What factor determined of animal performance?

What exactly happened when animal perform

their growth and production?

How animal production related to biochemical

reaction in the animal body?
Cell Structure and
Function
Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Organelles – structures for cell function
• Control center with DNA
 Cell Walls
Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
Surrounds plasma membrane

Structure :
thick, rigid,and boxlike.Consist of
cellulose fibrils
encased in a cement of
polysacharides and proteins.
Function:
The rather porous cell wall protects the cell membrane
from mechanical or osmotic rupture, firmly fixes the
position of the cell, and confers physical shape and
strength upon plant tissue.
 Plasma Membrane
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
 Plasma Menbrane
STRUCTURE :
Membrane composed of a double
layer of lipids (phospholipids,
cholesterol) within which proteins
are embedded; proteins may
extend entirely through the lipid
bilayer or protrude on only one
face
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 Phospholipids

• Polar
– Hydrophylic head
– Hydrophobic tail

• Interacts with water

 Plasma Membrane

FUNCTION :
 Serves as an external cell barrier
 acts in transport of substances
into or out of the cell;
 externally facing proteins act as
receptors (for hormones,
neurotransmitters) and in cell-to-
cell recognition

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 Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain chemicals
 Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production of substances
 Cytoplasm
• Cellular region between the nuclear
and plasma membranes
• consists of fluid cytosol
• containing
dissolved solutes,
inclusions (stored
nutrients,
pigments
granules),
organelies,
the metabolic
machinery of
the cytoplasm
 Organelles
• Cellular
machinery
• Two general
kinds
– Derived from
membranes
(membranuous)
– Bacteria-like
organelles
Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Derived from symbiotic bacteria

• Ancient association

• Endosymbiotic theory
– Evolution of modern cells from
cells & symbiotic bacteria
 Membranous Organelles
• Functional components within cytoplasm
• Bound by membranes
 Nucleus
STRUCTURE :
Surrounded by the nuclear
membrane; contains fluid
nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and
chromatin

FUNCTION:
Control center of the cell;
responsible for transmitting genetic
information and providing the
instructions for protein synthesis
 Nuclear Envelope
STRUCTURE:
Double bilipid membrane
containing proteins; pierced
by pores; continuous with
the cytoplasmic ER

FUNCTION:
Separates the nucleoplasm
from the cytoplasm and
regulates passage of
substances to and from the
nucleus
 Nucleolus
STRUCTURE :
Dense spherical (non-membrane-
bounded) bodies
FUNCTION:
• Forms ribosomes (Site
of ribosome subunit
manufacture)
• Most cells have 2 or more
• Directs synthesis of RNA
 DNA

• Hereditary material

• Chromosomes
– DNA
– Protiens
– Form for cell division
• Chromatin
 RIBOSOME

STRUCTURE:
Dense particles consisting
of two subunits, each composed
of ribosomal RNA and proteins;
free or attached to rough ER
FUNGSI :
The sites of protein synthesis

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells

• Network of interconnected membranes

• Two types
– Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• STRUCTURE:
Membrane system enclosing a cavity, the cisterna, and
coiling through the cytoplasm; externally studded
with ribosome's
FUNCTION:
Makes proteins that are secreted from the cell; makes
the cell's membrane, detoxication
May modify proteins from ribosomes (add carbohydrate :
glycoprotein)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
STRUCTURE:
Membranous system of tubules; free of
ribosomes, no attached ribosomes
FUNCTION:
• Site of lipid metabolism
• Has enzymes that help
build molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
 Golgi Apparatus
STRUCTURE :
A stack of smooth membrane sacs close to
the nucleus
FUNCTION:
Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins
for secretion from the cell and inclusion in
lysosomes; sends membranes from rough
ER to their destinations
Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
Golgi Apparatus
 Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in
vesicles

