Department of Physiology,

J. N. Medical College Annexure II

Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh BOS 19.02.20
Updated Curriculum as CBME, NMC for Graduate Medical Students Phase I
THEORY
Paper I
UNIT – I AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM & CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PY10.5 Describe general plan of peripheral & autonomic nervous systems:

PY10.5.1 Describe the differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Describe the difference in neurotransmission for pre- and postganglionic neurons in the two
PY10.5.2
divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
discuss the neural circuit of autonomic outflow from the central nervous system to the
PY10.5.3
specific effecter organs
Describe the concept of neurotransmitter receptors and neuropharmacologic intervention in
PY10.5.4
regulating autonomic responses.
discuss the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic division and the "rest and digest"
PY10.5.5
response of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
PY10.1 Describe and discuss the organization of nervous system
PY10.1.1 Describe general design of the nervous system
PY10.1.2 Describe the processing of Information—“integrative”Function of the nervous system
PY10.1.3 Discuss major levels of central Nervous system function
PY10.2 Describe and discuss the functions and properties of synapse, reflex, receptors
PY10.2.1 Describe and differentiate the different types of synapses—chemical and electrical
PY10.2.2 Describe the physiological anatomy Of the synapse
PY10.2.3 Discuss the chemical substances that function As synaptic transmitters
PY10.2.4 Describe the electrical events during Neuronal excitation and inhibition
PY10.2.5 Discuss some special characteristics Of synaptic transmission
PY10.2.6 Describe types of sensory receptors and the stimuli they detect
PY10.2.7 Describe the transduction of sensory stimuli Into nerve impulses, properties of receptors
PY10.2.8 Describe the receptor function of the muscle spindle, its structure and innervation
PY10.2.9 Describe the neuronal circuitry of the stretch reflex.
PY10.2.10 Discuss function of the dynamic and static stretch reflexes in smoothing muscle contraction.
PY10.2.11 Discuss the role of the muscle spindle in voluntary motor activity
PY10.3 Describe and discuss somatic sensations & sensory tracts
PY10.3.1 Describe the classification of somatic senses
PY10.3.2 Describe the process of detection and transmission of tactile sensations
Describe the sensory pathways for transmitting somatic signals into the central nervous
PY10.3.3
system
PY10.3.4 Discuss the transmission in the dorsal column–medial lemniscal system
PY10.3.5 Discuss the transmission of less critical Sensory signals in the anterolateral pathway
PY10.3.6 Discuss the types of pain and their qualities—fast pain versus slow pain
PY10.3.7 Describe the pain receptors and their stimulation
PY10.3.8 Describe the pathways for transmission of pain signals into the central nervous system
PY10.3.9 Describe the mechanism of referred pain
PY10.3.10 Discuss the analgesia system in the brain and spinal cord
PY10.3.11 Describe the transmission of thermal signals in the nervous system
Describe and discuss motor tracts, mechanism of maintenance of tone, control of body
PY10.4
movements, posture and equilibrium & vestibular apparatus
PY10.4.1 Describe the organization of the spinal cord for motor functions
PY10.4.2 Differentiate between alpha motor neuron and gamma motor neuron.
PY10.4.3 Discuss the role of golgi tendon reflex in maintaining muscle tension
PY10.4.4 Describe the postural and locomotive reflexes of the cord
PY10.4.5 Describe the vestibular apparatus and its function
PY10.4.6 Discuss the function of the utricle and saccule in the maintenance of static equilibrium
Describe the “predictive” function of the semi-circular duct system in the maintenance of
PY10.4.7
equilibrium.
PY10.4.8 Discuss neuronal connections of the vestibular apparatus with the central nervous system
PY10.5 Describe and discuss structure and functions of reticular activating system, autonomic
 nervous system (ANS)
PY10.5.1 Describe the components of Reticular Activating system
PY10.5.2 Describe function of reticular activating system
PY10.5.3 Describe the differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Describe the difference in neurotransmission for pre- and postganglionic neurons in the two
PY10.5.4
divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
discuss the neural circuit of autonomic outflow from the central nervous system to the
PY10.5.5
specific effecter organs
Describe the concept of neurotransmitter receptors and neuropharmacologic intervention in
PY10.5.6
regulating autonomic responses..
discuss the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic division and the "rest and digest"
PY10.5.7
response of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
PY10.6 Describe and discuss Spinal cord, its functions, lesion & sensory disturbances
PY10.6.1 Describe the organization of the spinal cord
PY10.6.2 Discuss sensory disturbances spinal Cord Transection
PY10.6.3 Discuss motor disturbances in spinal cord transection
PY10.6.4 Discuss spinal shock
Describe and discuss functions of basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and
PY10.7
their abnormalities
PY10.7.1 Describe the neuronal circuitry of the basal ganglia
PY10.7.2 Describe neural pathways of the putamen circuit.
Describe role of the basal ganglia for cognitive control of sequences of motor patterns—the
PY10.7.3
caudate circuit
PY10.7.4 Discuss the functions of specific neurotransmitter substances in the basal ganglial system
Discuss the clinical syndromes resulting from damage to the basal ganglia with the emphasis
PY10.7.5
on the parkinson disease.
Describe the various vegetative and endocrine control functions of the hypothalamus and the
PY10.7.6
functional neclei of thalamus.
PY10.7.7 Describe the anatomical and functional areas of the cerebellum
PY10.7.8 Discuss the afferent neuronal circuit of the cerebellum
PY10.7.9 Discuss the deep cerebellar nuclei and the efferent pathways
PY10.7.10 Describe the neuronal circuit of the functional unit of the cerebellar cortex
Discuss the functional association of the cerebellum with the brain stem and spinal cord to
PY10.7.11
control equilibrium and postural movements
PY10.7.12 Discuss the clinical abnormalities of the cerebellum
Describe and discuss behavioual and EEG characteristic during sleep and mechanism
PY 10.8
responsible for its production.
10.8.1 Sleep: Behavioural & EEG pattern, Mechanism
PY10.9 Describe and discuss the physiological basis of Memory, Learning and speech
10.9.1 Physiological basis of Memory & Learning
10.9.2 Physiological basis of Speech
Describe and discuss chemical transmission in the nervous system.
PY10.10
(Outline the psychiatry element).
PY10.10.1 Discuss chemical transmission in the nervous system.
PY11.1 Describe and discuss mechanism of temperature regulation

