheria Systemic Mycoses caused by - Causative agent of
o Exophilia Opportunistic Fungi Pneumocystis
3. Sporothrix schenckii - Pneumonia in HIV/ AIDS
- Causative agent of patient:
Sporotrichosis o Pneumocystis carinii (old
- a.k.a. Rosegardener’s name)
disease o Pneumocystis jiroveci
- Fixed cutaneous (new name)
sporotrichosis- lesion - A normal flora of the body
without spread - Obligate parasitic
- Lyphocutaneous ascomycete
sporotrichosis- spread in the - S/Sx: Biopsy has “Flying
lymphatic system saucer” appearance in the
Systemic Mycoses - All causes respiratory tract samples
infection 1. Aspergillosis
- Inhalational - Caused by:
DOC o Aspergillus fumigatus
Non-Systemic Nystatin o Aspergillus niger
candidiasis o Aspergillus flavus
Systemic Ketoconazole - From contaminated
candidiasis peanuts

- Toxin: Aflatoxin which can
cause hepatic cancer
- Types of Aspergillosis:
 Hypersensitive
aspergillosis-
manifested by asthma
or other allergic
reactions
 Non-invasice
aspergillomas- ball like
hyphaes in lungs
 Acute invasive
pulmonary aspergillosis-
necrosis of the lung
tissue
2. Candida albicans
- Most common causes
candidiasis
- Which is a variety of yeast
infection and disease
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
- a.k.a. “Oral thrush”
- Characterize by severe
halitosis, diaper rash,
onchomycosis and occular
candidiasis
3. Cryptococcus neoformans
- Causative agent
Cryptococcisis
- a.k.a. Cryptococcal
meningitis
Parasitic Protozoa
- are eukaryotes, single cell and free-living organism
- Organelles:
o 1 or 2 nucleii
o Mitochondria
o Food vacuoles
o Endoplasmic reticulum
o 2 cytoplasm:
1. Ectoplasm- outer layer of cytoplasm
2. Endoplasm- inner layer of ectoplasm
MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 16
o Cytosome- small mouth of protozoa which
ingest solid species of food (Example:
Entamoeba histolytica- ingest human RBC into
their cytoplasm)
Stages of Protozoa
1. Cyst- resting dormant of protozoa, exposed to new environment and
secretes a protective coat and shrink into a round armored form known
as cyst.
2. Trophozite- active cyst, motile form of protozoa
Classification of Protozoa based on motility and structure
1. Mastigophora a.k.a. flagellates/ flagellum
2. Sarcodina a.k.a. amoebae (pseudopods or false feet)
3. Ciliophora a.k.a. ciliates (cilia)
4. Sporozoa- non-motile
Intestinal Protozoal Infection
1. Entamoeba histolytica- causes amoebiasis
2. Giardia lamblia- causes giardiasis
3. Cryptosporidium hominis- causes cryptosporidiasis
4. Balantidium coli- causes balantiasis
Entamoeba - Are motile using pseudopods
histolytica - Causative agent of Amoebiasis
of - Trophozite- eats RBC, bacteria, protozoa and
intestinal cells
- Precyst form- has 2 nuclei and forms chromatid
bodies characterized by crystalline ribosomes,
“sausage shape” or “cigar shape”
- Cysts- from contaminated water and form
trophozite in the small intestine
- DOC: Metronidazole (Flagyl)- for symptomatic
- MOA: kills flagellated protoans
- GET BC (DOC: Metronidazole)
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)
Entamoeba histolytica
Trichomonas vaginalis
Balantidium coli
Clostridium difficile
- Iodoquinol- treat asymptomatic infections of
amoebiasis
Giardia lamblia - a.k.a. Giardia intestinalis
- causes Giardiaisis/ Beaver Fever
- Inhabits the duodenum
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 17

- Interferes with fat absorption Causes the following infections:

