Lesson 2 - Major Cell Parts and Their Functions Part 1

Cell Parts and their
Corresponding Functions
General Biology 1[1/2]

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
In cities, buildings
cater various forms
of services to
increase
productivity. They
also have structures
and other security
measures that
regulate the entry
and exit of people.
2
Our cells also rely on
biomolecules that
provide shape and
rigidity to them. In
addition, our cells
manage to become
selective to the
molecules that will
move through it.
3
How can one distinguish
the major parts of the cell?
4
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Describe the parts of the cell and the

corresponding function of each part.
● Discuss how the endomembrane system works.
● Make an analogy on how the different cell

structures work as one cell.
5
Overview of the Regions of the Cell
The cell has three major divisions, namely, the plasma

membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. 6
Overview of the Regions of the Cell
The cell consists of both membrane-bound and

non-membrane-bound organelles. 7
How do the major cellular
structures help in the different
cellular processes?
8
Structural Components of the Plasma Membrane
Roles of Roles of
Structure Lipid Bilayer Membrane Proteins
Plasma Membrane
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
The plasma membrane is the cell’s primary barrier. 9

Roles of Roles of
Plasma Membrane
● Cell membrane or plasma membrane
separates the cytoplasm from external
Cytoskeleton
environment.
Cytoplasm ● It comprises the following:

❖ phospholipids ❖ glycolipids
Cell Wall ❖ cholesterol ❖ glycoproteins
❖ membrane proteins
10
Roles of Roles of
Plasma Membrane
● Each of the phospholipids consists of
the following:
Cytoskeleton
○ head region
■ phosphate group
Cytoplasm
■ hydrophilic
○ tail region
Cell Wall ■ two fatty acid chains
■ hydrophobic
11
Roles of Roles of
Plasma Membrane
● Phospholipids make up the
phospholipid bilayer.
Cytoskeleton
○ two phospholipid layers
■ Phosphate heads face the
Cytoplasm
cytoplasm and the cell’s exterior.
■ Fatty acid tails are sandwiched.
Cell Wall
12
Roles of Roles of
Plasma Membrane
● The fluid mosaic model describes the
membrane structure.
Cytoskeleton
○ mosaic of different molecules such
as proteins, sugars, and cholesterol
Cytoplasm
○ fluidity due to its natural viscosity
Cell Wall
13
Roles of Roles of
Plasma Membrane
● Selective permeability is an important
property of the lipid bilayer, in which it
Cytoskeleton
only allows certain molecules to move
into and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
14
Roles of Roles of
Plasma Membrane
Permeable
Cytoskeleton
small
Lipids Alcohol
molecules
Cytoplasm
carbon
oxygen nitrogen dioxide
water
Cell Wall
15
Roles of Roles of
Plasma Membrane
Impermeable
Cytoskeleton
polar molecules large molecules
Cytoplasm
amino nucleic
glucose proteins
Cell Wall acids acids
16
Roles of Roles of
Plasma Membrane
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Transport proteins in the membrane may either be
in the form of carrier proteins or channel proteins17
Roles of Roles of
Plasma Membrane
channel passageway of certain
proteins molecules
Membrane Proteins
Cytoskeleton
carrier change conformation
proteins to transport molecules
Cytoplasm cell detect invading

recognition pathogens
proteins
Cell Wall
receptor binding of molecules
proteins to trigger responses
18
The Cytoskeletal Elements
Intermediate
Microtubules Microfilaments Filaments
Plasma Membrane
● This consists of a
network of
Cytoskeleton
protein fibers
that gives the cell
Cytoplasm
its structural
framework.
The cytoskeletal elements
Cell Wall
can be observed by using
fluorescence techniques.19
Intermediate
Plasma Membrane
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall In addition to providing a structural framework to the cell, the