UNIT – II SPECIAL SENSES

PY10.13 Describe and discuss perception of smell and taste sensation

PY10.13.1 Describe primary taste sensations
PY10.13.2 Describe the Threshold of taste sensation
PY10.13.3 Describe the structure of taste bud & its function
PY10.13.4 Describe the mechanism of stimulation of taste bud
PY10.13.5 Describe the Transmission of taste sensation to CNS
PY10.13.6 Describe the Olfactory membrane & different cells of olfaction
PY10.13.7 Describe the mechanism of excitation of the olfactory cells
PY10.13.8 Discuss the adaptation and threshold for Smell
PY10.13.9 Describe the transmission of smell signals into the Central Nervous System
PY10.14 Describe and discuss patho-physiology of altered smell and taste sensation
PY10.14.1 Discuss patho-physiology of altered smell
PY10.14.2 Describe patho-physiology of taste sensation
Describe and discuss functional anatomy of ear and auditory pathways & physiology of
PY10.15
hearing
PY10.15.1 Describe the Tympanic membrane and functional anatomy of middle ear
PY10.15.2 Describe ossicular system and impedance matching
PY10.15.3 Describe Attenuation reflex
PY10.15.4 Describe functional anatomy of Cochlea
PY10.15.5 Discuss the transmission of sound waves in the cochlea
PY10.15.6 Describe the Function Organ of Corti
PY10.15.7 Describe the Endocochear Potential
PY10.15.8 Describe the Place principle
PY10.15.9 Describe the Auditory pathway
PY10.15.10 Describe the Auditory Cortex
PY10.16 Describe and discuss pathophysiology of deafness. Describe hearing tests
PY10.16.1 Describe the pathophysiology of deafness
PY10.16.2 Differentiate between Conductive and Sensorineural Deafness.
PY10.16.3 Enumerate and Describe Tuning fork Test
PY10.16.4 Describe the Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA)
Describe and discuss functional anatomy of eye, physiology of image formation, physiology
PY10.17 of vision including colour vision, refractive errors, colour blindness, physiology of pupil and
light reflex
PY10.17.1 Discuss the functional anatomy of eye.
PY10.17.2 Describe the anatomy and function of the structural elements of the retina
PY10.17.3 Describe the photochemistry of vision
PY10.17.4 Discuss the Light and Dark adaptation
PY10.17.5 Describe colour vision and the theories of Colour vision.
PY10.17.6 Describe the Colour Blindness
PY10.17.7 Discuss the principle of lateral inhibition
PY10.17.8 Describe on -off Phenomenon
PY10.17.9 Describe the Visual Pathway
PY10.17.10 Describe the organization and function of the Visual Cortex
PY10.17.11 Describe the Accomodation reflex and its pathway
PY10.17.12 Describe the Direct ind Indirect Pupillary light reflex and its pathway
PY10.17.13 Describe different Refractive Errors and their Corrections
PY10.18 Describe and discuss the physiological basis of lesion in visual pathway
PY10.18.1 Describe the Normal Visual Pathway
PY10.18.2 Discuss the various site of lesion in visual pathway with Clinical manifestation
PY10.19 Describe and discuss auditory & visual evoke potentials
PY10.19.1 Describe Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA)
PY10.19.2 Enumerate origin of 5 waves in BERA
PY10.19.3 Describe the Significance of BERA
PY10.19.4 Describe Visual Evoked Potential
PY10.19.5 Describe the Significance of VEP

UNIT – III GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT , LIVER, DIET, VITAMINS AND BMR

PY4.1 Describe the structure and functions of digestive system

PY4.1.1 The structure of different parts of digestive system
PY4.1.2 The functions of digestive system
Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of saliva,
PY4.2
gastric, pancreatic, intestinal juices and bile secretion
PY4.2.1 Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of saliva
Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of gastric
PY4.2.2
secretion
Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of pancreatic
PY4.2.3
secretions
Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of intestinal
PY4.2.4
juices
PY4.2.5 Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of bile secretion
Describe GIT movements, regulation and functions. Describe defecation reflex. Explain role
PY4.3
of dietary fibre
PY4.3.1 Know different GIT movements
PY4.3.2 Know regulation & functions of different GIT movements
PY4.3.3 Explain role of dietary fibre
PY4.4 Describe the physiology of digestion and absorption of nutrients
PY4.4.1 Know the physiology of digestive process
PY4.4.2 Know absorption of nutrients in digestive process
PY4.5 Describe the source of GIT hormones, their regulation and functions
PY4.5.1 Know the different source of GIT hormonesand their function
PY4.5.2 Know the regulation of GIT hormones
PY4.6 Describe the Gut-Brain Axis
PY4.6.1 Know Gut-Brain Axis
PY4.7 Describe & discuss the structure and functions of liver and gall bladder
4.7.1 Know the structure and functions of liver
4.7.2 Know the structure and functions of gall bladder
Describe & discuss gastric function tests, pancreatic exocrine function tests & liver function
PY4.8
tests
4.8.1 Describe & discuss gastric function tests, pancreatic exocrine function tests
4.8.2 Describe & discuss liver function tests
Discuss the physiology aspects of: peptic ulcer, gastrooesophageal reflux disease, vomiting,
PY4.9
diarrhoea, constipation, Adynamic ileus, Hirschsprung's disease
4.9.1 Know the physiology aspects of: peptic ulcer, gastrooesophageal reflux disease
4.9.2 Know the physiology aspects of: vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation
4.9.3 Know the physiology aspects of: Adynamic ileus, Hirschsprung's disease

