Welcome to our course module: 

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 1.
Course Description:

The Physiology course provides an understanding of how cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems function together to create one organism. It examines the physiological function
and regulation of major organ systems and their components in the human body. 
The Human Physiology Course is 16-unit annual course divided into two semestral courses:
Human Physiology 1 (1st Semester): Topics include General and Cell Physiology, Muscle
Physiology; Nerve Physiology; Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Integumentary.
 Human Physiology 2 (2nd Semester): Topics include Renal, Gastrointestinal, Endocrine,
Hematology, Reproductive System, Special Senses, Neurophysiology and special topics like
Sports physiology, fetal. 
Course Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this course module on Human Physiology I in the first semester, you
are expected to:
1.    Demonstrate understanding of the content knowledge gained on the principles of
physiologic function of cell and membrane, sensory and motor systems, musculoskeletal
and integumental, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system;
2.    Apply, analyze / evaluate and integrate the normal function of the different organ
systems of the body, the patho-physiologic mechanism of diseases usually seen in the
community and the physiologic principle involved in the treatment of these diseases;
3.    Administer, explain, discriminate / distinguish and organize your acquired knowledge
on physiologic principles through the different teaching-learning strategies, i.e. case
discussions, small group discussion and laboratory conferences / fora;
4.    Analyze, formulate / prepare and execute the  appropriate action and solution in
addressing the patho-physiologic mechanism of diseases.
We are uploading the detailed Course Guide of Human Physiology 1 for your ready
reference and guide. 

Module 1: Principles of Physiologic Function: 

This module will define and describe the cell and membrane physiology; membrane
excitability; osmosis and body fluids; epithelial and connective tissue. This module will have
four (4) sessions, to wit:

Session 1: Cell and Membrane Physiology:

Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 1, you will be able to:
  Elucidate the cell as unit of biological activity capable of self-reproduction in a
medium free of other living systems; 
 Describe the cell composition, structure and function;
 Know the transport system in the cell membrane (active and passive transport);
 Analyze the process of cell division and cell growth. 

Session 2: Membrane Excitability

Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 2,  you will be able to:

 Identify the stimuli for membrane excitability;

 Discuss the principle of depolarization;
 Identify the factors involving depolarization;
 Explain the principle of charged particles (ionic);
 Elucidate the creation of resting membrane potential and its maintenance.

Session 3: Osmosis and Body Fluids

Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 3, you will be able to:

 Elucidate the principles of osmosis

 Identify the factors involving osmosis
 Identify the variables involving osmotic pressure
 Explain different gradients involving in passive transport (concentration, pressure,
electrical)
 Discuss the principle of diffusion
 Differentiate pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Session 4: Epithelial and Connective Tissue

Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 4, you will be able to:

 Explain the physiologic significance of epithelial tissue

 Describe the physiologic significance of connective tissue
 Explain how they contribute into the skeletal system. 

Module 2: Nerve Physiology (Sensory and Motor System)

This module will define, describe and distinguish the different sensory  and motor systems,
to wit: nervous system organization, central nervous system, autonomic nervous system,
vision, hearing and balance, taste, smell and motor control system. It will consist of seven (7)
sessions, to wit:
Session 1: Nervous System Organization: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this
session 1, you will be able to:

 Identify the components of the nervous system;

 Discuss how the nervous system and endocrine system sub serve this great function
of the integrations and coordinating the various activities in the human body.

Session 2: Central Nervous System (CNS): Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this
session 2, you will be able to:

 Describe the component of the central nervous system

 Identify component of a typical nerve cell (neuron)
 Explain the physiological properties of the nerve (irritability, conductivity, excitability)
 Describe the principle of synaptic transmission involving its characteristic
 Describe the neuromuscular junctions
 Elucidate the All or None Principle involved in action potential
 Discuss the reflex arc
 Apply localization of lesions in the CNS
 Explain the role of CNS as the command center of the body. 

Session 3: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end
of this session 3, you will be able to: 

 Identify the division of the ANS: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic;

 Describe the role of the ANS in body system;
 Correlate the relationship of ANS in different organ system;
 Identify the autonomic effector cells, receptors and the neurotransmitters involved; 
 Explain the adrenergic/ muscarinic receptor sites of the parasympathetic and
sympathetic NS; 
 Describe the central mechanisms controlling the ANS; 
 Differentiate the anatomical, physiological and biochemical differences between
sympathetic and parasympathetic division. 

Session 4: Vision: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 4, you will be able
to: 

 Explain the anatomy of the eye and correlate its physiological significance as part of
the Special senses;
 Analyze the perception of light/ perception of colors and image formation by the
human eye;
 Identify the difference between rods and cones;
  Explain the difference between day and night vision.

Session 5: Hearing and Balance: Topic Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this session 5, you will be able to: 

 Explain physiological anatomy of hearing;

 Identify the 3 portions of the ear: outer ear, middle and inner ear;
 Discuss the mechanism of vibration/sound wave reinforcement; 
 Explain the mechanism of vibrating body; 
 Differentiate the Conduction, Nerve deafness and Central deafness and correlate the
tests of deafness; 

Session 6: Taste and Smell: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 6, you
will be able to: 

 Identify the two importance chemical senses (taste and smell); 

 Describe the receptors and stimulus for taste and smell; 
 Identify the fundamental taste sensations (sour, salty, sweet and bitter); 
 Correlate the mechanisms and factors involved for anosmia and aguesia. 