- Has foul smelling diarrhea (Rotten egg smell) due to o Malaria
hydrogen sulfide o Toxoplasmosis
- Characterize by greasy, frothy diarrhea o Trypanosomas
- Has adhesive disc to connect with intestines and o Leishmaniasis
leaves a mark Malaria - Members:
- Microscope: “Old Man’s Eyeglasses” o Plasmodium malariae
- Anton Van Leeuwonhook was the first to magnify o Plasmodium vivax
lenses of Giardia lamblia o Plasmodium ovale
- DOC: Metronidazole o Plasmodium falciparum
Cryptosporidium - Causes Cryptosporidiosis - From freshwater
hominis - Characterized by severe, intractable diarrhea - Invades the RBC causing rupture to the
(uncontrolled) infected RBC
- Targets Immunocompromised patient (life - Vector: Anopheles mosquito
threatening) - 2-4 weeks incubation period
- Found in the Brush Border of mucosal epithelial cells - Day 3- lysis of RBC after 48 hrs (Tertian
of GIT and in the surface villi of the lower small Malaria)
intestine - Day 4- after 72 hours (Quartan Malaria)
Balantidium coli - Largest parasite found in the intestine
- Causes Balantidiasis
- Acquired through ingestion of contaminated food 1. Plasmodium falciparum
of pig feces. - a.k.a. “Malignant Tertian Malaria”
- Burst Red Blood cells more
irregularly, between 36-48 hours
Sexually Transmitted Protozoan - Blood smear: Maurer’s cleft (Single
1. Trichomonas vaginalis - Causes Trichomoniasis which affect both membrane limited structure)
female and male urethra - Treatment: DOC is Chloroquine
- Males are asymptomatic while females are (treats all forms of malaria
symptomatic (Erythrocytic))
- Characterized by vaginal discharges and
painful urination Primaquine- DOC for exoerythrocytic forms of
malaria (P. ovale and P. vivax)
2. Toxoplasma gondii - Major Protozoans causes Toxoplasmosis
2. Plasmodium vivax
- Ingestion of cysts in cat feces
- a.k.a. “Benign Tertian Malaria”
- Target immunocompromised patient and
- RBC lyse after 48 hrs
pregnant women
- Blood smear: reveals the presence
- Part of the TORCHES
of Schuffner dots (a fine, round,
TORCHES (can cause the placenta)
uniform red or red-yellow dots)
Tocoplasmosis
- Staining used: Romanowsky stain
Others: Parvovirus B19 and Listeria
3. Plasmodium ovale
Rubella (German measles) - a.k.a. “Ovale malaria”
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - RBC lyse after 48 hours
Herpes simplex virus, Herpes zoster, Hepatitis - Blood smear: Schuffner dots
B, C and E - Form hypnozoites- dormant forms
Enterovirus in the liver and can grow years
Syphilis later causing “Relapsing malaria”
Blood and Tissue Protozoal Infections (produced by P. vivax and P.
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 18

ovale) - Caused by Leishmania donovani

- Blood donation: ask the donor if - Infects macrophages
ever had malaria - Symptoms: Fever and weight loss, jaundice,
4. Plasmodium malariae and hepatomegaly
- a.k.a. “Quartan malaria” - Target the spleen and liver
- RBC lyse after 72 hours
- Causes regular 3-day cycle of signs
and symptoms
Viruses and Prions
Chloroquine Resistant may be treated with:
1. Quinine
Virus
2. Artemether
3. Pyrimethamine - a.k.a. “Infectious Agents”
4. Mefloquine - Not living organisms
Babesia microti - Causes babesiosis - Characteristics: Minuscle (Electron microscope),
- Vector: Ixodes tick
- Reservoir: small mammals and deers Acellular either RNA or DNA
- Infects RBC causing RBC lysis - Virion-complete virus particle outside the cell
Trypanosomiasis/ - Starts with skin ulcer, fever, headache, - Can be enveloped or naked
Sleeping sickness drowsiness and behavioral charges
- Types: - Parts of a virus:
1. West African Sleeping Sickness 1. Core- contains the nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA),
- Caused by Tryponosoma
can be single or double stranded.
brucei gambiense
2. East African Sleeping Sickness 2. Capsid- a protein shell or coat, encloses the nucleic
- Caused by Tryponosoma acids (genome), made of small units known as
brucei rhodesiense
capsomeres (morphological unit of capsids)
- Vector: Che-che fly/ Tse-Tse fly a.k.a.
Glossina fly 2 Types of Capsids
- DOC: Suramin and Melarsoprol a) Icosahedral
American Sleeping - a.k.a. “Chagas disease”
b) Helical
Sickness - Caused by Tryponosoma cruzi
- Vector: Reduvid Bug a.k.a. Kissing Bug 3. Envelope- lipid containing membrane
Cutaneous - a.k.a. “Oriental Sore”, “Delhi ulcer”, and 4. Naked- more resistant vs. Envelope- when removed
Leishmaniasis “Baghdad boil”
die
- Caused by Leishmania tropica
- Manifestation: Ulcerating single or multiple Storages of Viral Replication (APUSAR)
skin sores 1) Adsorption
- 1 year to heal
- Vector: Phlebotomus sand fly
2) Penetration (membrane fusion- viropexis)
Mucotaneous - a.k.a. “Espundia”, “Uta”, and “Chiclero” 3) Uncoating of the viral nucleic acid
Leishmaniasis - Caused by Leishmania vania braziliensis 4) Synthesis
- Targets the mucosa dermal junctions of the
nose and mouth
5) Assembly
- Characterized by multiple lesions 6) Release
Visceral Leishmaniasis - a.k.a. “Kala-azar”, “Visceral Leishmaniasis”,
and “Dumdum fever” Prions
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 19