UNIT – IV BLOOD AND IMMUNITY

PY2.1 The composition and functions of blood components

PY2.1.1 Describe the composition of the blood
PY2.1.2 Describe the Function of blood
PY2.1.3 Differentiate between plasma and serum
PY2.2 The origin, forms, variations and functions of plasma proteins
PY2.2.1 Describe different forms of plasma protein
PY2.2.2 Describe the synthesis and methods of separation of plasma proteins
PY2.2.3 Discuss the function of different plasma proteins
Describe and discuss the synthesis and functions of Haemoglobin and explain its breakdown.
PY2.3
Describe variants of haemoglobin
PY2.3.1 Describe the structure of haemoglobin
PY2.3.2 Describe the Synthesis of hemoglobin
PY2.3.3 Describe different variants of haemoglobin based on globin chain
PY2.3.4 Describe the haemoglobin dissociation curve
PY2.3.5 Describe different types of hemoglobinopathies
PY2.4 Describe RBC formation (erythropoiesis & its regulation) and its functions
PY2.4.1 Describe the morphology and function of RBC
PY2.4.2 Describe the sites of erythropoiesis
PY2.4.3 Describe Stages of Differentiation of Red Blood Cells
PY2.4.4 Enumerate the factors regulating erythropoiesis
PY2.5 Describe different types of anaemia’s and Jaundice
PY2.5.1 Define anaemia and describe the WHO grading of anaemia.
PY2.5.2 Describe and discuss morphological and etiological classification of anaemia
PY2.5.3 Describe the physiological effect of anaemia
PY2.5.4 Define polycythaemia and describe it’s classification
PY2.5.5 Describe bilirubin formation and it’s conjugation.
PY2.5.6 Enumerate causes of hyperbilirubinemia
PY2.5.7 Describe and differentiate different types of jaundice.
PY2.6 Describe WBC formation (granulopoiesis) and its regulation
PY2.6.1 Describe different types of Lymphocyte.
PY2.6.2 Describe the concentration of different of the Different White Blood Cells in the Blood.
PY2.6.3 Describe granulopoiesis and its regulator.
PY2.7 Describe the formation of platelets, functions and variations
PY2.7.1 Describe thrombopoiesis.
PY2.7.2 Describe properties of platelet with specific reference to granules present in it.
PY2.7.3 Describe functions of the platelet
Describe the physiological basis of hemostasis and, anticoagulants. Describe bleeding &
PY2.8
clotting disorders (Hemophilia, purpura)
PY2.8.1 Define hemostasis and describe various mechanisms of hemostasis
PY2.8.2 Describe mechanism of platelet plug formation
PY2.8.3 Discuss the intrinsic mechanism of blood coagulation
PY2.8.4 Discuss extrinsic mechanism of blood coagulation
PY2.8.5 Describe the role of calcium ion in clot formation.
PY2.8.6 Describe mechanism preventing intravascular blood coagulation
PY2.8.7 Discuss the clot lysis system-role of plasminogen.
PY2.8.8 Describe various bleeding and clotting disorders.
P2.8.9 Discuss clinically relevant anticoagulants.
Describe different blood groups and discuss the clinical importance of blood grouping, blood
PY2.9
banking and transfusion
PY2.9.1 Describe different blood grouping system?
PY2.9.2 Describe ABO blood group and Landsteiner’s law?
PY2.9.3 Discuss genetic determination of ABO blood group
PY2.9.4 Describe Rh system of blood grouping
PY2.9.5 Discuss Rh incompatibility with special importance to erythroblastosis fetalis.
PY2.9.6 Enlist indications of blood transfusion
PY2.9.7 Enumerate associated complications of blood transfusion
PY2.9.8 Discuss transfusion reactions resulting from mismatched blood types
Define and classify different types of immunity. Describe the development of immunity and
PY2.10
its regulation
PY2.10.1 Define immunity
PY2.10.2 Classify different types of immunity
PY2.10.3 Discuss the preprocessing of T lymphocyte
PY2.10.4 Discuss the preprocessing of B lymphocyte
Describe how the formation of “memory” cells enhances the antibody response to subsequent
PY2.10.5
antigen exposure
PY2.10.6 Describe formation of antibodies by plasma cells
PY2.10.7 Describe the direct action of antibodies on invading agents
PY2.10.8 Describe the ‘complement system’ of antibody action.
PY2.10.9 Discuss cell mediated immunity
PY2.10.10 Enumerate different types of T cells and their functions.
PY2.10.11 Discuss tolerance of the acquired immunity system to one’s own Tissues
PY2.10.12 Discuss passive immunity and immunization
PY2.10.13 Define allergy and immune hypersensitivity.
PY2.10.14 Discuss allergy caused by activated t cells: the delayed-reaction allergy

UNIT – V CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY, MUSCLE, NERVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS

PY1.1 Describe the structure and functions of a mammalian cell:

