Human Anatomy and Physiology (Laboratory)

BSN 1108 (Week 3)

CELL - Important because large volume changes
 Smallest/ basic unit of life caused by water movement disrupt normal
 Protection and support cell function.
 Movement Cell shrinkage or swelling
 Communication - Isotonic: Cells retain their normal size and
 Cell metabolism and energy release shape in isotonic solutions.
 Reproduction - Hypertonic: cell shrinks : Cells lose water by
MAIN PARTS OF THE CELL osmosis and shrink in a hypertonic solution
- Hypotonic: cell swells (lysis) : Cells take on
Plasma Membrane
water by osmosis until they become bloated and
 Outer boundary, selective permeable barrier burst in a hypotonic solution.
 Phospholipid bilayer with embedded protein Types of active transport: An active process occurs whenever a
 Intracellular versus extracellular cell uses energy to move solutes across the membrane.
 Membrane potential o Primary active transport NA+ K+ Pump
 Glycolipids and glycoproteins - process in which solutes are moved across
- Function cell membranes against electrochemical
 Physical barrier gradients using energy supplied directly by
 Selective permeability ATP.
 Communication o Secondary Active Transport
 Cell recognition - transport is driven by energy stored in
 Membrane Lipids concentration gradients of ions created by
Phospholipids primary active transport pumps.
- Hydrophilic and hydrophobic heads Vesicular Transport: Moves substances into the cell
(endocytosis) and out of the cell (exocytosis). It is also used for
Cholesterol
combination processes such as transcytosis and vesicular
- 20% of membrane lipid is cholesterol
trafficking.
 Membrane proteins
Transcytosis: Moves substances into, across, and then out of the
- Communicate with the environment cell. Endothelial cells lining blood vessels because it provides a
- Responsible for different specialized membrane functions quick means to get substances from the blood to the interstitial
(Integrals & peripheral proteins) fluid.
 Membrane Carbohydrates and Glycocalyx Vesicular trafficking: Moves substances from one area (or
- Glycolipids & glycoproteins membrai1ous orgai1elle) in the cell to another.
- Glycocalyx The cytoplasm
 Cell Junction
 The cellular material between the plasma membrane and
Tight Junctions
the nucleus; and is the site of most cellular activities.
 Impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing
 Cytosol
through intercellular space.
- Is the viscous, semitransparent fluid in which the other
Desmosomes
cytoplasmic elements are suspended.
 Anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together like a
- It is a complex mixture with properties of both a colloid
molecular “Velcro” and help form an internal tension-
and a true solution.
reducing network of fibers.
Gap Junctions
 Organelles
 Communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules
- Are the metabolic machinery of the cell. Each type of
to pass for intercellular communication.
organelle carries out a specific function for the cell some
 Movement and membrane transport
synthesize proteins, others generate ATP, and so on.
Types of passive transport
Diffusion - movement of molecules or ions from an Centrioles
area where they are in higher concentration to an  Specialized zone near nucleus: Centrosome
area where they are in lower concentration  Each unit consists of microtubules
(concentration gradient).  Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell
o Simple Diffusion and become spindle fibers.
- substances diffuse directly through the lipid Cilia
bilayer.  Appendages projecting from cell surfaces
o Facilitated Diffusion  Capable of movement
o Facilitated Diffusion  Moves materials over the cell surface
- transported substance either (1) binds to Flagella
carrier proteins (2) channel proteins.
o Osmosis  Similar to cilia but longer
 Usually only one exists per cell
- diffusion of a solvent, through a selectively
permeable membrane.  Move the cell itself in wavelike motion
Example: Sperm cell
- occurs whenever the water concentration
differs on the two sides of a membrane Ribosomes
 Sites of protein synthesis
 Composed of a large
Human Anatomy and Physiology (Laboratory)
BSN 1108 (Week 3)
 and small sub-unit
Types
 Free
 Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 An extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel
sacs called cisternae.
Rough ER: Attached ribosomes. Proteins produced and
modified.
Smooth ER: No attached ribosomes Manufacture lipids
Golgi Apparatus
 Modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids
for secretion or internal use
 Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other
Lysosome
 spherical membranous organelles containing activated
hydrolytic (digestive) enzyme
 phagocytosis
Peroxisomes
 Resembling small lysosomes, peroxisomes
 Contain enzymes to break down fatty and amino acids
 Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of breakdown.
Proteasomes
 Consist of large protein complexes
 Include several enzymes that break down and recycle
proteins in cell.
The mitochondria
 Powerhouse of the cell
 ATP Synthesis

Cristae
- Infoldings of inner membrane
Matrix
- Substance located in space formed by inner
membrane
Nucleus
 "Control center" and contain genes (DNA)
Consists of:
Nuclear Envelope
- Separates nucleus from cytoplasm and regulates
movement of materials in and out
Chromatin
- Condenses to form chromosomes during cell
division
Nucleolus
- Assembly site of large and small ribosomal units.
Overview of Protein Synthesis
Transcription
 Copies DNA to form mRNA
 tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome
Translation
 Synthesis of a protein and ribosome
Human Anatomy and Physiology (Laboratory)
BSN 1108 (Week 3)
CELLS AND BASIC TISSUES OF THE BODY
Structural Organization

Types of Tissues
 Epithelial
 Connective
 Nervous
 Muscle
Epithelial
o Layer
- Simple
- Stratified
o Shape
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
 Simple squamous epithelium
- Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped
central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest
the epithelia.
- Allows materials to pass by diffusion and
filtration in sites where protection is not
important; secretes lubricating substances in
serosae.
 Simple cuboidal Epithelium
- Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical
central nuclei.
- Secretion and absorption
 Simple columnar epithelium
- Single layer of tall cells with round to oval
nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain
mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet
cells)
- Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and
other substances; ciliated type propels
mucus )or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.