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Course Outline
COURSE DESCRIPTION
An organ to system approach, the correlation between anatomical structure and physiological
functions, the interaction of chemicals, tissues, organs and organ systems in the maintenance of
homeostasis is presented in this course. The course is divided into two parts. Part 1 introduces
anatomy and physiology and focus on the integumentary, musculo-skeletal, nervous, endocrine,
and respiratory systems. Human Anatomy and Physiology II covers the remaining body
systems, and is taught in the second semester. Laboratory exercises are included in both courses.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Understand the meaning of anatomical and physiology terms used in this course;
4. Use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions, and body planes or
sections;
5. Explain the structure and functions of the basic tissues of the human body;
7. Describe the structure and function of the integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine,
and respiratory systems;
12. Explain the role of the musculo-skeletal system in providing support and movement of the
body;
14. Explain the role of the sense organs, nervous and endocrine systems in controlling and
integrating the body’s functions;
15. Describe the main hormones and their effects on the body;
17. Recognize the primary and secondary elements and their abbreviations found in the body;
18. Differentiate between the discrete and integrated structures and functions of each system
within the human body;
19. Determine the functions of the human body in relation to its chemical, cellular, tissue, organ,
and system structures;
21. Recognize the importance of the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology as a pre-
requisite for nursing care of patients;
Specific Objectives
6. Explain the location, structure and function of the basic tissues of the human body;
7. Describe the types, location, and function of the membranes of the human body;
9. Identify diagnostic clinical technology instruments used in diagnosing select body parts.
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Content
1. Definition
Anatomy
Physiology
Biology
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Cytology
Histology
2. Living matter
Definition
Types
Solids
Liquids
Gases
3. Structure of matter
Molecules
Atoms: protons, electrons, neutrons
Ions
Definition
Electrolytes
Types
Functions
Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
Adaptation
Organization
5. Elements
Compounds
Mixture
6. Chemical elements
Primary bio-elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Phosphorous
Sodium
Chloride
Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium
Iodine
Iron
Barium
Cobalt
Copper
Gold
Lead
Mercury
Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Distal
Proximal
Medial
Dorsal
Ventral
Lateral
Superior
Inferior
Caudal
Frontal
Horizontal
Median
Sagittal
9. Body positions
Supine
Prone
Dorsal recumbent
Lithotomy
Knee-chest
Sims’/Lateral
Trendelenburg & modified Trendelenburg
Sitting
Fowler’s
Cranial
Vertebral
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Chemical
Cellular (covered in Biochemistry)
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
A. Tissues
Definition
Basic types & functions
Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
B. Membranes
Definition
Types, location, functions
Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial
X-rays
Computerized tomography (CT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Spiral CT scans
Ultrasound images
Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA)
Position emission tomography (PET) scans.
Specific Objectives
1. Identify the different layers of the skin and their structure and functions;
2. Discuss the structure and functions of the accessory structures of the skin;
3. Compare the two kinds of glands in the skin based on structure and secretion;
7. Explain the term pigment and its role in skin colour differences among people;
8. Discuss the growth and repair process of the skin and accessory structures.
Content
Sweat gland
Sebaceous gland
Hair
Nail
Protection
Regulation of body temperature
Sensation
Absorption
Excretion
Specific Objectives
2. Discuss the classification, types, location, structure and functions, the blood and nervous
supply of bones, joints, cartilages and muscles;
3. Discuss the formation, growth and repair process of bones, joints, cartilages and muscles;
5. Describe the effects of diet on bone development in children and bone maintenance in older
adults;
6. Compare and contrast the structure of the four (4) bone classes; providing examples of each
class;
10. Describe the location, structure and function of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles;
Content
A. Skeletal System
1. Skeletal organization
Appendicular skeleton
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Axial skeleton
2. Skeletal system/Bones
Functional classifications
Synarthrodial: immovable
Aphiarthrodial: slightly
Anatomical classifications
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Gliding
Angular
Special
Fontanels
Epiphyseal plates
Fibrocartilage losses: water, flexibility
Collagen
Movement
B. Muscular system
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Tonus
Stimulation
Contraction
Response to stimuli
Lever system
Flexors
Extensors
Abductors
Adductors
E. Posture
Definition
Maintenance
Importance to body as a whole.
Specific Objectives
4. Describe resting membrane potential including its resting membrane electrochemical basis;
10. Describe the gross and microscopic structure of the spinal cord;
11. List the major spinal cord tracts, describing each in terms of its origin, termination, and
function;
12. Discuss the formation, characteristics and functions of the cerebro-spinal fluid;
15. Describe the twelve (12) pairs of cranial nerves and the body region and structures innervated
by each;
17. Outline the structure, functions and related physiology of the sense organs.
Content
2. Neurophysiology
Sensory receptors
Nerves & associated ganglia
Motor endings
8. Cranial nerves
9. Spinal nerves
Physiology of vision
Specific Objectives
7. Explain the hypothalamus and prostaglandin regulations of the functions of the endocrine
system;
8. Describe the relationship of the nervous and endocrine systems in the control and integration
of body functioning;
12. Describe feedback mechanism and its involvement in maintaining body homeostasis;
1. Endocrine system
Developmental aspects
Definition
Types & functions of each
Endocrine
Exocrine
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Ovaries
Testes
Pineal
Thymus
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Salivary
Bile-producing glands of the liver
Pancreas (pancreatic fluid)
Gastric
5. Hormones
Types
Chemistry
Mechanisms of hormone action
Hormone target cell specificity
Half-life, onset & duration of hormone activity
Control of hormone release
Hypothalamus
Prostaglandin
7. Stress syndrome
Definition
Concepts
Stressors
Mechanism of stress
8. Homeostasis
Definition
Purpose
Significance
Mechanism
Factors affecting homeostasis
Feedback mechanism & maintenance of homeostasis
Specific Objectives
10. Explain the physiology of ventilation, arterialisation, alveolar exchange, and gas transport;
12. Relate one law concerning gas to the internal respiratory process;
13. Outline the role of the respiratory system in the maintenance of acid-base balance;
Content
Mucous membranes
Nose
Nasal cavity
Para-nasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs
Divisions
5. Physiology of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal respiration
Types of breathing
Cellular respiration
Dalton’s law
Boyle’s law
Gaseous exchange in lungs
8. Regulation of respiration
pH of blood
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Haemoglobin
Lecture/Discussion
Demonstration
Charts & Models
PowerPoint presentation
Laboratory sessions
Diagramming
Case studies
Student-led presentations
Classroom
Library
Anatomy laboratory
Clinical Learning Centre (Nursing Skills Laboratory)
Learning Experiences
Laboratory exercises
Use of diagnostic instruments of the nervous system including the sensory organs
Required Skills
Required Reading
McConnell, T. H. & Hull, K. L. (2011). Human form and function: Essentials of anatomy&
physiology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Recommended Reading
Cohen, B. J. & Taylor, J. (2005). Memmler’s structure and function of the human. Philadelphia:
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Shier, D., Lewis, R. & Butler, J. (2002). Hole’s human anatomy & physiology. New York:
McGraw Hill.
Tortora, Gerard J. & Derrickson, Bryan H. (2011). Principles of anatomy and physiology.
Somerset, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Web Resources
Paul A. J. Kolarsick, P., Kolarsick, M., Goodwin, C. (2011). Anatomy & physiology of the skin.
Journal of the Dermatology Nurses Association, 3(4), 1-11. Doi:
10.1097/JDN.0b013e3182274a98.