IMPORTANT QUESTIONS – Paper II

CVS
Essay questions:
1. Define blood pressure. Explain the mechanisms involved in regulation of blood pressure.
2. Define cardiac cycle and describe various events of cardiac cycle under following headings.
(With the help of a schematic diagram (WIGGER’S)
a. Left ventricular pressure
b. Right Atrial pressure/Jugular venous pulse
c. Aortic pressure
d. Ventricular volume
e. ECG
f. Heart sounds
3. Define stroke volume and cardiac output and give their normal values. Explain the
mechanism of homometric and heterometric regulation of cardiac output.

Short answers questions:

1. What is pacemaker potential? Draw and explain its ionic basis
2. Draw and explain the ionic basis of ventricular action potential.
3. Write about the conduction system of heart.
4. Write in detail about the various waves, intervals and segments of lead II ECG.
5. Draw ECG findings in:
a. Normal ECG from Lead II
b. Heart blocks,
c. Myocardial infarction & ischemia
d. Hyperkalemia
e. Ventricular fibrillation
6. Write in detail about the various properties of cardiac muscle.
7. Draw a labeled diagram of JVP & give the physiological basis of genesis of each wave of
JVP
8. What are heart sounds? Give the factors contributing to heart sounds. Write the physiological
basis of splitting of second heart sound.
9. Draw a diagram of radial pulse tracing and mention its clinical significance
10. What is sinoaortic reflex? Briefly explain this reflex in regulation of blood pressure.
11. What is hypertension? Classify hypertension. Give the physiological basis of use of beta
blockers and Ca++ channels blockers for the treatment of hypertension.
12. What are the methods that are commonly used to measure cardiac output? What are the
advantages & disadvantages of each method?
13. Briefly explain the factors influencing venous return.
14. Define shock and explain pathophysiology of different types of shock.
15. Mention the stages of the circulatory shock. Describe the immediate compensatory
mechanisms of hemorrhagic shock
16. Give the normal value of coronary blood flow. Give the salient features and explain briefly
the factors regulating coronary blood flow.
17. Explain the components of triple response giving the physiological basis.
18. Define autoregulation. Describe its role in physiology briefly.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
10 marks
1. With a suitable diagram, describe the mechanics of Respiration.
2. Explain in detail the transport of Oxygen. Add a note on Oxygen dissociation curve
3. Describe the Neural regulation of Respiration
4. Describe in detail the chemical regulation of respiration
5 marks
1. Describe the role of carotid body and aortic body in the regulation of respiration.
2. Describe decompression sickness including its treatment.
3. What is physiological dead space? Explain its significance.
4. Draw and label the layers of alveolo-capillary membrane. What are the factors affecting
the diffusion of gases along the membrane?
5. V-P Ratio
6. Classify Hypoxia. Explain in detail the acute effects of hypoxia
7. Explain the various manual methods of artificial respiration
8. What is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? Explain the physiological
mechanism involved in it.
9. Where is the chemosensitive area situated? How is it influenced by oxygen,
carbondioxide and hydrogen ion in the blood?
10. What is Bohr’s effect? Draw the normal oxygen Hemoglobin dissociation curve. What
are the factors affecting it?
11. What is acclimatization? What are the cardiorespiratory changes that occur at high
altitudes?
12. Briefly discuss the non-respiratory functions of Lungs.
13. Explain Intrathoracic & intrapulmonary pressure changes during respiration(diagram)
14. Write about the various lung volumes & capacities along with labeled diagram.
15. What is surfactant? Write about its composition and functions. How Laplace law is
applicable at lung level?
16. Define Compliance. Give its normal value. Mention the conditions that cause increase/
decrease in the lung compliance.
17. Define Timed Vital capacity. Describe how it is altered in obstructive and restrictive lung
diseases.
18. Define asphyxia. Describe the stages of asphyxia.
19. What is Pneumothorax? What are the features of different types of pneumothorax?

INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY

1. Physiological changes during exercise

2. Regulation of body temperature
3. Benefits of meditation and yoga
NMP
Essay questions:
1. Describe the mechanism/molecular basis/sliding filament theory of skeletal muscle
contraction.
2. Explain the events take place in neuromuscular transmission with suitable diagrams and add
a note on drugs acting on NMJ.