PY1.1.1 Describe the organization of the cells
PY1.1.2 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasmic organelles
PY1.1.3 Describe the cellular ingestion process of pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
PY1.2 Describe and discuss the principles of homeostasis:
PY1.2.1 Describe the body fluid compartments.
PY1.2.2 Describe the origin of nutrients in the extracellular Fluid
PY1.2.3 Deascribe the removal of Metabolic End Products
PY1.2.4 Describe the feedback control systems of the body (feedback mech)
PY1.2.5 Enumerate any two examples of positive and negative feedback mechanism in the body.
PY1.2.6 Describe characteristics of the feedback control systems of the body
PY1.2.7 Define homeostasis
PY1.2.8 Discuss the role of homeostasis in health and disease
PY1.3 Describe intercellular communication:
PY1.3.1 Describe types of intercellular communications
PY1.3.2 Discuss the mechanism of transport across different intercellular communications.
PY1.3.3 Discuss the role of intercellular communication in normal body function.
PY1.3.4 Discribe various disease conditions arising from defective intercellular communication.
PY1.4 Describe apoptosis – programmed cell death .
PY1.4.1 Define apoptosis
PY1.4.2 Differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis.
PY1.4.3 Describe the genetical and biochemical steps in apoptosis.
Differentiate between reversible cell injury and irreversible cell injury (cell death) on the basis
PY1.4.4
of histological and ultrastructure appearance.
PY1.4.5 Describe the mechanisms and implications of cellular aging.
PY1.5 Describe and discuss transport mechanisms across cell membranes:
PY1.5.1 Describe the physical and biochemical strucutre of cell membrane,
PY1.5.2 Describe the membrane transport proteins
PY1.5.3 Describe diffusion of substance across the cell membrane.
PY1.5.4 Dexcribe diffusuion through protein pores and channels.
PY1.5.5 Discuss selective permeability and gating of protein channels
PY1.5.6 Describe facilitated diffusion
PY1.5.7 Describe factors that affect net rate of diffusion.
PY1.5.8 Describe the Osmosis Across Selectively Permeable Membranes
PY1.5.9 Describe the ,“Active Transport” of Substances across membranes
Describe and discuss the molecular basis of resting membrane potential and action
PY1.8
potential in excitable tissue
PY1.8.1 Describe the basic physics of membrane potentials
PY1.8.2 Discuss the origin of the normal resting membrane potential,
PY1.8.3 Describe the Voltage-Gated Sodium and Potassium Channels.
PY1.8.4 Describe roles of ions during the action potential
PY1.8.5 Discuss the Initiation and Propagation of the Action Potential
PY1.8.6 Describe the Plateau in Some Action Potentials
PY1.8.7 Discuss the Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues— Repetitive Discharge
PY1.8.8 Describe refractory period
PY1.8.9 Discuss Inhibition of Excitability—“Stabilizers” and Local Anesthetics.
Describe the structure and functions of a neuron and neuroglia; Discuss Nerve Growth
PY3.1
Factor & other growth factors/cytokines:
PY3.1.1 List and describe the functions of the structural components of a neuron
PY3.1.2 List and describe the main types of neurons,
PY3.1.3 Compare the functions of different types of glial cells.
PY3.1.4 Discuss the various families of growth factors and their signaling mechanisms
PY3.2 Describe the types, functions & properties of nerve fibers:
PY3.2.1 Describe the ultrastructure of nerve
PY3.2.2 Describe different types of nerve fibre based on, mylination and thickness
PY3.2.3 Able to record and interpret the NCV
PY3.3 Describe the degeneration and regeneration in peripheral nerves
PY3.3.1 Describe the types, process/steps of the degeneration.(wallerian deg)
PY3.3.2 List the causes of nerve degeneration.
PY3.3.3 Describe the processes/steps involved in the regeneration
PY3.3.4 List the factor that effect the regeneration
Describe the Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The
PY3.4
Neuromuscular Junction
PY3.4.1 Describe the Molecular Biology of Acetylcholine Formation and Release
PY3.4.2 Discuss the type of NMS disorder and Management
PY3.5 Discuss the action of neuro-muscular blocking agent
PY3.5.1 List the various drugs that modify the NMS transmission and their mechanism of action
PY3.6 Describe the pathophysiology of Myasthenia gravis:
PY3.6.1 Describe the Etiology and patho-physiology of the disease.
PY3.6.2 Differentiate cholinergic crisis with myasthenic crisis.
PY3.6.3 Discuss the Appraoches to pharmacotherapy of Myesthenia Gravis.
PY3.6.4 Classify anticholinesterases.
PY3.6.5 Mechanism of action of anticholinesterases and their control..
PY3.7 Describe the different types of muscle fibres and their structures:
PY3.7.1 Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle.
PY3.7.2 Name the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe the functions of each.
PY3.7.3 Describe the neural control of muscle contraction
PY3.8 Describe action potential and its properties in different muscle types (skeletal & smooth) :
PY3.8.1 Discuss the basic mechanism for the generation of action potential in different type of muscle
PY3.8.2 explain how muscle fibres are stimulated to contract by describing events that occur at the
 neuromuscular junction
PY3.8.3 discuss the events of excitation contraction coupling that lead to cross bridge activity
PY3.9 Describe the molecular basis of muscle contraction in skeletal and in smooth muscles
describe the spike potential, slow wave potential and pleatuea phase in action potential and
PY3.9.1 various and ions involved in the depolarisation an repolarisation in skeletal, cardiac and
smooth muscle
PY3.10 Describe the mode of muscle contraction (isometric and isotonic)
Explain concentric, isotonic, and eccentric contractions with applied application in sports and
PY3.10.1
health
PY3.11 Explain energy source and muscle metabolism:
Describe immediate, short-term, and long-term means that muscle fibers use to supply ATP
PY3.6.2
for muscle contraction
PY3.6.3 Explain how the means of supplying ATP is related to intensity and duration of exercise.
PY3.6.4 Define oxygen debt, and explain why it occurs.
PY3.12 Explain the gradation of muscular activity
PY3.12.1 Describe the length-tension relationship
PY3.12.2 Describe the three phases of a muscle twitch
PY3.12.3 Define wave summation, tetanus, and treppe.
PY3.13 Describe muscular dystrophy: myopathies
List the common different types muscular dystrophy:myoapthies etiology and
PY3.13.1
pathophysiology.
PY3.13.2 Disccuss the physiology basis of the management these disorders
 PAPER II
UNIT – I ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

PY8.1 Describe the physiology of bone and calcium metabolism

Enumerate the functions & sources of calcium. Discuss the distribution & balance of calcium.
PY8.1.1
Explain hormonal regulation of plasma calcium level
Describe the functional anatomy of parathyroid gland. Explain the mechanism of action &
PY8.1.2
regulation of parathormone with its physiological effects
Enumerate the functions of phosphorous. Describe the distribution, balance & regulation of
PY8.1.3
serum phosphate levels
Describe bone physiology with respect to its function & composition. Discuss the structural &
PY8.1.4
physiological considerations-bone growth, formation, resorption & remodelling
Describe calcitropic hormones. (Parathyroid hormones, vitamin D, calcitonin, PTH related
PY8.1.5
protein & other hormones affecting calcium metabolism)
Discuss the applied aspects( hyperparathyroidism & hypercalcaemia, Hypoparathyroidism &
PY8.1.6 hypocalcaemia, Metabolic bone diseases- Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis &
osteopetrosis).
Describe the synthesis, secretion, transport, physiological actions, regulation and effect of
PY8.2 altered (hypo and hyper) secretion of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
adrenal gland, pancreas and hypothalamus
Describe the gross anatomy, development, histology, blood supply of pituitary (hypophyseal
PY8.2.1
portal system) & hypothalamus
PY8.2.2 Discuss control of anterior and posterior pituitary
Classify the anterior pituitary hormones. List the types of cell in adenohypohysis & Describe
PY8.2.3
regulation of secretion , mechanism & actions of growth hormone with applied aspects
Classify the posterior pituitary hormones. Describe their structure, synthesis, storage, release,
PY8.2.4
metabolism, receptors, actions, regulations & abnormalities of ADH secretion
PY8.2.5 Describe functional anatomy of thyroid (Gross & histological aspects)
Describe biosynthesis , storage, secretion, transport, metabolism, regulation of secretion,
PY8.2.6
mechanism of action & actions of thyroid hormones
Describe the functional anatomy of adrenal gland ( Development, histological structure &
PY8.2.7
blood supply)
Describe hormones of adrenal cortex (Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids & adrenal sex
PY8.2.8 steroids) with respect to their synthesis, plasma level, transport, metabolism, excretion,
mechanisms, actions & regulation.
PY8.2.9 Describe the applied aspects of adrenal cortex (hyper & hypoactivity)
Describe the structure, synthesis, circulation, degradation, mechanisms regulation of
PY8.2.10
secretion & actions of Glucagon. Differentiate the actions of Insulin & Glucagon hormone
PY8.2.11 Describe the hormonal regulation of blood glucose level
PY8.2.12 Discuss the structure function & actions of Somatostatin & pancreatic polypeptide
PY8.2.13 Describe the applied aspects of Diabetes mellitus & Hypoglycaemia
Describe the hormones of adrenal medulla with respect to their synthesis, secretion,
PY8.2.14 circulation, metabolism, excretion & mechanism of action. Discuss the actions of
catecholamine & diseases of adrenal medulla
PY8.3 Describe the physiology of thymus & pineal gland
PY8.3.1 Describe the physiology of pineal gland and thymus
Describe function tests: Thyroid gland; Adrenal cortex, Adrenal
PY8.4
medulla and pancreas
PY8.4.1 Describe thyroid Function Test
PY8.4.2 Describe the tests for hormone of Adrenal Cortex
PY8.4.3 Discuss the tests for Adrenal Medulla
PY8.4.4 Describe the tests for Pancreas
Describe the metabolic and endocrine consequences of obesity &
PY8.5 metabolic syndrome, Stress response. Outline the psychiatry
component pertaining to metabolic syndrome.
PY8.5.1 Describe metabolic and endocrine consequence of obesity
PY8.5.2 Know psychiatric component of metabolic syndrome and stress response
Describe & differentiate the mechanism of action of steroid, protein
PY8.6
and amine hormones
PY8.6.1 Define & classify different Hormones
 Describe the synthesis, storage , release, transport, plasma concentration, half life, functions,
PY8.6.2
disposal & regulation of hormone secretion
PY8.6.3 List different types of receptors & describe different hormonal mechanisms
PY8.6.4 Discuss Bioassays & immunoassays