Session 7: Motor Control Systems: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session
7, you will be able to: 

 Identify the components of the motor control system;

 Describe the mechanism of the motor control system;
 Explain defects of motor control system. 
 Module 3: Muscle Physiology ( Musculoskeletal and Integumental
Physiology): This module will examine, distinguish and determine about skeletal
muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, bone and skin. It will consist of five (5)
sessions, to wit:

Session 1: Skeletal Muscle: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this

session 1, you will be able to: 

 Identify the component of the skeletal muscle;

 Describe the physiologic properties of skeletal muscle;
 Correlate the defects brought about by the problems of the skeletal muscle. 

Session 2: Cardiac Muscle: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 2,
you will be able to: 
 Describe the principle of muscle contraction as a mechanical change;
 Explain the excitation of the skeletal muscle fiber;
  Discuss the mechanism of excitation and contraction coupling.

Session 3: Smooth Muscle: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 3,
you will be able to: 

 Differentiate isotonic/ isometric contraction;

 Describe the mechanisms of shortening;
 Identify the different changes involving in muscle contraction;
 Describe the length and tension relationship;
 Analyze the swiveling theory of muscular contraction.

Session 4: Bone: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 4, you will be
able to: 
 Identify  the total numbers of bone in the body;
 Discuss the physiological contribution of the bones in the body in the whole
skeletal system;
 Describe the bone formation. 

Session 5: Skin: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 5, you will be
able to: 

 Identify the different layers of the skin;

 Explain the major function of the skin;
 Discuss physiological significance of an intact skin.

 Module 4: Cardiovascular System: 

This module will explain, analyze and distinguish the function and mechanism of the
cardiovascular system that is responsible for processing the oxygen and nutrients available
to every cell in the body. It will cover the cardiac excitation, cardiac mechanics, blood and
the vasculature, cardiovascular regulation and special circulations. Moreover, it will articulate
and connect the electrical properties (EKG), heart as a pump I and II, hemodynamics,
cardiovascular regulation, circulation to special region of the body. It will consist of five(5)
sessions, to wit: 

Session 1: Cardiac Excitation: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this session 1, you
will be able to: 

 Explain the action potential of the cardiac muscle;

 Identify the ion involved in the conduction of cardiac impulses;

 Describe the factors influencing cardiac output; 

 Analyze the normal ECG complex; 

 Review the parts of the conducting system of the heart and its mechanism. 

Session 2: Cardiac Mechanics: Topic Learning Outcomes:At the end of this session 2, you
will be able to: 
 Describe the hemodynamic principles of the CVS;
 Apply the different equations involved in the hemodynamics of the CVS;
 Describe the Cardiac Output measurement by Fick’s Law and other methods;
 Identify the factors affecting cardiac output and stroke volume measurement;
 Elucidate the movement of blood flow;
 Identify the physical methods of measuring blood flow;
 Discuss the principle of venous return;
 Describe the principle of circulating blood volume and vascular capacity / central
venous pressure measurement;
 Identify the principle of blood pressure measurement on the various part of the
system circulation. 

Session 3: Blood and the Vasculature: Topic Learning Outcomes:At the end of this
session 3, you will be able to: 
 Identify the physiologic properties of the blood;
 Describe the chemical composition of blood;
 Explain the process of hemostasis and describe the coagulation system;
 Identify the blood-typing procedures;
 Describe the vascular system and its physiologic components. 

Session 4: Cardiovascular Regulation: Topic Learning Outcomes: At the end of this

session 4, you will be able to: 

 Demonstrate the relationship of the nerves and humoral control of the heart; 
 Identify the innervations of the heart; 
 Analyze and explain the effect of catecholamine and sympathetic
stimulation/parasympathetic; 
 Describe the regulation of the heart rate (Chronotropic regulation); 
 Describe the regulation of atrial and ventricular contractility (Inotropic regulation); 
 Describe the regulation of the rate of conduction (Dromotropic regulation). 

Session 5: Special Circulations: Topic Learning Outcomes:At the end of this session 5,
you will be able to: 
 Identify the coronary circulation; 
 Describe the hemodynamic factor affecting coronary blood flow; 
 Identify miscellaneous factor affecting blood flow. 

Module 5: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Module 5: Respiratory System

This module will articulate, connect, diagram the integration of oxygen delivery, ventilation and
perfusion, and essential function of breathing.

It will consist of three (3) sessions.

Session 1: Lung Mechanics

Session 2: Gas Exchange

Session 3: Respiratory Regulation 

Session 2: Gas Exchange: Topic Learning Outcomes:

 Discuss the principles of gas exchange

 Participate in describing the concept of diffusion of gases through the respiratory
membrane
 Differentiate between external and internal respiration
 Describe the mechanism of the pressure in volume changes with respiration
 Analyze and explain the principles involved in the work of breathing
 Identify the pulmonary volumes and capacities
 Identify the major factors affecting vital capacity
 Describe the pathologic and physiologic variation involved in breathing. 

Session 3: Respiratory Regulation: Topic Learning Outcomes:

 Identify the factors influencing the respiratory center (nerves, chemical/humoral,

physical)
 Discuss, explain and differentiate the effects of temperature, pH, Extracellular fluid,
and arterial pCO2.
 Analyze, distinguish and apply the principles of acid base balance and correlate it
with respiration.
 Analyze and correlate the effects of vital centers in the brain in the process of
respiration.