2. Vesicles fuse with

Golgi membrane

3. Molecules may be
modified by Golgi
 Golgi Apparatus Function
(Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off
in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi
apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine
with plasma membrane
to secrete contents
 Lysosomes
• Membrane-bound vesicles (not in plants)
containing acid hydrolases
– Produced by the Golgi apparatus
– Low pH
• Contain digestive (lytic)enzymes
• Functions
– Sites of intracellular
digestion
– Break down old cell parts
– Digests invaders
 Vacuoles
• Membrane bound storage sacs
• More common in plants than animals
• Contents
– Water
– Food
– wastes
 PEROXISOMES
STRUCTURE
Membranous sacs of oxidase
enzymes
FUNCTION:
The enzymes detoxify a number of
toxic substances; the most
important enzyme, catalase,
breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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 MICROFILAMENTS
STRUCTURE :
Fine filaments of the contractile protein actin

FUNCTION:
Involved in muscle contraction and other types
of intracellular movement; help form the cell's
cytoskeleton

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 INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

STRUCTURE:
Protein fibres; composition
varies
FUNCTION:
The stable cytoskeleton elements

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 MICROTUBLES
STRUCTURE :
Cylindrical structures
composed of tubulin protein
FUNCTION:
Support the cell and give it
shape; involved in
intracellular and cellular
movements, form centrioles

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 CENTRIOLES
STRUCTURE:
Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine
triplets of microtubules
FUNCTION:
Organise a microtubule network during mitosis to form
the spindle; form bases of cilia and flagella

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 Bacteria-Like Organelles

• Release & store energy

• Types
– Mitochondria
(release energy)
– Chloroplasts
(store energy)
 Mitochondria
STRUCTURE :
Rod-like, double-membrane
structures; inner membrane folded
into projections called cristae
Have their own DNA
, Enzyme for protein synthesis,
ribosome
Ф 1- 2 u
FUNCTION :
Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell
(TCA cycle, Oxidative Phosphorilation,fatty acid
oxidation).
 Mitochondria
• Involved in cellular
respiration
• Break down fuel molecules
(cellular respiration)
– Glucose
– Fatty acids

• Release energy
• Produce most of ATP utilized
by the cell
 Chloroplasts
• Derived form photosynthetic bacteria
• Solar energy capturing organelle
 Photosynthesis
• Takes place in the chloroplast
• Makes cellular food – glucose
 Cell Organization

Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

Plasma Membrane composed of a
membrane double layer of lipids
(phospholipids, cholesterol)
within which proteins are
embedded; proteins may
extend entirely through the
lipid bilayer or protrude on
only one face
Serves as an external cell barrier;
acts in transport of substances
into or out of the cell; externally
facing proteins act as receptors
(for hormones,
neurotransmitters) and in cell-to-
cell recognition

Cell wall Depend on the organism Strengthen and give shape to the
cell
Cytoplasm Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes;
consists of fluid cytosol, containing dissolved solutes, inclusions
(stored nutrients, pigments granules), and organelles, the
metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm.

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 Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

Cytoplasmic organelles

−Mitochondria Rod-like, double-membrane Site of ATP synthesis;

structures; inner membrane powerhouse of the
folded into projections called cell
cristae

−Ribosome's Dense particles consisting of The sites of protein

two subunits, each synthesis
composed of ribosomal RNA
and proteins; free or attached
to rough ER

−Rough Membrane system enclosing a Makes proteins that are

endoplasmic cavity, the cistern a, and secreted from the cell;
reticulum coiling through the makes the cell's
cytoplasm; externally membrane
studded with ribosome's

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 Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

−Smooth Membranous Site of lipid metabolism

endoplasmic system of
reticulum tubules; free of
ribosomes

−Golgi apparatus A stack of smooth Packages, modifies, and segregates

membrane sacs proteins for secretion from the cell
close to the and inclusion in lysosomes; sends
nucleus membranes from rough ER to their
destinations

−Lysosomes Membranous sacs Sites of intracellular digestion

containing acid
hydrolases

−Peroxisomes Membranous sacs The enzymes detoxify a number of

of oxidase toxic substances; the most
enzymes important enzyme, catalase, breaks
down hydrogen peroxide

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 Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