UNIT – II REPRODUCTION, NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FAMILY PLANNING METHOD

Describe and discuss sex determination; sex differentiation and their abnormities and
PY9.1
outline psychiatry and practical implication of sex determination.
PY9.1.1 Discuss sex determination.
PY9.1.2 Describe Sex differentiation
PY9.1.3 Enumerate major disorder of Sex differentiation
PY9.1.4 Discuss aberrant Sexual differentiation
PY9.1.5 Describe PNDT act
PY9.1.6 Discuss practical implication of sex determination
Describe and discuss puberty: onset, progression, stages; early and delayed puberty and
PY9.2
outline adolescent clinical and psychological association.
PY9.2.1 Describe Puberty, various stages of puberty
PY9.2.2 Describe control of onset of puberty
PY9.2.3 Describe precocious & delayed puberty
PY9.2.4 Enumerate various causes of precocious puberty
PY9.2.5 Describe clinical & psychological association of adolescence
Describe male reproductive system: functions of testis and control of spermatogenesis &
PY9.3
factors modifying it and outline its association with psychiatric illness
PY9.3.1 Describe Structures of Male reproductive system
PY9.3.2 Describe the structure of Seminiferous tubule.
PY9.3.3 Describe the function of Sertoli cell
PY9.3.4 Describe the Blood- Testis Barrier
PY9.3.5 Describe the process of Spermatogenesis
PY9.3.6 Describe the regulation of testicular function
Describe female reproductive system: (a) functions of ovary and its control; (b) menstrual
PY9.4
cycle - hormonal, uterine and ovarian changes
PY9.4.1 Describe Structures of female reproductive system
PY9.4.2 Describe the functions of ovary
PY9.4.3 Describe the ovarian cycle
PY9.4.4 Describe the Uterine/Menstrual Cycle
PY9.4.5 Describe the hormonal changes of female monthly cycle
PY9.4.6 Describe the indicators of ovulation
PY9.5 Describe and discuss the physiological effects of sex hormones
PY9.5.1 Enumerate the different Sex hormones.
PY9.5.2 Describe the structure, metabolism, functions of Testosterone
PY9.5.3 Describe the regulation of Testosterone secretion
PY9.5.4 Describe the structure, metabolism, functions of Estrogen
PY9.5.5 Describe the regulation of Estrogen secretion
PY9.5.6 Describe the structure, metabolism, functions of Progesterone
PY9.5.7 Describe the regulation of Progesterone secretion
Enumerate the contraceptive methods for male and female. Discuss their advantages &
PY9.6
disadvantages
PY9.6.1 Enumerate the contraceptive methods for male.
PY9.6.2 Enumerate the contraceptive methods for female.
PY9.6.3 Classify different types of contraceptive methods
PY9.6.4 Describe the efficacy of different contraceptive methods
PY9.6.5 Describe Advantages and Disadvantages of various contraceptive methods
PY9.7 Describe and discuss the effects of removal of gonads on physiological functions
PY9.7.1 Describe the effect of removal of gonads on physiological functions
PY9.7.2 Describe the various conditions where gonad removal is helpful.
PY9.7.3 Describe the clinical implications of gonad removal
Describe and discuss the physiology of pregnancy, parturition & lactation and outline the
PY9.8
psychology and psychiatry-disorders associated with it.
PY9.8.1 Describe fertilization & Implantation
PY9.8.2 Describe the pregnancy related changes in female body
PY9.8.3 Describe the endocrine changes in pregnancy
PY9.8.4 Describe the fetoplacental unit
PY9.8.5 Describe the physiology of parturition
PY9.8.6 Describe the physiology of lactation
PY9.8.7 Describe the hormones involved in lactation
Interpret a normal semen analysis report including (a) sperm count,b) sperm morphology
PY9.9
and (c) sperm motility, as per WHO guidelines and discuss the results
PY9.9.1 Discuss normal Semen Analysis
PY9.9.2 Discuss WHO criteria for Normal Semen analysis
PY9.9.3 Discuss normal sperm count, morphology, & Motility
PY9.9.4 Discuss various abnormalities of Semen
PY9.10 Discuss the physiological basis of various pregnancy tests
PY9.10.1 Enumerate different tests for pregnancy
PY9.10.2 Discuss the physiological basis for various pregnancy test
PY9.10.3 Discuss the significance of various test in pregnancy
PY9.11 Discuss the hormonal changes and their effects during perimenopause and menopause
PY9.11.1 Define Perimenopause and Menopause
PY9.11.2 Describe the changes that take place during Menopause
PY9.11.3 Discuss the hormonal changes during Perimenopause and Menopause
PY9.11.4 Discuss the effect of hormonal changes during Perimenopause and Menopause
Discuss the common causes of infertility in a couple and role of IVF in managing a case of
PY9.12
infertility
PY9.12.1 Enumerate the common causes of male infertility
PY9.12.2 Enumerate the common causes of female infertility
PY9.12.3 Describe the treatable cause of infertility
PY9.12.4 Describe IVF
PY9.12.5 Enumerate the condition treated by IVF
PY9.12.6 Discuss the role of IVF in these cases
PY11.9 Interpret growth charts

