Membrane Structure and

Function
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Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Outline
⚫ Membrane Models
⚫ Fluid-Mosaic
⚫ Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
⚫ Phospholipids
⚫ Proteins
⚫ Plasma Membrane Permeability
⚫ Diffusion
⚫ Osmosis
⚫ Transport Via Carrier Proteins
⚫ Cell Surface Modifications

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Structure and Function:
The Phospholipid Bilayer
⚫ The plasma membrane is common to all cells
⚫ Separates:
⚫ Internal living cytoplasmic from
⚫ External environment of cell
⚫ Phospholipid bilayer:
⚫ External surface lined with hydrophilic polar heads
⚫ Cytoplasmic surface lined with hydrophilic polar heads
⚫ Nonpolar, hydrophobic, fatty-acid tails sandwiched in
between

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Membrane Models
⚫ Fluid-Mosaic Model
⚫ Three components:
⚫ Basic membrane referred to as phospholipid
bilayer
⚫ Protein molecules
⚫ Float around like icebergs on a sea
⚫ Membrane proteins may be peripheral or integral
⚫ Peripheral proteins are found on the inner membrane
surface
⚫ Integral proteins are partially or wholly embedded
(transmembrane) in the membrane
⚫ Some have carbohydrate chains attached
⚫ Cholesterol

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Animation
Animation
The Fluid Mosaic Model
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Transmembrane Proteins
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peripheral
proteins

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Functions of Membrane Proteins
⚫ Channel Proteins:
⚫ Tubular
⚫ Allow passage of molecules through membrane
⚫ Carrier Proteins:
⚫ Combine with substance to be transported
⚫ Assist passage of molecules through membrane
⚫ Cell Recognition Proteins:
⚫ Provides unique chemical ID for cells
⚫ Help body recognize foreign substances
⚫ Receptor Proteins:
⚫ Binds with messenger molecule
⚫ Causes cell to respond to message
⚫ Enzymatic Proteins:
⚫ Carry out metabolic reactions directly

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Membrane Protein Diversity
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Channel Protein:
Allows a particular
molecule or ion to
cross the plasma
membrane freely.
Cystic fibrosis, an
inherited disorder,
is caused by a
faulty chloride (Cl–)
channel; a thick
mucus collects in
airways and in
pancreatic and
liver ducts.
a.
Receptor Protein:
Is shaped in such a
way that a specific
molecule can bind to
it. Pygmies are short,
not because they do
not produce enough
growth hormone, but
because their plasma
membrane growth
hormone receptors
are faulty and cannot
interact with growth
hormone.
d.
Carrier Protein:
Selectively interacts
with a specific
molecule or ion so
that it can cross the
plasma membrane.
The inability of some
persons to use
energy for sodium-
potassium (Na+–K+)
transport has been
suggested as the
cause of their obesity.
b.
Enzymatic Protein:
Catalyzes a specific
reaction. The membrane
protein, adenylate
cyclase, is involved in
ATP metabolism. Cholera
bacteria release a toxin
that interferes with the
proper functioning of
adenylate cyclase;
sodium (Na+) and water
leave intestinal cells, and
the individual may die
from severe diarrhea.
e.
Cell Recognition
Protein:
The MHC (major
histocompatibility
complex) glycoproteins
are different for each
person, so organ
transplants are difficult
to achieve. Cells with
foreign MHC
glycoproteins are
attacked by white blood
cells responsible for
immunity.
c.
Junction Proteins:
Tight junctions join
cells so that a tissue
can fulfill a function, as
when a tissue pinches
off the neural tube
during development.
Without this
cooperation between
cells, an animal
embryo would have no
nervous system.
f.
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Types of Transport: Active vs. Passive

⚫ Plasma membrane is differentially (selectively)

permeable
⚫ Allows some material to pass
⚫ Inhibits passage of other materials
⚫ Passive Transport:
⚫ No ATP requirement
⚫ Molecules follow concentration gradient
⚫ Active Transport
⚫ Requires carrier protein
⚫ Requires energy in form of ATP

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Passage of Molecules Across the
Membrane
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Types of Membrane Transport: Overview

