1st Year

PHYSIOLOGY
✓ Cell
➢ Compare the features and functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes.
➢ Endoplasmic Reticulum.
➢ Compare the features and functions of LYSOSOMES and PEROXISOMES.
➢ hat are the functions of PEROXISOMES?
➢ Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and secondary active transport?
➢ What is active transport? Briefly describe secondary active transport.
➢ R.N.A
➢ Golgi-complex
➢ Lysosomes
➢ Cytoskeleton
➢ Difference btw Facilitated Diffusion and Secondary Active Transport
➢ Functions of Mitochondria and SER
➢ Mechanism of Counter Transport of Substances across cell Membrane
➢

✓ Nerve & Muscle

➢ What is Endplate potential? What change occur in it in myasthenia gravis?
➢ Draw and explain the compound action potential.
➢ Define Automaticity.
• How it is Generated?
• Describe the Factors that influence it.
➢ Genesis of resting membrane potential (RMP).
➢ Draw and label Strength-Duration Curve.

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➢ Explain various properties of Nerve Fibers.
➢ Myasthenia Gravis.
➢ TROPONIN-TROPOMYOSIN COMPLEX
➢ RIGOR MORTIS
➢ GENESIS OF RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL (RMP)
➢ What is ENDPLATE POTENTIAL? What change occur in it in MYSATHENIA GAVIS?
➢ Draw and explain the COMPOUND ACTION POTENTIAL.
➢ ompare and contrast NERVE IMPULSE with CARDIAC IMPULSE in a tabulated form.
➢ How “MEMBRANE POTENTIAL is generated?
➢ How NEURO-MUSCULAR TRANSMISSION can be blocked? Give the mechanism of
blockage of each.
➢ Draw, label and explain compound action potential.
➢ Compare and contrast visceral and multi-unit type of the smooth muscle.
➢ Give mechanism of genesis of RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL.
➢ What is the effect of HYPER KALEMIA on RMP?
➢ How the resting membrane potential is generated and what is the role of sodium-potassium
ATPase pump in this regard?
➢ Give the mechanism of genesis of RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL? What is the
effect of HYPER KALEMIA on this potential?
➢ Which types of muscle contraction predominantly occur in a body builder during his
performance and a tennis player during his play? Compare the features of these types of
contraction?
➢ Define action potential and draw an action potential curve in a large myelinated nerve fiber.
➢ Write an account of excitation contraction coupling.
➢ What are the sources of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction?
➢ What is Rigor Mortis?
➢ Strength duration curve.
➢ Describe the mechanism and characteristics of smooth muscle contraction.
➢ Describe the properties of smooth muscle contraction.
➢ Describe the conduction of nerve impulse along myelinated nerve fibres. What are its
benefits?

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➢ Enumerate the properties of smooth muscle contraction. What is latch mechanism?
➢ A dead body was found from road side. It was rigid, some hrs later, rigidity in body
disappeared.
a) Why was the dead body rigid?
b) Why did the rigidity disappeared?
c) What is d-Tubocurarine?
➢ What is excitation contraction coupling? Enumerate changes in sarcomere during skeletal
muscle contraction.
➢ Draw action potential of a nerve fibre. Label the phases and describe the ionic events.
➢ Describe changes in peripheral nerve during Wallerian degeneration.
➢ Compare the nerve conduction in myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres.
➢ Elanger-Gasser scale of nerve fibers classification.

➢ CVS
➢ What are filtration coefficient and filtration fraction? Give their normal values.
➢ Give an account of pressure changes in the ATRIA during the Cardiac cycle. What is Jugular
venous pulse?
➢ What is neurogenic shock?
➢ What are PR and QT intervals and their significance?
➢ Genesis of waves of ECG.
➢ What are the functions of pericardium? Give clinical evidences to support theanswer.
➢ escribe the Factors that modify stroke volume.
➢ Define compliance. How it is measured? Give the factors that modify compliance.
➢ Venous Pulse
➢ Define cardiac output and cardiac index. Describe the factors with regulate the cardiac
output.
➢ Renin angiotensin mechanism.

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➢ GENESIS OF PQRST WAVES OF EGG.
➢ What are FILTRATION COEFFICIENT and FILTRATION FRACTION? Give their normal
values.
➢ Give an account of PRESSURE CHANGES in the ATRIA during CARDIAC CYCLE.
➢ What is JUGULAR VENOUS PLUSE?
➢ What is NEUROGENIC SHOCK?
➢ What are PR and QT intervals and their significance?
➢ How will you recognize
(I) Sinus bradycardia
(ii) Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT)
(iii) Atrial Flutter
(iv) Atrial Fibrillation
(v) Complete Heart Block (Third degree AV Block) in ECG
➢ Describe the effects of HYPOALBUMINAEMIA.
➢ Which Heart Sounds can be auscultated in a normal person? Give their features and
mechanism of production.
➢ How is INTERSTITIAL FLUID produced? What is EDEMA? Give its causes.
➢ How is CURONARY BLOOD FLOW regulated?
➢ What is type I AV block?
➢ What are pressure changes in Atria during the cardiac cycle?
➢ Elaborate the Basic principal & Dynamics of Fluid Formation in Human Body.
➢ Identify Total Fluid Contents in Human Body.
➢ Elaborate Major Fluid Compartments in Human Body alongwith distribution of Electrolytes
in each.
➢ Identify Two Major Causes of Dehydration and their management by Human Body.
➢ Sarah Haider is a 27 years old assistant manager at Chen one departmental store. One
morning, she awakened from a deep sleep and realized that she was more than an hour late
for work. She panicked, momentarily regretting that she came so late from marriage party
last night, and then jumped out of bed. Briefly, she felt light-headed and though she might
faint. She had the sensation that her heart was “racing.” Had she not been so late for work,