cytoskeleton also serves other functions such as movement of
organelles, macromolecules, and chromosomes.
20
Intermediate
Plasma Membrane
● These consist of helically arranged
globular proteins called tubulin.
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
A microtubule is a helix of
ɑ-tubulin and β-tubulin subunits. 21
Intermediate
Plasma Membrane
● It radiate from the centrosomes
● Form spindle fibers that move chromosomes
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
A microtubule is a helix of
ɑ-tubulin and β-tubulin subunits. 22
Intermediate
Plasma Membrane
● They consist of
long fibers of
Cytoskeleton
actin protein,
making them
Cytoplasm
the thinnest
cytoskeleton.
Cell Wall Fluorescent actin
microfilaments from
mouse embryo 23
Intermediate
Plasma Membrane
● They help
facilitate cell
Cytoskeleton
and organelle
movement.
Cytoplasm
● They can help
change the
Cell Wall shape of the Fluorescent actin
microfilaments from
cell.
mouse embryo 24
Intermediate
Plasma Membrane
● Helps maintain cell shape
● Anchors the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Intermediate filaments provide structural
integrity to the plasma membrane 25
Structural Components of the Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane ● This is where

all different
Cytoskeleton subcellular
structures are
Cytoplasm
suspended.
Cross-section view of a plant

Cell Wall cell showing organelles in
the cytoplasm
26
Structural Components of the Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane ● It is composed

of the cytosol,
a semifluid
Cytoskeleton
solution that
consists of
Cytoplasm water and
inorganic and Cross-section view of a plant
cell showing organelles in
Cell Wall organic
the cytoplasm
molecules.
27
Structural Components of the Cell Wall
Plasma Membrane ● Cell wall is a rigid structure that

surrounds the cell membrane.
Cytoskeleton
● It helps maintain the shape of

Cytoplasm cells and prevent them from
bursting.
Cell Wall
28
Plasma Membrane ● Most bacteria

have cell wall
made up of
Cytoskeleton
peptidoglycan.
Cytoplasm ● The cell wall in

some fungi
Cell Wall consists of Bacterial cell capsule
chitin. consists of peptidoglycan
29
● In plant cells, the cell wall consists of

Plasma Membrane mesh-like cellulose fibers.
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Plant cell walls prevent the cell from bursting
should excess water is absorbed. 30
Let’s Sum It Up!
The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and cell wall all

contribute to the cell’s maintenance and survival.
31
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The cell is divided into main regions:

○ The plasma membrane is mostly composed of
phospholipids. It serves as the primary barrier
of the cell and is semi-permeable in nature.
○ The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
The cytoskeletal elements provide support and
framework and facilitate motility in cells.
32
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The cell is divided into main regions:

○ The cytoplasm is a jelly-like structure composed
of the semi-fluid cytosol where all organelles
and other cellular contents are immersed or
suspended.
○ The cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan in
bacterial cells and cellulose in plant cells. It
gives a rigid structure for the cell and prevents
it from bursting.
33
Photo Credit Bibliography
Hoefnagels, Marielle. Biology: The Essentials.
2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.
Mader, Sylvia S., and Michael Windelspecht.

Biology. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
● Slide 26-27: MEF microfilaments by Y tambe
Reece, Jane B, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean
is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via L. Dickey, and Kelly Hogan. Biology
Wikipedia. Concepts and Connections. 8th ed. Pearson
Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2016.
Simon, Eric J., and Jane B. Reece. Campbell

Essential Biology. 5th ed. Pearson Education
Inc., 2013.
Starr, Cecie, Christine A. Evers, and Lisa Starr.

Biology Today and Tomorrow. 4th ed. Cengage
Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2014. 34

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Cell Parts and their

General Biology 1[1/2]

● Describe the parts of the cell and the

● Discuss how the endomembrane system works.

● Make an analogy on how the different cell

The cell has three major divisions, namely, the plasma

The cell consists of both membrane-bound and

The plasma membrane is the cell’s primary barrier. 9

Cytoplasm ● It comprises the following:

Cytoplasm cell detect invading

Cell Wall In addition to providing a structural framework to the cell, the

Plasma Membrane ● This is where

Cross-section view of a plant

Plasma Membrane ● It is composed

Plasma Membrane ● Cell wall is a rigid structure that

● It helps maintain the shape of

Plasma Membrane ● Most bacteria

Cytoplasm ● The cell wall in

● In plant cells, the cell wall consists of

The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and cell wall all

● The cell is divided into main regions:

● The cell is divided into main regions:

Mader, Sylvia S., and Michael Windelspecht.

Simon, Eric J., and Jane B. Reece. Campbell

Starr, Cecie, Christine A. Evers, and Lisa Starr.

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