−Microfilaments Fine filaments of the Involved in muscle contraction

contractile protein actin and other types of intracellular
movement; help form the cell's
cytoskeleton

−Intermediate Protein fibres; The stable cytoskeleton

filaments composition varies elements; resist tensile forces
acting on the cell

−Microtubles Cylindrical structures Support the cell and give it

composed of tubulin shape; involved in intracellular
proteins and cellular movements, form
centrioles

−Centrioles Paired cylindrical bodies, Organise a microtubule network

each composed of nine during mitosis to form the
triplets of microtubules spindle; form bases of cilia
and flagella

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 Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

Nucleus Surrounded by the nuclear Control center of the cell;

membrane; contains fluid responsible for transmitting
nucleoplasm, nucleoli, genetic information and
and chromatin providing the instructions for
protein synthesis
−Nuclear Double bilipid membrane Separates the nucleoplasm from
membrane containing proteins; the cytoplasm and regulates
pierced by pores; passage of substances to
continuous with the and from the nucleus
cytoplasmic ER

−Nucleoli Dense spherical (non- Site of ribosome subunit

membrane-bounded) manufacture
bodies
−Chromatin Granular, threadlike material
composed of DNA and
histone proteins

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 Cells
• The basic units of life that contains
the fundamental molecules of life
Smallest living unit
• Carry out important chemical
reaction that keeps the organism
alive
• Most are microscopic
• provide structure for the body, take
in nutrients from food, convert those
nutrients into energy, and carry out
specialized functions.
• Also contain the body’s hereditary
material and can make copies of
themselves.
Unicellular or Multicellular?

Unicellular
• The simplest organisms have
just one cell
• Uni= one
• Cellular = cell
• Example the Amoeba

Multicellular
• Organisms have billions of cells
• Multi = many
• Cellular = cells
• Example the Animals
 Cell theory
• (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”

• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow

“all cells come from cells”
Principles of Cell Theory

• All living things are made of cells

• Smallest living unit of structure and

function of all organisms is the cell

• All cells arise from preexisting cells

(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)
Cell Size
 Cell Types

• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic Cells
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
 Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
• Organelles not bound by membranes
 Eukaryotic Cells
• Nucleus bound by membrane
• Include fungi, protists, plant,
and animal cells
• Possess many organelles

Protozoan
Representative Animal Cell
Representative Plant Cell
 Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell wall present No cell wall present

Plastids inside of chloroplast No plastids

No lysosomes Lysosomes found

Some centrioles present Centrioles are always present

Large vacuoles hold cell matter If vacuoles are present they are small

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Molecule Movement & Cells
• Passive Transport

• Active Transport

• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis
 Passive Transport
• No energy required

• Move due to gradient

– differences in concentration, pressure, charge

• Move to equalize gradient

– High moves toward low
Types of Passive Transport

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated diffusion
 Diffusion
• Molecules move to equalize concentration
 Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion

• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration

• Often involves movement of water

– Into cell
– Out of cell
Solution Differences & Cells
• solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
– Solutes in cell more than outside
– Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic
– Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic
– Solutes greater outside cell
– Fluid will flow out of cell
 Facilitated Diffusion

• Differentially permeable membrane

• Channels (are specific) help molecule

or ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)
• No energy is used
Process of Facilitated Transport
• Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane
 Active Transport
• Molecular movement
• Requires energy (against gradient)
• Example is sodium-potassium pump
 Endocytosis

• Movement of large material

– Particles
– Organisms
– Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
– bulk-phase (nonspecific)
– receptor-mediated (specific)
 Process of Endocytosis
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle
Forms of Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking
 Exocytosis
• Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material
 Exocytosis
• Vesicle moves to cell surface
• Membrane of vesicle fuses
• Materials expelled
 Organelles
• Cellular machinery
• Two general kinds
– Derived from membranes
– Bacteria-like organelles
Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Derived from symbiotic bacteria

• Ancient association

• Endosymbiotic theory
– Evolution of modern cells from
cells & symbiotic bacteria