MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

The Development of microbiology Microscope- a toll that allows us to see small entities

 Early Beginnings 2 major categories of microbes

- Historians are not sure who made the first observation of microorganism Acellular- lacks nucleus and microbes are infectious.

- Microscope available during the 1600’s. Cellular- microorganism like bacteria, fungi, and algae.

- Robert Hooke invented the microscope. (Father of Microbiology).

 The spontaneous generation debate NOTES*

3 percent of microbes can cause infection.

- Scientist debated the theory of spontaneous generation which stated
that microorganism is from lifeless matter, which was disputed by Microbes are 10x of the cell of the bodies.
Francisco Redi.
Opportunistic microbes can cause infection.
 Germ Theory

- Louis Pasteur conducted experiments to discover that bacteria are the PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
cause why the wine and dairy products is sour. *microorganism join all other living organism in 2 major group of organisms.
- He emphasizes the importance of bacteria in daily life.
Prokaryotes- No nucleus, simple organism
 Koch’s postulates - Bacteria
- Robert Koch formulated a theory by cultivating antrax
Eukaryotes – With nucleus, complex organism.
Principles of Hookes postulates
- Fungi, protozoa, unicellular algae
- Specific organism is only found infected, not in healthy
- Specific organism should be isolated from the disease and grown in pure Virus – neither prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
culture
- Microorganism should be re-isolated
5 kingdom classification
Microbiology- Study of microbes
Monera- bacteria and cyanobacteria
Microbes- Living and non-living entities that can’t be seen by the naked eye
Protista – Protozoa, unicellular algae, slime molds.
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Fungi – molds, mushrooms, yeast provide structural strength and support,

Plantae – Plants

Animalia - Animals CELL MEMBRANE

Controls the entry and exit of materials from cells

Golden age of Microbiology

Bacteria Outer Membrane

- A large group of single-cell microorganisms Acts as a permeability barrier to solutes

Some cause infections and disease in

animals and humans. Types of Bacterial Cell Envelope

- Bacteria lacks nucleus and internal structures Gram-positive Cell Envelope

- Bacteria are prokaryotes
comprises a cell wall with a thick peptidoglycan layer. This helps in
retaining the crystal violet dyes during gram-staining

BACTERIA CAPSULE
Gram-negative Cell Envelope
- Covers the outmost part of the cell
- Makes the bacterial surface slippery contains a cell wall with a thin peptidoglycan layer
- Acts as a resistant
due to which the cell wall is unable to retain crystal

violet stain upon decolorization during gram staining

CELL ENVELOPE

- serves to protect organisms from

unpredictable and hostile

Mycobacteria

- It lacks an outer cell membrane but has a cell wall composed of

CELL WALL
peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acid.
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Cytoplasm - Coccus/Coci – Spherical

- The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell's nucleus. Spirillum/Spirilli- Spiral

Cytoplasmic membrane

- The cytoplasmic membrane is a semipermeable membrane that Many Bacteria grow in colonies
determines what goes in and out of the cell.
Diplo- Found in pairs
NUCLEOID
Strepto- Found in chains
- Nucleoid contains the genomic DNA and molecules of RNA and
Staphylo- Grape like cluster
proteins.

Flagella
Diplpcoccus
- The word “Flagellum” means Whip
Streptobacillus
- Hair like structure that enables movement
Staphylococcus
Pili

are short, hair-like structures on the cell surface of prokaryotic cells.

Taxonomy – the science of classifying living things.
Ribosome

- Involved in making proteins

Methods of classification
- composed of protein and ribonucleic acid.
Phenotypic classification
Plasmid
Observable characteristics
- small ring of DNA separated from the main chromosomes
Size, shape, staining characteristics

SHAPES OF BACTERIA
Analytic classification
- Bacillus/Bacilli- Rod shaped
-Whole cell lipid analysis
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-Cell wall fatty-acid analysis 3. Condenser – Focus light

Genotypic classification

-measures the degree of genetic among bacterial isolates. Compound microscope uses 2 double complex lenses to magnify.

-eyepiece

Naming of bacteria -objective lenses

- First is the genus, second is the species

- Who discovered
- Its shape

Laboratory

Magnifying part

1. Eyepiece
2. Objective lenses
- Low power (10x)
- High power (40x)
- Oil immersion (100x)

Mechanical

1. Arm
2. Body tube
3. Revolving nosepiece
4. Coarse adjustment knob and Fine adjustment knob

Illuminating part

1. Mirror - reflect
2. Iris diaphragm- control