BACTERIA EXTERNAL

ULTRASTRU - make up the cell envelope and its appendages

CTURE ● Capsule ● Fimbriae ● Flagellum

→ Both cellular INTERNAL

structure - Associated with cell internal structure
( internal and ● Cell wall ● Cytoplasmic Membrane ● Cytoplasm ● Mesosome ● Nuclear Body ● Ribosome ● Plasmid ● Inclusion Granule ● Endospore
external) works
together to
function as
complex and
integrated unit
BACTERIA 1. CAPSULE
SURFACE ● well-formed thick viscous jelly-like structure firmly attached to cell wall of gram positive and the outer membrane of gram negative
COATING ● not readily removed
are ● easily visualized by negative staining using India ink method
extracellula 2. SLIME LAYER
r ● loose and irregularly arranged meshwork of fibrils totally detached from the cell but still surrounds the cell ● can be easily washed off when present
polysacchar CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
ide - 98-99% water (main component)
polymers - 80% of bacterial capsule are chemically polysaccharide, EXCEPT the capsule of:
which a. B. anthracis → polypeptide (d-glutamic acid)
surrounds b. S. pyogenes → Hyaluronic acid
the FUNCTION
bacterial - provide protection for phagocytosis - correlates with virulence
cell - act as antigen (used in the identification) and typing of capsulated bacteria
- allows bacteria to adhere/attach to various surfaces in its natural environment in order to survive
❖ Fomite type of transmission
❖ Fomites are objects that are likely to carry infection such as clothes, utensils and furniture etc.
DETECTION
1. Negative staining (india ink)
2. Special staining (Capsular method
3. Serological (Quellung reaction)