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charged molecules
and ions

H2O

noncharged
molecules

macromolecule

phospholipid
molecule

protein

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Types of Transport: Diffusion
⚫ A solution consists of:
⚫ A solvent (liquid), and
⚫ A solute (dissolved solid)
⚫ Diffusion
⚫ Net movement of solute molecules down a
concentration gradient
⚫ Molecules both ways along gradient
⚫ More move from high to low concentration than vice
versa
⚫ Equilibrium:
⚫ When NET change stops
⚫ Solute concentration uniform – no gradient

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Gas Exchange in Lungs: Diffusion
Across Lung
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bronchiole
O2

O2
O2 O2

O2 O2
O2
oxygen
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2

alveolus capillary

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Types of Membrane Transport: Diffusion

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time time

crystal
dye

a. Crystal of dye is placed in water b. Diffusion of water and dye molecules c. Equal distribution of molecules results

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Animation
Types of Transport: Osmosis
⚫ Osmosis:
⚫ Special case of diffusion
⚫ Focuses on solvent (water) movement rather than
solute
⚫ Diffusion of water across a differentially (selectively)
permeable membrane
⚫ Solute concentration on one side high, but water
concentration low
⚫ Solute concentration on other side low, but water
concentration high
⚫ Water diffuses both ways across membrane but
solute can’t
⚫ Net movement of water is toward low water (high
solute) concentration
⚫ Osmotic pressure is the pressure that develops
due to osmosis
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Types of Transport: Osmosis

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less water (higher more water (lower

percentage of solute) percentage of solute)
<10%
10% water solute

more water (lower 5% thistle >5% less water (higher

percentage of solute) tube percentage of solute)
a. c.

differentially
permeable
membrane

beaker

b.

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Animation
Types of Transport: Osmosis
⚫ Isotonic Solution
⚫ Solute and water concentrations equal on both
sides of membrane
⚫ Hypotonic Solution
⚫ Concentration of solute lower than on other side
⚫ Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell
⚫ May cause cells to break – Lysis
⚫ Hypertonic Solution
⚫ Concentration of solute higher than on other side
⚫Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink –
Plasmolysis
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Osmotic Effects on Cells
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Animal plasma
cells membrane

nucleus

In an isotonic solution, there is no In a hypotonic solution, water In a hypertonic solution, water

net movement of water. mainly enters the cell, which may mainly leaves the cell, which
burst (lysis). shrivels (crenation).

Plant
cells

cell
wall
nucleus
central
vacuole plasma
membrane

chloroplast

In an isotonic solution, there is no In a hypotonic solution, vacuoles In a hypertonic solution, vacuoles

net movement of water. fill with water, turgor pressure lose water, the cytoplasm shrinks
develops, and chloroplasts are (plasmolysis), and chloroplasts
seen next to the cell wall. are seen in the center of the cell.

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CELL TRANSPORT
Types of Transport: Carrier Proteins
⚫ Facilitated Transport
⚫ Small molecules
⚫ Can’t get through membrane lipids

⚫ Combine with carrier proteins

⚫ Follow concentration gradient

⚫ Active Transport
⚫ Small molecules
⚫ Move against concentration gradient

⚫ Combining with carrier proteins

⚫ Requires energy

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Animation

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Facilitated Transport:
The Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Types of Transport:
Membrane-Assisted Transport
⚫ Macromolecules transported into or out of
the cell inside vesicles
⚫ Exocytosis – Vesicles fuse with plasma
membrane and secrete contents
⚫ Endocytosis – Cells engulf substances into
pouch which becomes a vesicle
⚫ Phagocytosis – Large, solid material into vesicle
⚫ Pinocytosis – Liquid or small, solid particles go into
vesicle
⚫ Receptor-Mediated – Specific form of pinocytosis
using a coated pit

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Membrane-Assisted Transport: Exocytosis
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plasma membrane Outside

Inside
secretory
vesicle

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Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Membrane-Assisted Transport:
Three Types of Endocytosis
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plasma membrane
paramecium

pseudopod vacuole
forming

vacuole

a. Phagocytosis 399.9 m

vesicles
forming

solute
vesicle

b. Pinocytosis 0.5 m

receptor protein

coated coated
pit vesicle

solute
coated vesicle
coated pit

c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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