- Are proteinaceous infectious agent Herpesviridae

- Lack instructional nucleic acid
- Herpes simples virus 1 (HHV1)
- Highly resistant
- Orofacial
- Most resistant of all and cannot be eliminated
- a.k.a. “Fever Blisters/ Cold Smear”
only complete incineration
- Herpes simple virus 2 (HHV 2)
- Disease: Fatal neurological degeneration,
- “Genital Herpes”
deposition of fibrils in the brain and loss of brain
- Once gotten never eradicated
matter
- Fetal form: Spongiform encephalitis/ mad cow Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
disease
- Causes chicken pox
DNA virus
- Lifetime immunity
- All are double stranded except Parvoviridae
- All replicates in the nucleus - a.k.a. “Bulutong tubig”
- All are Icosahedral except Poxviridae (complex) - Severe form can cause Shingles (belt)
- Members (Mnemonics: HHAPPPy)
o Herpes Epstein Barr Virus
o Hepadna
o Adeno - Cause Infectious mononucleosis
o Parvo - Mostly in college student
o Pox
Naked virus (Mnemonics: PAP smear) - Manifested by fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph
o Parvo nodes
o Adeno - a.k.a. “Kissing disease”
o Papova or Plyoma
Envelope (Mnemonics: He He Po) - Causes oral hairy leukoplakia (pre-cancerous stage of
o Hepadna tongue)
o Herpes - Cause Burkitt’s lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic
o Pox
system) Targets young African teenage boys and
immune compromised patients with malaria parasite
Poxviridae
Papovaviridae
- Variola- causes smallpox (highly disfigure) lethal
- Vaccinia- cow pox (mild infection)- skin lesion and can - a.k.a. “Human Papilloma Virus”
be healed - Causes warts a.k.a. papillomas
- Edward Jenner- Father of immunity, said that when a - Plantar warts- soles of the feet
person has undergone cow pox never to have - Flat warts- seen in face, trunk, elbows, and knees
smallpox. Developed the vaccine for smallpox. - Genital warts- cauliform warts known as Condylomata
- Smallpox- first human disease to be completely acuminuta
eradicated.
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 20

Hepadnaviridae Negative Sense RNA: (Mnemonics: Par FABOR)

o Paramyxo
- Causes hepatitis B virus a.k.a. “Serum Hepatitis” o Filo
o Avena
- Transmitted through syringe needles of tattoo o Bunya
- Parvoviridae B19 o Orthomyxo
- Causes Erythema infectiosum or the Slapped cheek o Rhabdo

appearance
Hepa A Oral- fecal route Picornaviridae
Hepa B STI/STD, through syringe and needle
Hepa C Transmitted parenterally - Polio virus
Hepa D Coinfection with Hepa B virus - Coxsackie virus
Hepa E Oral- fecal route - Hepatitis A virus
- Human rhinovirus
Human Herpes Virus (HHV)
Polio Virus
HIV 1 HSV 1- Oral Herpes
HIV 2 HSV 2- Genital Herpes - Causes Polio/ Poliomyelitis
HIV 3 VZV- Chicken Pox - Vaccine: Polio Vaccine and Salk Vaccine/ Oral
HIV 4 EBV- Burkitt’s lymploma and Infectious Mononucleous
HIV 5 CMW- Retinitis Vaccine
HIV 6-7 Roseola Virus- 6th Disease - Targets the muscle through the CNS
HIV 8 Kaposi Sarcoma, Associated Herpes Virus- Kaposi - Paralytic polio- all of the muscles including respiratory
Sarcoma
system

Coxsackie Virus
RNA VIRUS
- Causes Hand-foot-mouth disease
- All are helical except Rhabdoviridae (Bullet shape)
- Seen in children
- All are Enveloped except Picorna, Reo, Calici (PRC)
- Leads to lesions (Herpangina)
- Replicate in the cytoplasm except Influenzae, Retro,
Orthomyxo (IRO) Hepatitis A Virus
- Single stranded except Reo
- Are icosahedral Picorna, Reo and Calcic (PRC) - Known as “Infectious Hepatitis”
- Transmitted through fecal-oral route
Positive Sense RNA: (Mnemonics: PiCoT CaFla Re)
o Picorna Calciviridae
o Corona
o Toga - a.k.a. “Vorwalk virus”
o Calici
o Flavi - Causes viral diarrhea/ gastroenteritis
o Retro/ Reo - Seen in cruise ship (last for 7 days)
 MODULE 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (15%) 21

Rubella Virus

- a.k.a. “German Measles or 3 day Measles”

- A childhood disease

Flaviviridae

- West Nile Fever Virus

- Dengue Fever Virus
- Serotype/ Strains: 1, 2, 3, 4
- Vector: Aedes aegypti
- 2 phases separated by 24 hours emission
- Phase 1: fever (saddleback form), severe pain
in the head and muscle, edema and
extremities a.k.a. the “Breakbone Fever”
- Phase 2: return of fevers, bright red rash 3rd and
4th day last for 1-5 days