APPENDAGE FLAGELLUM FIMBRIAE CELL WALL CYTOPLASMIC/ CYTOPL MESOSOM NUCLEAR PLASMID RIBOSOME
S PLASMA/CELL ASM E BODY
● long, think, helical - short, straight ● Peptidoglycan, MEMBRANE ● refers to ● usually extrachromoso ● Histone-like
protein filament of hair-like Murein, ● uncovered when the everythin seen as an ● genetic mal genetic particles
uniform length and proteinaceous Mucopeptide/Glycope peptidoglycan layer of g that is invagination material of material composed of
diameter structure ptide ● complex, gram (+) bacteria is enclosed of the bacteria = capable of ribosomal RNA
● commonly seen usually rigid, multilayered removed and the outer by the membrane contains a autonomous (rRNA) and
among free- distributed structure that protects membrane of gram (-) cytoplasm associated single replication protein
swimming bacteria around the the protoplast and the bacteria ic cytoplasmic circular usually located molecules found
● originates in body of underlying fragile ● thin elastic bi-layered membran sac seen in molecule of near the in the cytoplasm
cytoplasmic bacteria plasma membrane semi-permeable e Gram (+) cell double chromatin of the cell.
membrane - originates in ● found in all membrane lying ● site for ● contains stranded body. ● Site of action
● composed of 3 the pathogenic free-living underneath the cell wall most lamellar, DNA for many
parts: cytoplasmic bacteria except enclosing the cytoplasm bacterial tubular and network CHEMICAL antibiotics that
membrane - Mycoplasma (cell- of the cell metabolis vesicular which runs COMPOSITI inhibit protein
1. Basal body → virtually seen wall less bacteria) ● these are now the m structure parallel to ON DNA synthesis.
anchors the among all CHEMICAL barrier in between the ● 80% is ● often the long axis Microplasma is
flagellum to the cell gram (-) COMPOSITION: outer environment and composed associated of the cell FUNCTION: the only bacteria
wall and plasma bacteria but not 1. Protein internal structures of the of water with division ● Found 1.Transfer of that does not
membrane in gram (+) (Mesodiaminopimelic cell septa homogenous genetic material contain a cell
2. Hook → attached bacteria acid, Isomers of D- ● present in both gram within the from one cell to wall. The
to the basal body glutamic acid and D- (-) and gram (+) bacteria CHEMICAL cytoplasm another by manner on how
and connects to the 2 TYPES alanine) ● accounts for 30% of COMPOSIT not enclosed conjugation we eradicate a
filaments ACCORDIN 2. Polysaccharide (N- the cell wt. ION: ○ in a nuclear (Transmissible bacteria is by
3. Filaments → G TO THE acetylmuramic acid Lipoprotein membrane. Plasmid) attacking it’s
external to the cell FUNCTION: and N- CHEMICAL ● constitute 2.Carry genes cell wall. But
and contains the 1. acetylglucosamine) - COMPOSITION: FUNCTION 2-3% of the for activities because the
flagellar protein Common/ordi responsible for Lipoprotein – S: cell weight. like: microplasma
nary - help in rigidity of cell wall (contains 60-70% 1. site for the ● no a) Antibiotic does not contain
CHEMICAL the attachment 3. Lipids protein, 30-40% lipids synthesis of definite resistance a cell wall, we
COMPOSITION - or adherence of and small amounts of cytochrome form and b) Toxin attack the site of
protein monomer → bacteria to carbohydrates) oxidase and seen at all production c) protein
Flagellin mucosal FUNCTION: reductase stages of Synthesis of synthesis.
surfaces of 1. Responsible FUNCTIONS: enzyme growth enzyme ● Have a
FUNCTION host cell during for the 1. Serve as selective 2. provide cycle of the d) Tolerance to sedimentation
- motility organelle colonization characteristic permeability barrier support for bacteria toxic metals coefficient of 70
of many pathogenic and is the first shape of (transport of nutrient enzymes S and are
bacteria step in bacterium material in and out of the present in the Chemical composed of 50
establishing 2. Provides cell) cell Compositio DETECTION S and 30 S
infection. strong 2. Site of electron membrane 3. n – DNA ● Feulgin subunits
DETECTION 2. Sex pili - structural transport and oxidative responsible staining (+), containing 16 S,
1. Darkfield / Phase serves as support phosphorylation of for FUNCTIO Electron 23 S and 5 S
contrast microscopy conduit for the necessary to substances involved in compartmenti N: microscopy RNA
( wet mount / passage of keep bacterial the generation of ng DNA 1.Controls respectively. It
unstained smear ) genetic cell from chemical energy (ATP) during cell the growth will be
2. material rupturing due *without oxygen, it will division and and discussed in
Brightfield/Electron (DNA) from to changes in have an anaerobic sporulation metabolic chemotherapeuti
Microscopy → using donor to the phosphorylation in which activity of cs, wherein your
stained specimen recipient cell environmenta it will produce lactic acid DETECTIO the bacteria 70 S, 50 S and
3. Serological → use during l osmotic 3. Helps in the excretion N: Electron 2.Responsib 30 S are your
of specific antisera bacterial pressure of metabolic waste Microscope le for prokaryotics.
against flagellar (H) conjugation. 3. Contain product hereditary The type of
antigen They act as a somatic O 4. Site for excretion of characteristi antibiotic used
4. Swarming bridge to antigen that enzyme involved in cs of the against 50 S and
phenomenon 5. transfer genetic can Outer Membrane cell. 70 S are your
Motility Medium material but serologically synthesis, Cell Wall aminoglycosides
6. Hanging drop when they identify synthesis and in the and tetracycline.
preparation transfer their particular secretion of
genetic bacteria extracytoplasmic & ● Procaryotic
material it will 4. Site of action extracellular substances: DETECTI ribosome - 70s
have mutation of some a. Permease for active ON ● Eucaryotic
and will have a antibiotics uptake of nutrient Electron ribosome - 80s
resistance for 5. Determines b. Respiratory microscopy,
antibiotics. differences in c. Polymerase that Feulgin FUNCTION –
gram staining manufacture substances staining (+) Site for protein
reaction of the cell wall synthesis Again,
CHEMICAL d. Hydrolytic there are some
COMPOSITI DETECTION: 5. acts as osmotic barrier bacteria that
ON: Protein 1. Microscopy of to the organism does not contain
(Pilin) smear prepared from DETECTION: a cell wall... …
DETECTED a special staining Electron microscope or if they do
BY: method. contain a cell
TYPES AND Electron 2. Electron wall, a beta
ARRANGEMENT Microscopy microscopy. lactam or
OF FLAGELLA 3. By chemical penicillin
IN RELATION TO methods using antibiotic does
THE lysozyme not have an
DISTRIBUTION effect on them.
AND NUMBER REMOVAL OF Instead, we look
THE CELL WALL for other ways
I. Monotr MAY BE to eradicate
ichous - ACCOMPLISHED them---that is
single BY: your ribosomes.
polar
flagellu A. Hydrolysis with DETECTION -
m at one lysozyme B. Blocking Feulgin staining
end peptidoglycan (-), Electron
II. synthesis with microscopy
 Multitri antibiotic such as
chous - PCN
more ● when a gram
than one positive bacteria is
flagella exposed to lysozyme
Types: will degrade the
A. Lophotrichous - peptidoglycan layer
tuft of flagella at one resulting to complete
polar end removal of the cell
B. Amphitrichous - wall producing a
single flagellum or osmotically fragile
tuft of flagella at wall-less spherical
both polar end body called Protoplast
C. Peritrichous - ● since all cell wall
flagella distributed components is
all over the body of removed, therefore
the bacteria incapable of
regeneration

