L4: MICROBIOLOGY LEC
3 types of bacteria depending on the cell
prokaryotic cell structure continuation
cell envelope
-consists of cell wall and cell membrane
-gram-staining, a type of differential
staining procedure discovered by Hans
Christian Gram is based here sa cell
envelope, pero he hasn’t seen yet yung
laman nung envelope yet he had already
done yung staining procedure,
-cell wall in bacteria is made out of
peptidoglycan. a peptidoglycan monomer
consists of two joined amino sugars,
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Important characteristics of cell wall
* determine the shape for bacteria
* produces strong structural support that
keeps the bacteria intact in any media
- pag nilagay siya sa water,
maaabsorb nya yon. if walang cell
wall na ganon kalakas, sasabog
yung bacteria. the term cidal is
used to denote a killing action (in
tagalog sa explanation ni doc, yun
daw yung substances that can
affect the cell wall and kill
microorganisms.)
envelope
* mycoplasma (1 layer)
* gram-positive (2 layers)
* gram-negative (3 layers)
● mycoplasma
-1 layer, cell membrane only
-due to the absence of cell wall, it doesn’t
acquire a definite shape—thus, acquiring
pleomorphism
-pleomorphism is defined by the ability of
some micro-organisms to alter their shape
or size in response to environmental
conditions. in tagalog, paiba iba sila ng
shape
● gram-positive bacteria
-2 layers (cell membrane, very thick cell
wall, and periplasmic space)
-periplasmic space is what creates an area
for ur peptidoglycan cell to be made, here
yung enzymes that will make ur cell wall,
it’s the site of peptidoglycan synthesis
-when u do ur staining with crystal violet,
a gram-positive bacteria will take the color
up very easily, pero that’s temporary lang.
If u want the color to be permanent, u use a
mordant which is iodine, then a
decolorizer which takes away the complex
from the cell wall. If di natanggal yung
color daw, it will appear as blue or violet
which indicates that it’s gram-positive.
- a mordant or dye fixative is a substance
used to set dye
 ● gram-negative bacteria -fluid mosaic model that contains
-3 layers (outer membrane, then proteins, peripheral proteins, integral
periplasmic space, very thin cell wall, proteins, cholesterol, enzymes
periplasmic space, then cell membrane) -two basic components are phospholipid
note that hindi kasama yung periplasmic and protein (mas abundant si
space sa bilang ng layers phospholipid, specifically na
-the significance of the outer membrane is pinakabundant si phosphoglycerides)
that it has glycopolysaccharides that act as -produces permeability, which refers to
toxins that can elicit a reaction. If a the ability of a molecule to pass through a
gram-negative bacteria is destroyed, membrane
marerelease yung mga endotoxin and -functional responsibility is (1) site for
would further be the cause why these are energy reaction kasi walang mitochondria
resistant sa antibiotic sa prokaryotic cells, and (2) site for nutrient
=periplasmic space contains the enzymes processing and synthesis
for synthesis, transport of proteins, energy
activation, and metabolism
prokaryotic cell membrane functions
=when testing for gram staining, pag
nilagyan ng crystal violet to, mareremove * site for energy reaction
yung color ng decolorizer. Once a
* site for nutrient processing and
secondary stain is added which is for synthesis
example red, ur gram-negative bacteria
would be pink or red
cytoplasm
=complex solution, mostly water and other
● mycolic acid
substances that are produced through
-added substance in atypical cell walls
synthetic activities
-found in nocardia, myobacterium, also in
-contains the bacterial chromosome and
fungi
plasmid
-contributes to the pathogenicity of
-bacterial chromosome is the source of
bacteria that makes it hard to penetrate
genetic material
-acid-fast staining is used for
-plasmid is a non essential piece of DNA
microorganisms na may ganito to penetrate
but confers your bacteria the chance to
the lipid barrier of mycobacterium
resists antibiotics, could produce toxins
and enzymes that will deteriorate ur
cell membrane
antibiotic
-same lang sa eukaryotic cells,
biphospolipid layer that protects ur cell
and encloses cytoplasm
ribosome
-discrete in bacteria, same responsibilities
pa rin na site for protein synthesis, but the
structure itself is magkaiba sa prokaryotic
and eukaryotic
=made up of 2 cell units, the smaller and
bigger
-prokaryotic ribosome is 70s (smaller unit
of 30s, and bigger na 50s) note na odd lagi
to
-eukaryotic ribosome is 80s (smaller unit
of 40s and bigger na 60s) note na even lagi
for eukaryotic, *yung e sa eukaryotic stands
for even EVEN even EVEN !!! Eukaryotic
EVEN
inclusion bodies/ granules
-aka storage bodies
-these are present kasi di naman available
always ang food sa bacteria, so this is the
mechanism in which masstore yung food if
there is a period of abundance and drought
-also stores other things like gas (there are
bacterias that are buoyant and can float)
-++ prokaryotes that exhibit magnetotaxis,
collectively known as the magnetotactic
bacteria, are those whose direction of
motility is influenced by the Earth’s
geomagnetic and externally applied
magnetic fields. (magnetosomes)
cytoskeleton
-three-dimensional structure that
fills the cytoplasm.
-protein network that gives ur cell its shape
-crucial in cell division kasi they form the
spindle
spore
-made up of tiny cells compacted to each
other, produced by vegetative cells
-bacterial spores are different, kasi they’re
made for survival, whereas, for survival and
reproduction ang fungal spore
-suspended animated endospore:
magiging ganto yung bacteria kapag nakita
nya na konti nalang food nya tas wala na
siyang gagawin tutunganga nalang siya
until such a time na maglaland yung spore
on a very rich source of nutrient, then
come back in the vegetative form of
bacteria (onti lang mga gantong dormant
bacteria, ex are bacillus, specific ex is
Bacillus anthracis which produces anthrax
-clostridium bacterias can make
endospore, ex. Clostridium perfringens
(food poisoning), Clostrifium tetani
(tetanus), Clostridium botulinum (botox)
-most resistant of all structures in bacterial
world, need mo ng 120 degrees centigrade
temperature na maaachieve lang through
pressure sa autoclave which is your
sterilizer, to yung malaking kaldero sa lab
3 basic shapes of bacteria
* coccus (spherical)
* bacillus (rod)
* spiral
● coccus
-mej boring siya guys ayon pabilog lang boo
-can be joined with bacillus, coccobacili
 cocci basic arrangements based on general structures of eukaryotic cell
pattern of division
* external structures (flagella)
* singles (bilog lang)
* glycocalix (capsule, slime layer)
* diplococci (occurs in pairs, 2 bilog)
* boundary (cell wall, cell membrane)
* tetracocci (4 bilogs tas mukha na
square) * organelles