UNIT – III RESPIRATION

PY6.1 Describe the functional anatomy of respiratory tract

PY6.1.1 Describe all the generations of tracheobronchial tree
PY6.1.2 Draw a labeled diagram of respiratory unit showing its divisions
PY6.1.3 Draw a labeled diagram of respiratory membrane showing its six layers
PY6.1.4 Describe four functions of the nasal passage
PY6.1.5 Describe non-respiratory functions of respiratory tract
Describe the mechanics of normal respiration, pressure changes during ventilation, lung
PY6.2 volume and capacities, alveolar surface tension, compliance, airway resistance, ventilation,
V/P ratio, diffusion capacity of lungs
PY6.2.1 Describe the mechanics of respiration
PY6.2.2 Enumerate the muscles responsible for inspiration and forced expiration
PY6.2.3 Describe pressure volume changes during ventilation
PY6.2.4 Define compliance of lungs
PY6.2.5 Describe all factors affecting compliance of lungs
PY6.2.6 Define alveolar surface tension
PY6.2.7 Describe all factors affecting alveolar surface tension
PY6.2.8 Describe all components of work done during ventilation
PY6.2.9 Define all lung volumes and capacities
PY6.2.10 Give normal values of all lung volumes and capacities
PY6.2.11 Define diffusion capacity of gases across respiratory membrane
Give normal values of diffusion capacities for oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide at
PY6.2.12
rest and during exercise
PY6.2.13 Define ventilation perfusion ratio of lungs correctly
PY6.2.14 Describe all factors affecting ventilation perfusion ratio of lungs
PY6.3 Describe and discuss the transport of respiratory gases: Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
PY6.3.1 Describe the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues
PY6.3.2 Describe the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
PY6.3.3 Explain the tissue oxygen partial pressure buffering function of hemoglobin
PY6.3.4 Explain Bohr’s effect (shifting of oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve)
PY6.3.5 Explain how carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin
PY6.3.6 Describe the transport of carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
PY6.3.7 Describe all three forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in blood
PY6.3.8 Explain Haldane’s effect (shifting of carbon dioxide dissociation curve)
PY6.4 Describe and discuss the physiology of high altitude and deep sea diving
PY6.4.1 Explain the effects of low oxygen at high altitude on the body
PY6.4.2 Explain the effects of G forces on the body
PY6.4.3 Explain the effects of weightlessness on the body in outer space
PY6.4.5 Explain the symptoms of nitrogen narcosis in deep sea diving
PY6.4.6 Explain the effects of oxygen toxicity on the body
PY6.4.7 Explain the causes and effects of carbon dioxide toxicity on the body in deep sea diving
PY6.4.8 Explain why helium is used in place of nitrogen in breathing mixtures for deep sea diving
PY6.4.9 Explain the mechanism of action of SCUBA apparatus for deep sea diving
Describe and discuss the principles of artificial respiration, oxygen therapy, acclimatization
PY6.5
and decompression sickness
PY6.5.1 Enumerate all the indications of giving artificial respiration
PY6.5.2 Describe the mechanism of action of ventilator to give artificial respiration
PY6.5.3 Enumerate any four indications of giving oxygen therapy
PY6.5.4 Enumerate any four indications of giving hyperbaric oxygen therapy
PY6.5.5 Describe how body acclimatizes to low oxygen over a period of time
PY6.5.6 Explain what causes decompression sickness
PY6.5.7 Explain how decompression sickness can be prevented and treated
PY6.5.8 Enumerate any three symptoms of decompression sickness
Describe and discuss the pathophysiology of dyspnoea, hypoxia, cyanosis, asphyxia,
PY6.6
drowning, periodic breathing
PY6.6.1 Describe the nervous regulation of respiration
PY6.6.2 Describe the chemical regulation of respiration
PY6.6.3 Describe the types and causes of periodic breathing
PY6.6.4 Define hypoxia
PY6.6.5 Describe four types of hypoxia
PY6.6.6 Define hypercapnia
PY6.6.7 Enumerate conditions in which hypoxia and hypercapnia coexist
PY6.6.8 Describe the efficacy of oxygen therapy on various types of hypoxia
PY6.6.9 Enumerate any three causes of dyspnea
PY6.6.10 Explain the cause of cyanosis
PY6.7 Describe and discuss lung function tests & their clinical significance
PY6.7.1 Explain timed vital capacity, FEV1, FEV2 and FEV1/FVC
PY6.7.2 Explain peak expiratory flow rate
Explain differences in the values of various lung function tests in obstructive and restrictive
PY6.7.3
lung diseases