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 she would have returned to bed. As she walked toward the bathroom, she noticed that her
light-headedness dissipated. The rest of her day was uneventful.
i. When Sarah moved rapidly form a supine (lying) position to a standing position.
There was a brief, initial decrease in arterial pressure that caused her light-
headedness. Describe the sequence of events that produced this transient fall in
arterial pressure.
ii. Why did the decrease in arterial pressure cause Sarah to feel light-headed?
iii. Sarah’s light-headedness was transient because a reflex was initiated that rapidly
restored arterial Pressure to normal. Describe the specific effects of this reflex on
heart rate, myocardial contractility, total peripheral resistance (TPR), and
capacitance of the veins. What receptors are involved in these responses?
iv. How does each component of the reflex (e.g., the effect on heart rate) help to
restore arterial pressure? (Hint: it may help to write the equation that relates
arterial pressure cardiac Output and TPR)
v. In addition to the reflex correction of blood pressure, the fact that Sarah walked to
the bathroom helped return her arterial pressure to normal. How did walking
help?
➢ a. Draw and label the normal pressure volume loop (PV loop) of the left ventricle and define
the following:
i. Iso-volumetric contraction of LV
ii. End-systolic volume
iii. External work performed by the heart
iv. Afterload
v. Stroke volume
➢ How is CURONARY BLOOD FLOW regulated?
➢ What is type I AV block?
➢ b. What are pressure changes in ATRIA during the CARDIAC CYCLY?
➢ Describe the properties of Cardiac Muscle.
➢ A young man is performing exercise, what cardiovascular readjustments are occurring in his
body?

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➢ Explain in Dye Dilution method to measure Cardiac Output? What are advantage of this
method?
➢ Briefly discuss the mechanism of short term and long term regulation of blood pressure.
➢ What is cardiac impulse? How it generated and transmitted in the heart?
➢ what do you understand by Edema safety factor?
➢ Enlist the mechanisms for short tern regulation of BP. How the Baroreceptors work in short
term regulation of BP?
➢ Draw normal ECG showing waves, segments and intervals. Give normal values of PR and
RR intervals.
➢ Describe the volume changes in ventricles during different phases of cardiac cycle
➢ A middle aged man, riding a bicycle was hit by a speedy car, inflicting him multiple injuries.
He had perfuse bleeding. He was shifted to ER of MHL, he was drowsy, pulse rate was
140/min, BP was 70/60 mmHg. His skin was pale, cold and clammy.
a) Which condition man was having?
b) Write about negative feedback mechanism control of Circulation that attempt to
return Cardiac Output and BP to normal
➢ Give volume changes in ventricles during Cardiac Cycle? What is Ejwction Fraction?
➢ Draw and label normal ECG. Write about intervals and segments.
➢ A patient was admitted to Emergency with severe chest pain radiating to left arm. He was
advised ECG.
a) Draw and label expected ECG changes in this condition
b) What is the mechanism of Atrial Fibrillation.
➢ What is Frank Starling law of cardiac muscle? What is its significance?
➢ Premature ventricular contractions???
➢ Define cardiac cycle. Describe the pressure changes in left ventricle during different
phases of cardiac cycle

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 ➢ Respiration

➢ A man came to OPD of MHL with complaints of Productive cough for last few months. There
is history of cigarette smoking for 20 yrs. His Chest Xray showed destruction of lung
parenchyma.
a) Diagnosis?
b) Effect of disease on lung compliance?
c) What is transpulmonary pressure? Draw and label compliance diagram.

➢ Enlist 4 mechanism that determine the gas exchange through respiratory membranes
➢ Draw and label oxygen-Hb disassociation curve
➢ Role of central and peripheral chemoreceptors in control of pulmonary ventilation
➢ What is ventilation perfusion ratio (V/Q)? draw and label normal ventilation perfusion
diagram.
➢ Different mechanism of body temperature regualiton? ( temp regulation section)
➢ Enumerate four mechanisms of heat loss from body. Elaborate convection. ( from skin
section)

➢ A navy soldier remained in deep sea for about 08 hours. He came to the sea level rapidly
without following the standard protocol. After reaching the sea level, he developed certain
condition.
➢ What was the condition he developed?
➢ What was the basis of the development of the condition?
➢ What was the treatment of that condition?
➢ Which factors stimulate the respiration during the exercise?
➢ Describe briefly Chemical Control of Breathing.

