MICROBIOLOGY

LECTURE

 Mesosomes
THE BACTERIAL CELL AND ITS  invaginations of the cell membrane
STRUCTURES Functions:
o shown in cell division
o ▪ binding site of DNA
1. CELL WALL
 maintains cell shape 3. CYTOPLASM
 determines if the bacteria is Gram (+) or Gram (–)  contains the Cytosol or the Amorphous Matrix to
 protects against osmotic pressure change which nearly all other functions not conducted by the
cell membrane occur
a. Peptidoglycan  it is where interior structures are suspended
 thicker in Gram +
 susceptible to tears, saliva and mucus due to the Contents:
presence of the lysozyme a) Ribosomes
Functions:  for protein synthesis
 maintains integrity of the cell wall  it is significant because it is the target of
some antibiotics
 target of some antibiotics
 Ex. Penicillin
b) Granules
 storage sites of nutrients
PROTOPLAST  also important for staining purposes
 Seen in bacteria whose peptidoglycan layer is
Ex. Corynebacterium - Babes-Earnst
removed but are still viable, this makes them resistant
Mycobacterium - Much’s
to penicillin
Yersinia - Bipolar bodies
b. Teichoid Acid
c) Nucleoid
 protein attached to the peptidoglycan layer
 found in Gram + only  single circular molecule of DNA
Functions: antigenic  the essence of a Prokaryote

c. Outer Membrane d) Plasmids

 found in Gram negative only  extrachromosomal circular molecule of DNA
 composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoprotein  it can replicate by themselves independent
and phospholipids from the chromosomes
 it can be integrated into the DNA of another
PERIPLASMIC SPACE nucleoid
 space between the outer membrane and the plasma
membrane TYPES OF PLASMIDS
1. Transmissible
Other Properties:  transferred from one bacteria to another
 Endotoxin (LPS) thru CONJUGATION by the pili
 Antigenic- capable of producing Antibodies 2. Non-transmissible
Ex. Streptococcus pyogenes (ASTO), Salmonella Functions:
typhi (Typhidot)  Antibiotic Resistance – this is the reason
 Contains proteins- regulates the passage of materials why resistance of bacteria to antibiotics are
from inside to outside. carried from one bacteria to another.
 Resistance to heavy metals
2. CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE/ PLASMA  Resistance to UV light
MEMBRANE
 similar to eukaryotes (phospholipid bilayer) e) Transposons
 - fluid mosaic model  also known as Jumping Genes
Functions:  these are short straight extrachromosomal
a. Active Transport molecule of DNA
 requires energy Functions:
 movement is against concentration gradient  Drug resistance
b. Energy Generation  Mutations
 oxidative, phosphorylation
c. Synthesis for the precursors of the Cell Wall
d. Secretion of enzymes and toxins SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES

NAME 1
 1. CAPSULE
 an excretory product that is polysaccharide in nature d) Cortex Synthesis
Importance: e) Coat Deposition
a. Virulence f) Maturation
 limits phagocytosis g) Lysis of Mother Cell
 encapsulated bacteria are pathogenic

b. Identification
 in the Neufeld-Quellung Reaction for Streptococcus
pneumoniae

c. Production of Vaccines
 due to its high antigenic properties

d. Adherence or Attachment

2. FLAGELLA
 contains the protein flagellin
 requires energy
Functions: Locomotion – observed thru the hanging drop slide
or in biochemical tests

Importance:
a. Chemotaxis – attraction to chemical stimuli
b. Identification

Arrangement:
a. Atrichous
 no flagellum
b. Monotrichous
 1 flagellum at one pole
c. Lophotrichous
 tuft of flagella at one pole
d. Amphitrichous
 tuft of flagella at both poles
e. Peritrichous
 flagellated all over

3. FIMBRIAE OR PILI
 straight and short appendages
 contains the protein pilin
 seen in Gram (–) bacteria

Importance:
 Attachment
 Sex Pilus – for conjugation

4. GLYCOCALYX OR SLIME LAYER

 composed of loose polysaccharides
Functions: adherence or attachment
E.g. Streptococcus mutans

5. SPORES
 formed in response to adverse conditions in the
environment
Functions: Protection

Processes of Sporulation
a) Axial Filament formation
b) Forespore Septum formation
 infolding of the cell membrane to produce a double
membrane

c) Engulfment of Forespore
 results to the synthesis of 2 special layers forming the
cell envelope

NAME 2