❖ Cell Cycle and Mitosis Cytokinesis

Four Phases of Cell Cycle

o G1 – Cell grows rapidly. Processes:
▪ Protein Synthesis
▪ Chromosomes unwound
o S – DNA replication
o G2 – Cell grows larger in size in preparation
for cell division.
o Cell division
▪ Mitosis – Somatic cells (body cells). 2
daughter cells. Identical. Growth. Repair.
Reproduction.
▪ Meiosis – Sex cells (gametes). 4 daughter
cells. Different. Reproduction.
❖ Meiosis
o Division of sex cells or gametes.

o Produces cells with half the number of

chromosomes as the original cell.

Gametogenesis – The process by which diploid

precursor cells undergo meiotic division to
become haploid gametes.
▪ Male – Spermatogenesis
▪ Female – Oogenesis
Homologous
Chromosome – Two
pieces of DNA
within a diploid
organism that carry
the same genes, one
from each parental
source.
Centromere – The
specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that
links a pair of sister chromatids.
Kinetochore – Where the spindle fibers attach
during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart.
Synaptonemal complex – A protein structure that
forms between homologous chromosomes during
meiosis and is thought to mediate synapsis and ❖ Regulation of Cell Cycle.
recombination during meiosis I. External Factors
Chemical
o Radiation o Drugs
o Toxins o Viruses
Physical
A centrosome is an
organelle. Each o Contact Inhibition – When a cell touches
centrosome consists of another cell, it stops dividing.
two centrioles. Helps in
the formation of spindle
fibers.

o Anchorage Dependent – Cell grows when

surface is available and stop dividing when
detached from culture dish. Cells send signals
to the other dividing cells, telling them to stop
dividing because no more space is available.

External Factors may trigger Internal Factors

Internal Factors Integral Protein – Integrated into the lipid bilayer.
Function:
o Kinases controls cell cycle and is activated by
Cyclins. o Channels or transports molecules across the
membrane.
o Other integral proteins act as cell receptors.
o Some integral membrane proteins are responsible
for cell adhesion.
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes Peripheral Protein – Directs the cytoskeleton.
Oncogenes o Control the shape and size of the cell.
o At first Proto Oncogenes (promote cell cycle) o move around products of the metabolism.
o Gain-of-function mutation. (Vesicles)
o Acceleration of the cell.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
o At first genes that slow down cell cycle.
o Loss-of-function mutation.
o No repair DNA, no initiation of apoptosis, no
cell cycle arrest.
o Uncontrolled cell proliferation.
❖ Cell Membrane
Types of Transport Proteins

Protein Channel – Lets water molecules or small

ions through quickly.
Carrier Protein – Involved in facilitated diffusion
and active transport of substances out of or into the
cell.

Fluid Mosaic Model Transport in Cell Membrane

Fluid – Lipids and proteins move relative to each o Size

other within the membrane. o Charge
o Solubility
Mosaic – For having diverse protein, cholesterol,
and carbohydrate molecules embedded in its Transport Across the Cell Membrane
structure.
Passive – Does not require energy. Examples:
Plasma Membrane
o Simple diffusion
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids – Receptors for o Facilitated diffusion
chemical signals. ▪ Transport proteins are needed to move
molecules from an area of greater
 concentration to an area of lower
concentration.

o Osmosis
▪ Water molecules move from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
Environment of the cell
o Hypertonic – Solute concentration is higher
than that of the cell. Types of Endocytosis
o Hypotonic – Solute concentration is equal to
that of the cell.
o Isotonic – Solute concentration is lower than
that of the cell.
Active – Requires energy.
Bulk
Modes of Bulk Transport Exocytosis – Products are excreted from the cell.

o Phagocytosis – A cellular process for ingesting

and eliminating particles including
microorganisms, foreign substances, and
apoptotic cells.
o Pinocytosis – Pinocytosis (“pino” means “to
drink”) is a process by which the cell takes in
the fluids along with dissolved small
molecules.
o Receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis
▪ Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a form of
endocytosis in which receptor proteins on
the cell surface are used to capture a
specific target molecule. The receptors,
which are transmembrane proteins, cluster
in regions of the plasma membrane known
as coated pits.