UNIT – IV CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Describe the functional anatomy of heart including chambers, sounds; and pacemakere
PY5.1
tissue & conducting system
List the layer of wall of heart chambers and function of pericardium, myocardium,
PY5.1.1
endocardium
PY5.1.2 Describe the functions of cardiac chambers, valves and production of heart sounds
PY5.1.3 Enummerate different heart sounds
PY5.1.4 Describe charecteristic of Ist and Iind Heart sound
PY5.1.5 Describe the production of heart sounds
Discuss the functions of cardiac muscle; heart as a functional syncytium, myocardial
PY5.1.6
contractile system
PY5.1.7 Discuss the cardiac contractile system
PY5.1.8 Describe & Explain the conducting system of the heart
PY5.1.9 Discuss the innervations of heart
Describe the properties of cardiac muscle including its morphology, electrical, mechanical&
PY5.2
metabolic functions
PY5.2.1 List the properties of cardiac muscle
PY5.2.2 Describe the morphology and electrical properties
PY5.2.3 Discuss the mechanical Properties of heart
PY5.2.4 Describe the metabolic functions of heart
PY5.3 Discuss the events occurring during the cardiac cycle
PY5.3.1 Define cardiac cycle & list the phases of cardiac cycle
PY5.3.2 Describe the various electromechanical events of cardiac cycle
PY5.3.3 Understand the pressure volume relationship of atria & ventricles and their dysfunctions
PY5.3.4 Describe different types of normal and abnormal heart sounds
PY5.3.5 Describe the waves of atrial pulse and JVP and their applications
PY5.4 Describe generation, conduction of cardiac impulse
PY5.4.1 Explain the generation of cardiac impulse and its characterstics
PY5.4.2 Discuss the conduction of cardiac impulse and its applied aspects
PY5.5 Describe the physiology of ECG , Its Applications and the cardiac axis
PY5.5.1 Describe the generation of different waves in ECG
PY5.5.2 Enummerate different ECG Waves, Intervals and Segment
PY5.5.3 Explain the physiology of ECG waves, intervals and segments
PY5.5.4 Discuss the Significance and Clinical implication of different waves, intervals and segment
PY5.5.5 Explain vectorogram, cardiac axis and its applications
PY5.6 Describe abnormal ECG, arrythmias, heart block & myocardial infarctions
PY5.6.1 Describe the abnormal ECG in heart blocks
PY5.6.2 Explain abnormal ECG in bradyarrythmias
PY5.6.3 Discuss abnormal ECG in tacharrythmias
PY5.6.4 Describe abnormal ECG in myocardial ischaemia
PY5.6.5 Discuss abnormal ECG in altered electrolyte concentrations
PY5.7 Describe and discuss hemodynamics of circulatory system
PY5.7.1 Apply the knowledge of various principles in understanding cardiovascular functions
PY5.7.2 Understand velocity- flow- pressure relation of blood Flow in vessels
PY5.7.3 Understand the factors governing peripheral resistance
PY5.8 Describe and discuss local and systemic cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms
PY5.8.1 Desribe the integrated mechanisms of regulation of cardiovascular functions
PY5.8.2 Explain the principles of neural and hormonal control of cardiovascular function
PY5.8.3 Explain the mechanism and importance of autoregulation of blood flow
Explain how integrated regulation of Cardiovascular function is essential for stable body
PY5.8.4
functions in different situations of health & disease
PY5.9 Describe the factors affecting heart rate , regulation of cardiac output & blood pressure
PY5.9.1 Describe the factors affecting the heart rate
PY5.9.2 Describe the factors regulating the cardiac output
PY5.9.3 Understand the factors affecting venous return
PY5.9.4 Describe the various mechanisms of blood pressure regulation
Describe and discuss regional circulation including micro circulation, lymphatic circulation,
PY5.10
coronary, cerebral, capillary, skin, fetal, pulmonary & splanchnic circulation
PY5.10.1 Describe microcirculation & lymphatic circulaton & their physiological importance
PY5.10.2 Discuss coronary & cerebral circulation & their clinical importance
PY5.10.3 Explain capillary and skin circulation & their physiological importance
PY5.10.4 Explain about fetal, pulmonary & splanchnic circulation
PY5.11 Describe pathophysiology of shock, syncope & heart failure
PY5.11.1 Explain pathophysiology of various types of shock
PY5.11.2 Describe various stages of shock and their pathophysiology
PY5.11.3 Discuss the principles of management of various types of shock
PY5.11.4 Describe the pathophysiology of various types of syncope & their management
PY5.11.5 Describe various types of heart failure and their management
Discuss & compare cardio-respiratory changes in exercise(isometric and isotonic) with that
PY11.8
in the resting state and under different environmental conditions (heat and cold)

UNIT – V EXCRETORY SYSTEM, WATER BALANCE, ACID BASE BALANCE , SKIN

PY7.1 Describe structure and function of kidney

PY7.1.1 Describe the functional anatomy of kidney
PY7.1.2 Describe the different parts of nephron
PY7.1.3 Differentiate between Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
PY7.1.4 Describe the functions of Kidney
Describe the structure and functions of juxta glomerular apparatus and role of renin-
PY7.2
angiotensin system
PY7.2.1 Describe the structure of Juxtaglomerular apparatus
PY7.2.2 Describe the functions of Juxtaglomerular apparatus
PY7.2.3 Describe the autoregulation of GFR & tubuloglomerular feedback
PY7.2.4 Describe the component of renin-angiotensin system
PY7.2.5 Describe the Renin, metabolism of Angiotensin, action of angiotensin & angiotensin Receptors
Describe the mechanism of urine formation involving processes of filtration, tubular
PY7.3
reabsorption & secretion; concentration and diluting mechanism
PY7.3.1 Describe the glomerular filtration
PY7.3.2 Describe the factors affecting glomerular filtration
PY7.3.3 Describe the determinants of glomerular filtration
PY7.3.4 Discuss the physiological control of glomerular filtration
PY7.3.5 Discuss the principle involved in Tubular Reabsorption
PY7.3.6 Describe the mechanism involved in tubular absorption
PY7.3.7 Descibe the factors that regulate tubular reabsorption
PY7.3.8 Describe the renal mechanisms for excreting concentrated and dilute urine
PY7.3.9 Describe the Countercurrent mechanism for Concentrating urine
PY7.3.10 Describe the steps involved in Countercurrent multiplier
PY7.3.11 Discuss the mechanism involved in Countercurrent Exchanger
PY7.4 Describe & discuss the significance & implication of Renal clearance
PY7.4.1 Describe renal clearance & its Significance
PY7.4.2 Enumerate substance used to estimate renal clearance
PY7.4.3 Describe the Inulin clearance, Creatine clearance & PAH clearance
PY7.5 Describe the renal regulation of fluid and electrolytes & acid-base balance
PY7.5.1 Describe the regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity
PY7.5.2 Discuss ADH hormone & its role in maintaining osmolarity
PY7.5.3 Describe the osmoreceptor-ADH feedback system
PY7.5.4 Describe the effect of drinking on fluid osmolarity
PY7.5.5 Describe the renal regulation of Sodium
PY7.5.6 Describe the renal regulation of Potassium
PY7.5.7 Describe the control of renal calcium excretion
PY7.5.8 Describe the control of renal Phosphate, Magnesium excretion.
PY7.5.9 Describe the importance of Buffering of H+
PY7.5.10 Describe Bicarbonate, phosphate & Ammonia Buffer system
PY7.5.11 Describe the Renal regulation of Acid -Base balance
PY7.6 Describe the innervations of urinary bladder, physiology of micturition and its abnormalities
PY7.6.1 Describe the innervations of urinary bladder.
PY7.6.2 Define micturition, Describe the Micturition reflex.
PY7.6.3 Describe the Facilitation or Inhibition of Micturition by the Brain.
PY7.6.4 Describe the Atonic, Automatic bladder, & Incotinence
PY7.7 Describe artificial kidney, dialysis and renal transplantation
PY7.7.1 Describe artificial kidney, dialysis and renal transplantation
PY7.7.2 Describe dialysis
PY7.7.3 Describe renal transplantation
PY7.8 Describe & discuss Renal Function Tests
PY7.8.1 Define Renal Function Test
PY7.8.2 Describe Component of Renal Function Test
PY7.8.3 Discuss the importance of Renal Function Test
PY7.9 Describe cystometry and discuss the normal cystometrogram
PY7.9.1 Define Cystometry
PY7.9.2 Describe the normal Cystometrogram
PY7.9.3 Describe the components of Normal Cystometrogram Curve
PY7.9.4 Describe the physiological basis of Normal Cystometrogram Curve
PY1.6 Describe the fluid compartments of the body, its ionic composition & measurement:
PY1.6.1 Describe the Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
PY1.6.2 Discuss the ionic composition of plasma and interstitial fluid.
Describe the measurement of fluid volumes in the different body fluid compartments— the
PY1.6.3
indicator-dilution principle
Describe the regulation of fluid exchange and osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and
PY1.6.4
extracellular fluid
PY1.6.5 Discuss the basic principles of osmosis and osmotic Pressure
PY1.6.6 Discuss the osmolality of extracellular and intracellular fluids in abnormal states
 Discuss the clinical abnormalities of fluid volume regulation: Hyponatremia and
PY1.6.7
Hypernatremia
PY1.6.8 Define oedema
PY1.6.9 Describe the safety factors that normally prevent oedema
PY1.7 Describe the concept of pH & Buffer systems in the body
PY1.7.1 Define pH and buffer
PY1.7.2 Describe the different buffer systems in human body.
PY1.7.3 Discuss the process of buffering
PY1.7.4 Discuss Henderson Hasselbach equation
Describe the regulation of fluid exchange and osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and
PY1.7.5
extracellular fluid
PY1.7.6 Define the pK of a weak acid or base.
 Department of Physiology,
J. N. Medical College
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Updated Curriculum of Physiology for Graduate Medical Students
PRACTICALS

