20/10/2021

LIVING THINGS Virus

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Monera Unicellular Multicellular

BACTERIOLOGY Protista No cell wall Cell wall

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY Animalia Photosynthesis

No
photosynthesis
AND PARASITOLOGY
PHMP 211 Plantae Fungi

CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE

Chromosome Single circular Paired linear Bacteria

Chromosome location Nucleoid Nucleus
Nucleolus - Present Characteristics of Bacteria
Extra chromosomal Mitochondria 1. Unicellular
DNA Plasmid
Chloroplast 2. No nucleus
Site of cellular
respiration Cell membrane Mitochondria 3. Most have peptidoglycan cell wall
4. Divide by binary fission
Ribosomes 70s 80s
5. Can use a wide range of chemical substances for
Rotating flagella Undulating
Locomotion their nutrition
and gliding flagella and cilia
Sex pili
Pili -
Common pili
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Bacterial Structure Bacterial Structure

A. Cell envelope A. CELL ENVELOPE
B. Cytoplasmic component Most bacterial cells have a cell envelope
C. External structures consisting of a cell wall and an underlying
D. Inclusions cytoplasmic membrane.
1. Cell wall
2. Cytoplasmic membrane

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Bacterial Structure
1. Cell wall 2. Cytoplasmic membrane
Lipo-
– Provides protection and – Also referred to as cell
polysaccharide
resistance to lysis by membrane or plasma
osmotic shock membrane
– Imparts shape to most – The physical and metabolic
bacterial cells barrier between the
– Mostly made up of interior and exterior of the
peptidoglycan bacterial cell.
– All bacterial cell walls have – It is where the bacterial
associated autolysins, electron transport system,
enzymes that dissolve the the principal energy
peptidoglycan layer. system, is located.

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – COLLEGE OF PHARMACY – PHMP211

Bacterial Structure Bacterial Structure

B. CYTOPLASMIC COMPONENTS 1. Cytoplasm • contains the enzyme,
• Viscous aqueous storage granules,
• The structures found inside a bacterium. Some viscous aqueous
suspension of protein,
organelles seen in eukaryotic cells are absent nucleic acid, dissolved suspension of protein,
in bacteria. It contains: organic compounds, nucleic acid, dissolved
1. Cytoplasm mineral salts organic compounds,
2. Genome mineral salts
3. Ribosomes
4. Storage granules

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Bacterial Structure Bacterial Structure

• 2. Genome (Nuclear area or nucleoid) • 2. Genome (Plasmid)
• Bacterial chromosomes • It is a small, self-replicating portion of DNA that
• It is a lipoprotein molecule that contains the genetic persists as extrachromosomal element, which is also
code or DNA. circular but much smaller than the bacterial
chromosomes.
• Plasmid encodes variable numbers of genes and
often determines virulent behavior.
• Involves in horizontal gene transfer.

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Bacterial Structure Bacterial Structure

3. Ribosomes
• complex globular structures
C. EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
composed of several RNA • Flagella, capsule and pili are found outside the
molecules and many
associated proteins. cell envelope.
• They are the centers for
protein synthesis.
• They are approximately 20
nm in diameter, and their
coefficient of sedimentation
is 70 Svedberg units (S).
• They are composed of two
subunits, one with a
sedimentation coefficient of
50s, and the other with 30s.
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Bacterial Structure
1. Flagella
(singular flagellum)
• long filamentous appendages that arise from one or
more locations on the surface of the cell used for cellular
locomotion.
• composed exclusively of flagellin, which is a protein.
• Axial Filament/ Endoflagella/ Periplasmic Flagella
→ the structure for motility found in spirochetes,
corkscrew motion.
→ are positioned beneath the bacterial outer membrane.

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Bacterial Structure
2. Capsule (glycocalyx if loose)
• It is a gelatinous substance made up of polysaccharide
and/or polypeptide.
(a) Slime Layer external layer which is unorganized & loosely
attached
(b) Capsule organized, firmly attached
• Function of Glycocalyx:
✓ Prevents phagocytosis
✓ Adherence to tissue surface
✓ Protects against classification
✓ Inhibits nutrients from moving out of the cell
✓ Acts as a barrier to toxic hydrophobic molecules

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Capsulated Bacteria:
Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Neisseria meningitidis
• Cryptococcus neoformans

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Bacterial Structure
3. Pili (singular pilus)
• proteinaceous, hair-like appendage; shorter, & thinner
Bacterial conjugation
than flagella
→ for bacterial conjugation
→ pilin (protein)
Common pili (attachment pili/fimbriae)
– Composed of a single protein that forms a helical filament. attachment Fimbriae of Escherichia coli
or adherence , making the bacterium look like porcupine
Sex pili or F pili
• They are specifically involved in adherence and bacterial
mating in conjugation.
• Virulence Factor of Neisseria gonorrhoea
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Bacterial Structure Bacterial Structure