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➢ Respiratory Distress Syndrome
➢ Lung Compliance
➢ Draw and discuss SIGNIFICANCE OF OXHAEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE.
➢ Describes briefly CHEMICAL CONTROL OF BREATHING.
c) Define compliance of lungs. Whit are the factors that affect compliance?
d) Describe the mechanism of oxygen transport in blood. What is Bohr’s Effect?
e) A navy soldier remained in deep sea for about 08 hours. He came to the seal level
rapidly without following the standard protocol. After reaching the seal level, he
developed certain condition.
i. What was the condition he developed?
ii. What was the basis of the development of the condition?
iii. What was the treatment of that condition?
f) Which factors stimulate the RESPIRATION during the EXPERCISE?
g) What are CHARACTERISTICS OF PULMONARY CIRCULATION?
h) What is chemical regulation of the respiration?
i) Give the importance of PLEURAL and TRANSPULMONARY PRESSURES.
j) What is DEAD SPACE? Give its types and advantage.
k) A young man inspires a tidal volume of 500ml, out of this only 350 ml reaches the
alveoli.
a. Into which space the remaining volume goes?
b. What are the types of this space?
l) Give the advantage of this space? In which condition the volume of this space
decreases?
m) Enumerate components of blood Air Barrier?
n) Give the types of cells with their functions that line the alveoli?
o) How would you compare obstructive & restrictive lung disease with a normal
spirogram?
p) Describe the characteristics of Pulmonary circulation?
q) Define and explain work of breathing?
r) Enumerate the factors affecting Vital capacity?

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 s) What is Va/Qratio? What is the effect on increased & decreased Va/Q ratio? What
are the variations in Va/Q ratio in normal lung?
t) What are the function of plasma proteins?
u) What is inspiratory ramp signal? How is it generated?
v) What is anatomical dead space?
w) What is fever? (from skin and body temperature regulation)

➢ Blood
➢ A 30 yr old woman got her stomach surgically removed. After that she developed
megaloblastic anemia.
a) What is most probable cause of anemia?
b) What are the hormonal and nutritional requirements of normal
erythropoiesis?
c) What is the likely blood picture and RBC indices in patient?
➢ Role of helper T-cells in Active Immunity??
➢ Draw structure of antibody and enlist the methods of killing bacteria by the
antibodies.
➢ Stages of erythrogenesis
➢ Monocyte-macrophage system
➢ Define anemia. Discuss pathophysiology of megaloblastic anemia.
x) Explain the mechanism of Blood Clotting occurring inside the Blood Vessel.
y) Write explanatory notes on:
• Red bone Marrow
• Function of Platelets
z) Draw and discuss Significance of Oxy-Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve.
aa) TrippleResponse.
bb) Compare and contrast Iron DeficiencyAnaemia and Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Anaemia.
cc) Describe the factors that prevent Clot Formation.
dd) TRIPPLE RESPONSE
ee) Explain the mechanism of BLOOD CLOTTING occurring inside the blood vessel.
ff) A body of 10 years was brought to a dentist. He was having deep cavity in his one
tooth. The dentist extracted that tooth. Bleeding started which lasted for two hours.

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 His clotting time was 40 minutes while bleeding time was 6 minutes. His platelet
count was 200,000/ul.
i. From which disorder the boy was most likely suffering?
ii. Give features and cause of this disorder.
iii. What is the role of VITAMIN K in the BLOOD CLOTTING?
gg) What is ACQUIRED IMMUNITY? Explain its mechanism. What is AIDS?
hh) Name PLASMA PROTEINS. Give their functions. What are the effects of
HYPOPROTEINEMIA?
ii) Draw a sketch showing the INTRINCIS PATHWAY OF BLOOD COAGULATION
jj) Define hemostasis and draw the sketch of intrinsic mechanism of coagulation. Which
abnormality regarding hemostasis takes place in Vitamin K deficiency?
kk) what are functions of peroxisomes
ll) Draw a sketch showing the INTRINSIC PATHWAY of BLOOD COAGULATION?
mm) How does a blood not make a clot within the blood vessels?
nn) Why is blood clotting abnormal in patients with vitamin-k deficiency?
oo) A35 year old female complained feeling tired for last one week. She also noticed
small red spots on her skin. From a minor cut on her finger she bled for a longer
time.
a. What is the probable diagnosis?
b. What are the causes of prolonged bleeding from minor wounds?
c. Enlist the investigations you will advise.
d. What is hemostasis? Describe the mechanism of blood clotting.
e. Enumerate different anticoagulants of blood and their mechanism of
action.
pp) What factors affect ESR?
qq) Write about the regulation of red blood cell production?
rr) Reticulo-endothelial system
ss) Eosinophils
tt) Compare and contrast innate and acquired immunity?
uu) What are different types of T lymphocytes and their functions?
vv) Write about reactions resulting from matched/compatible blood transfusion?

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 ww) What are the steps of hemostasis?
xx) When we take the blood in a test tube it clots by which mechanism? Explain.
yy) What is erythropoises? Describe the changes that the pleuripotent hematopoeitic
stem cells undergo for mature RBC formation.
zz) What is DLC? Decribe the functions of macrophages.

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