Human Lab/Clinical Lab

PY 5.15 Examination of Cardiovascular System

PY 6.9 Examination of Respiratory System
PY4.10 Examination of Abdomen
PY10.11 Examination of Nervous System
PY10.20 Acuity of Vision and Colour Vision
PY10.20 Perimetry
PY5.12 Examination of Arterial Pulse
PY5.12 Measurement of Blood Pressure
PY5.13 Normal Electrocardiogram and calculation of mean electrical axis; duration, amplitude
of waves and intervals
PY6.8 Spirometry
PY6.10 Determination of Peak expiratory flow rate
 Hematology Lab

PY2.11 Light Microscope.

PY2.11 Chemical rack- various reagents with their use
PY2.11 Collection of blood samples
PY2.11 Preparation of blood films
PY2.11 Identification of various blood cells
PY2.11 To determine differential Leucocyte Count
PY2.11 To determine the Arneth Count.
PY2.11 Estimation of Haemoglobin Concentration
PY2.11 To determine Blood Groups
PY2.11 To determine Bleeding and Clotting time
PY2.11 To study Haemocytometry (Diluting pipettes and Neubauer's chamber)
PY2.11 To determine total RBC Count
PY2.11 To determine total WBC Count
To determine Absolute Eosinophil Count
PY2.13 To determine the Platelet Count (By Direct method and Relative method)
PY2.13 To determine Reticulocyte Count
PY2.12 To determine Osmotic Fragility of Red Blood Cells
To prepare Haemin Cystals
PY2.12 To demonstrate Packed Cell Volume and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
PY2.12 To study the Blood Indices
PY9.9, PY9.10 To demonstrate Pregnancy tests and Sperm count
Automation in Haematology
 Experimental Physiology/Computer Assisted Amphibian Lab (CAAL)

Aims and Objective of Experimental Physiology – Classification- To study &

PY3.18
demonstrate different muscles & their properties
To study the apparatus and nomenclature
PY3.18
(Including Physiograph).
PY3.18 Nerve Muscle Preparation in Skeletal muscle
PY3.18 To Demonstrate Simple Muscle Twitch and Calculate the different phases

PY3.18 To Demonstrate effect of temperature on Muscle nerve preparation

To Demonstrate Summations-
A. Effect of change of strength of stimuli (Spatial Summation)
PY3.18 B. Effect of change of frequency (Temporal Summation)
(a) Effect of two subminimal stimuli in different phases
(b) To Demonstrate Beneficial effect
(c) To Demonstrate Incomplete & Complete tetanus.
PY3.18 To Demonstrate Fatigue
To study effect of load & length on muscle contraction (free loaded &
PY3.18
after loaded)
PY3.18 To Demonstrate normal Cardiogram of Frog’s heart

PY3.18 To Demonstrate the effect of temperature on Frog’s heart

PY3.18 To Demonstrate Extrasystole & compensatory Pause

PY3.18 To Demonstrate Stannius preparation of Frog’s heart

To Demonstrate Simple Cardiac Muscle Twitch after stimulation and
PY3.18
demonstrate refractory period
PY3.18 To Demonstrate All or None law & Staircase phenomenon
PY3.18 To Demonstrate exposure of Vagus Nerve Crescent and vagal escape
PY3.18 To Demonstrate effect of drugs on Frog’s heart
Demonstration of apparatus and dissection
of intestine of rabbit
To study movements of Isolated Gut
To study effect of drugs on Rabbit Gut
Stethography.
1. Nutrition & Dietetics Principles for preparation of Diet
2. Principles of preparation of diet.
3. Principles of preparation of special diets.

PY3.16 Physical Fitness & Exercise Tolerance Tests

PY3.15 Study the Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure

PY3.14 Ergography

Glucose Tolerance Tests (recorded graph)

Demonstration of Nerve Conduction Velocity
PY11.14 Basic Life Support (demonstration)

Note - Early Clinical Exposure (ECE), Self Directed Learning (SDL), AETCOM will be
held as per the time table given by the Dean Office JNMC.