2. Endospores
D. INCLUSIONS • highly durable, resistant to extreme
conditions
– Reserve deposits found in some bacteria. • Function: (BACILLUS AND CLOSTRIDIUM)
→ survival during conditions of dessication,
nutrient depletion & waste build-up.
1. Metachromatic granules → resistant to heat & chemicals
• They are also known as volutin granules. → Heat Resistant by Endospores is
attributed to Dipicolinic Acid
• They are reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be
Sporulation/Sporogenesis
used in the synthesis of ATP.
→ vegetative cells form an endospore
Germination
→ endospore becomes vegetative cells.
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Bacterial Bacterial Morphology

Physiology
GROWTH
MAJOR SHAPES
Generation Time • Bacillus (plural: Bacilli) – rod shaped
– time for the • Coccus (plural: Cocci) – spherical
bacteria to double
in size and split • Spirillus (plural: Spirilli) – spiral
into two • Vibrio – curve like a comma
– Bacterial • Spirillum – corkscrew with flagella
Replication –
Binary Fission • Spirochete – coiled spring without flagella

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Grouping Arrangements
COCCI
– Diplococci – paired organism (e.g. gonococci,
pneumococci)
– Staphylococci – cluster like grapes (e.g.
Staphylococcus aureus).
– Streptococci – chain microbes
– Tetrads – four in groups
Cocci Bacilli – Sarcinae – cubical pockets of eight

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Grouping Arrangements
Diplococci BACILLI
– Diplobacilli
– Streptobacilli
– Chinese character – Diphtheria bacilli
– Parallel character – Lepra bacilli

Sarcinae

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Bacterial Classifications Archaea

Prokaryotic organisms are classified into two A. ARCHAEA
domains: • This domain includes extreme halophiles,
A. ARCHAEA extreme thermophiles, and methanogens.
B. BACTERIA
1. Gram-Positive Bacteria
2. Gram-Negative Bacteria

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Gram-Positive Bacteria Firmicutes

• Divided into those that have low G + C ratio and • Low G + C (referring to 1. Clostridium
those that have high G + C ratio. nucleoside) gram- 2. Bacillus
1. Low G + C ratio positive bacteria are 3. Staphylococcus
assigned to the phylum
Firmicutes Firmicutes. 4. Lactobacillus
Ternericutes – This group includes 5. Streptococcus
2. High G + C ratio common soil bacteria, 6. Enterococcus
the lactic acid bacteria,
Actinobacteria 7. Listeria
and several human
pathogens.

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Tenericutes Actinobacteria
• From the Latin word for soft skin, referring to High G + C gram-positive 1. Mycobacterium
their lack of cell wall bacteria are in the phylum 2. Corynebacterium
Actinobacteria. 3. Propionibacterium
• Includes wall-less bacteria called Mycoplasma – Highly pleomorphic 4. Gardnerella
• Highly pleomorphic – Some grows filaments 5. Streptomyces
(which resembles 6. Actinomyces
• Produce filaments that resembles fungi. filamentous fungi) 7. Nocardia
– Ex: Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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Proteobacteria
• The proteobacteria are separated into five
classes designated by Greek letters:
– alphaproteobacteria,
Gram-Negative Bacteria – betaproteobacteria,
– gammaproteobacteria,
– deltaproteobacteria, and
– epsilonproteobacteria.

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Proteobacteria Proteobacteria
Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria
• Include nitrogen-fixing • Include • Several medically, • Bdellovibrio and
ecologically, and scientifically
bacteria, chemoautotrophs and Myxococcus in the
important groups of bacteria
chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs. belong to this class. deltaproteobacteria
and 1. Bordetella pertussis – Francisella,
prey on other
chemoheterotrophs. 2. Neisseria Pseudomonadales, bacteria.
1. Rickettsia Moraxella, Coxiella,
2. Ehrlichia Legionellales, Vibrionales,
3. Bartonella Enterobacteriales, and
Pasteurellales.
4. Brucella
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Proteobacteria Non-Proteobacteria
Epsilonproteobacteria • Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs that use light
• Include Campylobacter and Helicobacter. energy and CO2 and do produce O2.
• Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria are
– Curve to spirilloid-shaped photoautotrophs that use light energy and CO2
– Inhabits the digestive tract of animals as and do not produce O2.
pathogens • Deinococcus and Thermus are resistant to
• Helicobacter pylori in stomach environmental extremes.
• Campylobacter jejuni in the duodenum • Planctomycetes, Chlamydiae, Spirochetes,
Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria are phyla of
gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria.

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