Short answers questions:

1. Give different types of classification of nerve fibers.
2. Explain the properties of nerve fiber.
3. Describe the conduction of nerve impulse in unmyelinated and myelinated neurons with
suitable diagrams.
4. Describe briefly the structural and functional changes that occur after sectioning the nerve.
5. Outline the functions of various types of neuroglial cells.
6. Explain with suitable diagram the mechanism of excitation contraction coupling in skeletal
muscle.
7. What is rigor mortis? Discuss the pathophysiology and its clinical significance?
8. How do you differentiate isometric & isotonic muscle contraction with one example for
each?
9. Explain smooth muscle contraction and relaxation.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
10 MARKS
1. Name the components of basal nuclei. Describe the connections with a suitable diagram.
Discuss the functions of basal nuclei. Add a note on Parkinsonism
2. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? Describe the connections of cerebellum.
Discuss the functions of cerebellum. Add a note on effects of cerebellar lesions.
3. Name the ascending tracts. Describe the origin, course, termination and functions of
dorsal column tracts with a suitable diagram.
4. Describe the origin, course, termination and functions of pain pathway. Add a note on
referred pain
5. Name all descending tracts. Describe the origin, course, termination and functions of
pyramidal tract. Add an account on effect of lesion of pyramidal tract at various levels
6. Name the hypothalamic nuclei. Explain the functions of hypothalamus.
7. Define muscle tone. Describe how it is generated and regulated . Add a note on disorders
of tone (hypotonia and hypertonia)
5 MARKS:
1. Describe the formation, circulation and functions of CSF. Add a note on lumbar puncture
2. Describe the classification, structure and mechanism of transmission of nerve impulses
across the synapse. Add a note on IPSP and EPSP
3. Explain the properties of synapse
4. Give an account of synaptic inhibitions and facilitation
5. Explain the properties of receptors
6. Explain the endogenous pain relief system/ modulation of pain (gate control theory)
7. Explain the properties of reflexes
8. Stretch and inverse stretch reflex
9. Withdrawl reflex and its properties
10. Muscle spindle – structure and functions
11. Extrapyramidal tracts – functions
12. Thalamus – Nuclei, functions and features of thalamic syndrome
13. Spinocerebellar tacts – course and functions
14. Neuroglia – types and functions
15. Reticular formation – Functions
16. ANS –Components & Functions . Add a note on Horner’s syndrome
17. Name any four neurotransmitters and describe their functions.
18. Functions of frontal lobe and features of prefrontal lobe syndrome
19. Functions of temporal lobe and features of Kluver – Bucy syndrome
20. Describe the normal EEG rhythm. What is alpha block? Correlate EEG rhythm with
different stages of sleep
21. Define sleep. Explain the theories of sleep . Differentiate REM and NREM sleep
22. Blood Brain Barrier and circum ventricular organs
23. Describe the role of conditioned reflex in the mechanism of learning.
24. Describe the mechanism of speech and the role of speech centers. Add a note on speech
disorders and describe the types of aphasia in brief
25. Describe the features of hemisection of spinal cord (Brown – Sequard syndrome)
26. Describe the features of complete transection of spinal cord. List out the effects if the
transection is at T1 level.
27. Describe the postural reflexes
28. Differentiate UMN and LMN lesion
29. . What are the structures of limbic system? And list out the functions of limbic system
30. What is decerebrate rigidity? Explain the mechanism of decerebrate rigidity
31. Define memory. What are the types of memory? Explain the mechanism of short term
and long term memory.
32. What are the components of vestibular apparatus? What are their functions? Write the
mechanism of activation of hair cells in semicircular canals and otolithic organ.
SPECIAL SENSES
10 MARKS
1. Describe the visual pathway with a suitable diagram. Explain the effects of lesion at various
levels of visual pathway with special emphasis on macular sparing
2. Draw organ of corti and label the components. Trace the auditory pathway with a suitable
diagram.
3. Describe the mechanism of hearing. What are the types of deafness? List out the causes for
each type.
5 MARKS:
4. Name the photoreceptors. Differentiate them.
5. Describe the circulation & functions of aqueous humour. Describe glaucoma
6. Describe the mechanism of accommodation for near vision
7. Describe the light reflex pathway
8. Describe the mechanism of phototransduction in photoreceptors
9. Briefly describe the mechanism of dark and light adaptation
10. Write short notes on colour vision. Add a note on colour blindness and its inheritance
11. What are the errors of refraction? How will you correct it?
12. Describe the functions of middle ear.
13. Write an account on endocochlear potentials and describe how the hair cells in organ of
corti are stimulated
14. Trace the olfactory pathway. High light the special features of olfactory pathway
15. Name the primary taste sensation. How are they distributed on the tongue and explain the
mechanism of taste sensation
16. Name the most important hearing tests and interpret their results
17. Draw a labeled diagram of taste bud. Outline the pathway of taste sensation
18. Briefly explain the role of Vit.A in scotopic vision