* staphylococci (mukha grapes)

eukaryotic flagella
* streptococci (pahaba po linear, chains) -whip-like structure
-for motility to look for nutrients
* sarcina (cubical bundles of 8, 16 or 24)
-common in protozoans, algae, fungi, some
of animal cells
bacilli basic arrangements (same lang -another flagela is cilia, but only in
meaning don sa coccus nung prefixes) protozoans and other animal cells; meron
sa tao, sa ciliated pseudostratified
* singles
columnar epithelium
* diplobacilli
glycocalix
* streptobacilli
-same lang sa prokaryotic
-one of the important components to
● spirals develop biofilms; biofilms are assemblage
-ang arrangement ng spirals is singles lang of surface-associated microbial cells that
kasi they rarely remain attached are enclosed in an extracellular polymeric
-pwede siyang three types: vibrio (comma substance matrix.
shaped), spirillum (curved shape), -biofilms sa tao are found in teeth which
spirochete (parangnoodles) causes dental carries kasi yung byproduct
-ex of spirochete is Leptospira which gives ng pagkain ng bacteria sa sugar sa teeth is
u leptospirosis acid which melts ur enamel
-meron in fungi, algae, and protozoans
eukaryotic cell
-there’s a supported hypothesis that
eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic
cells daw through symbiosis, but the bigger
ones sinakop yung mga smaller sa loob
through endosymbiosis
-the rest of ur microorganisms
cell wall endoplasmic reticulum
-some have very thick, some thin -network of membrane-bound channels
-fungi has thick cell wall, because of this that’s connected to the inner and outer
rigidity is nagiging difficult to treat mga membrane of ur nucleus
fungal infections kasi bukod sa mycolic =smooth er: produces lipids, and enzymes
acid, meron din silang chitin, these that detoxifies a lot of toxic materials that
together is super hirap ipenetrate kaya enters the cell
need ointment or cream na mas matagal -rough er: produces protein
kapit sa skin para mas effective
golgi apparatus
cytoplasmic membrane -consists of a stack of membranes that
-biphospholipid layer with addition of function in concert with the ER to
cholesterol that gives rigidity to the chemically modify and sort products of the
membrane ER into those destined to be secreted and
those that function in other membranous
nucleus structures of the cell.
-biggest organelle which is the control -packaging center, dito namomodify and
center package yung proteins, produce secretory
-contains chromosomes surrounded by the vesicles that contains proteins, lipids,
nuclear membrane na 2 layers, inner and enzymes (some are specialized kasi they
outer contain digestive enzymes which is the
-the inner membrane is usually a simple lysosome)
sac, but the outermost membrane is, in
many places, continuous with the lysosome
endoplasmic reticulum -membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain
-may nuclear pores that allow substances various digestive enzymes that the cell uses
to go in and out to digest macromolecules such as proteins,
-may nucleoli na smaller version of fats, and polysaccharides.
nucleus which is the site for ribosomal rna
synthesis
-may chromatins, chromatids, and vacuoles
chromosome -storage form of food; phagocytosis is the
-histone is a protein that provides eating process ng cell
structural support for a chromosome para -magmemerge with lysosyme tas didigest
magkasya yung dambohalang chromosome yung asa loob
sa maliit na nucleus
mitochondria
-sausage-shaped, energy generator of cell
or site for atp synthesis
-3 biochemical processes that occur here is
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron
transport chain

3 biochemical processes in
mitochondria

* glycolysis

* citric acid cycle

* electron transport chain

chloroplasts
-photosynthetic structure of the cell,
responsible for converting light to chemical
energy

ribosome
-protein synthesizers,
-contributes to the dotted appearance of
endoplasmic reticulum
-80s sa eukaryotic cell

cytoskeleton
-same function lang
-microfilaments and microtubules
-microtubules are made of tubulin and
microfilaments are made of actin.
-microfilaments thicken the cortex around
the inner edge of a cell; like rubber bands,
they resist tension. Microtubules are found
in the interior of the cell where they
maintain cell shape by resisting
compressive forces.