Axial Filaments: SPHEROPLAST

● When a gram
● flagella-like negative bacteria is
sheathed filaments exposed to lysozyme
located in the it loses the
periplasmic space peptidoglycan layer
(between the inner) but retains the outer
and outer membrane membrane leaving a
of the cell. less fragile spherical
● move by travelling body capable of
helical wave on regenerating the cell
opposite direction ● wall.
motility organelle of
spirochete PERIPLASMIC
SPACE
● space between the
plasma inner
membrane and the
outer membrane layer

PROTOPLAST
● comprises the
naked cytoplasmic
membrane and its
content
● readily observed
among gram(-)
bacteria ONLY
● consist of a gel-like
substance that helps
to secure nutrients
from the environment.
● also contains
several enzymes that
degrade
macromolecules and
detoxify
environmental solutes
that enters through the
outer membrane
INCLUSION / CYTOPLASMIC GRANULE
● Large granules found anywhere in the cytoplasm
● Are accumulation of organic and inorganic substances.
Function:
Serves as source of energy and nutrient supply to the organism
Kinds:
1. Babes Ernst / Volutin / Metachromatic granules
Chemical Composition - Polymerized metaphosphate which can be used in the synthesis of ATP
● Function
- Reserve energy supply
● Demonstration - Simple staining / special staining (Albert’s stain)

2. Lipid granules Chemical Composition - polymer of beta-hydroxybutyric acid

● Function
reserve food supply

3. Sulfur granules - Derived energy by oxidizing sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds

● Function
- reserve energy supply for sulfur-containing bacteria

4. Glycogen granules - Polymer of glucose

● Function
- reserve food supply

ENDOSPORES
These are the structures that protect the bacteria from extreme environments.
● Highly refractile body formed within vegetative bacterial cells in response to adverse environmental condition and due to deficient nutrient supply.
● Known as endospore, because it is formed inside the bacteria cell and is genetically controlled
● Are metabolically inactive bacterial cell that are highly-resistant to desiccation, heat and various chemical agents.
● Found in the cytoplasm of rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria of the genus Bacillus & Clostridium

COMPOSED OF FIVE PARTS:

1. Core - located at the center which is the spore cytoplasm/protoplast. - contains the nucleus and enzyme dipicolinic acid
2. Spore wall - enclosing the core.
3. Cortex - laminated structure surrounding the spore wall.
4. Spore coat - multilayered membrane enclosing the cortex.
5. Exosporium - Outermost covering of the spores which give the spore a rigid appearance

- Contains Calcium Dipicolinate - Which aids in heat resistance within the core by making the protein and nucleic acid more resistant to denaturation. If it will be asked, “what is the main
chemical composition that makes the endospore resistant?”---Calcium Dipicolinate - Germinate under favorable nutritional conditions after an activation process that involves damage to the
spore coat. - Helpful in identifying some specie of bacteria, especially those spore-forming bacilli (Clostridium and Bacillus)

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO:

A. Location
Central, subterminal, terminal

B. Shape a. Ovoid b. Circular

C. Swollen / Not swollen a. Swollen – when the diameter is more than that of bacterial cell b. Not Swollen – if the diameter is the same with bacterial cell

DETECTION:
1. Microscopy of stained smear a. Negative staining b. Positive staining
2. Phase contrast microscopy