CHAPTER 5:

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

UNIT 4 C E L L S : T H E B A S I C T H E O R Y OF L I F E
SECTION 6.3: THE CELL STRUCTURE

• Name the 3 structures common to most cells.

• Discuss the structure & function of the nucleus.
• Distinguish between the cell membrane & the
cell wall in both structure & function.
• Vocabulary: cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus,
eukaryote, prokaryote, nuclear envelope,
nucleolus, chromosome, cytoplasm

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 2

CELL STRUCTURE

• cells vary in shape & size

• structures common to most cells:

• cell membrane
outer boundary of cell
• nucleus (only in eukaryotes)
control center
• cytoplasm
material between cell
membrane &
1/26/17
nucleus Biology: Cell Structure & Function 3
CELL STRUCTURE: CELL MEMBRANE

• cell (plasma) membrane

cell structure that
regulates passage of
materials between cell
& its environment; aid in
protection & support of
cell

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 4

CELL STRUCTURE: CELL MEMBRANE

• cell (plasma) membrane

cell structure that
regulates passage of
materials between cell
& its environment; aid in
protection & support of
cell

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 5

CELL STRUCTURE: CELL MEMBRANE
• composed of several organic molecules
• lipids - double layer of lipid molecules (bilayer)
forms basic unit from which cell membrane is
constructed
• proteins - stick to surface of lipid bilayer. Others free to
move around within layer. Some free-moving act as
channel through which molecules can pass. Others act
like pumps, actively pushing molecules from one side
of membrane to other.
• carbohydrates - attached to proteins or lipids at
membrane surface. Many act like chemical
identification cards, allowing cells to recognize &
interact with eachBiology:
1/26/17 other.Cell Structure & Function 6
CELL STRUCTURE: CELL WALL

• cell wall – cell structure that

surrounds cell membrane for
protection & support in plants,
algae, fungi & some bacteria
• very porous - water, oxygen,
CO2, & other substances pass
through easily

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 7

CELL STRUCTURE: NUCLEUS

• nucleus - organelle that controls the cell’s

activities & contains DNA

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 8

CELL STRUCTURE: NUCLEUS

parts of nucleus:
• nuclear envelope - 2 membranes that surround
nucleus of a cell
• nucleolus - cell structure that contains RNA & proteins;
where ribosomes are made
• chromosomes - threadlike structure
in a cell that contains genetic
information that is passed on from
one generation of cells to the next

chromatin – long, tangled strands of

DNA
1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 9
CELL STRUCTURE: NUCLEUS

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 10

CELL STRUCTURE: NUCLEUS

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 11

CELL STRUCTURE: CYTOPLASM

• cytoplasm – (jelly-like) area between nucleus &

cell membrane of a cell
•

surrounds
organelles

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 12

CELL STRUCTURE REVIEW QUESTIONS

• Distinguish between prokaryotes & eukaryotes.

Why is this distinction important?
• What are the 3 basic structures found in most
cells?

• What is the function of the cell membrane?

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 13

 CHAPTER 5:
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
UNIT 4 C E L L S : T H E B A S I C T H E O R Y OF L I F E
SECTION 5-3:
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
• Define organelle.
• Compare the functions of the mitochondria &
chloroplasts.
• Discuss the function of the two types of
endoplasmic reticulum.
• Name the two major components of the
cytoskeleton & discuss their importance.
• Vocabulary: organelle, mitochondrion, chloroplast,
ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosome, vacuole, plastid, cytoskeleton
1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 15
CELL STRUCTURE

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 16

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

• organelle – tiny cell structure that performs a

specialized function
within the cell

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 17

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

• cellular activities necessary for life include chemical

reactions that facilitate:
• acquiring energy
• reproduction
• adaptation
• maintaining homeostasis

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 18

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
MITOCHONDRIA &
• CHLOROPLASTS
“Power Stations” - change energy from 1 form to another

• mitochondria – organelle that changes chemical

energy stored in food into compounds that can be
used by the cell
• 2 membranes – inner membrane increases surface area
• cristae – internal compartments formed by inner
membrane
• chloroplast – organelle that converts sunlight into
chemical energy in plants & algae
• 3 membranes – 3rd sun’s radiant energy  chemical
energy
• contains chlorophyllBiology:
1/26/17 – green pigment
Cell Structure that traps light
& Function 19

energy
 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
MITOCHONDRIA &
CHLOROPLASTS chloroplast - site of
photosynthesis

mitochondria - site of
cellular respiration

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 20

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
RIBOSOMES
• “Protein Factories”
• ribosomes – organelles in which proteins are made
• smallest of organelles
• assembled in nucleolus
• composed of RNA & protein
• some attached to
membranes while others free
in cytoplasm
• free in cytoplasm: makes
proteins for use w/in cell
• attached to RER-
1/26/17
makes proteins for export out of
Biology: Cell Structure & Function 21

cell
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES: ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM & GOLGI APPARATUS
• “Manufactures & Shippers”
• endoplasmic reticulum – complex network that
transports materials throughout the inside of a cell
• 2 types: smooth & rough
• smooth - storage of special enzymes & chemicals;
contains enzymes for phospholipid synthesis
• rough – involved in synthesis of proteins (ribosomes stuck to
it)

• Golgi apparatus – organelle that modifies, collects,

packages, & distributes molecules made at one
location of the cell & used at another
• newly made lipids & proteins from E.R.
repackaged & shipped to plasma membrane
1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 22
 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 23

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 24

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 25

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
GOLGI APPARATUS

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 26

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
RER & GOLGI APPARATUS

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 27

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
LYSOSOMES
• “Cleanup Crews” (& Storage)

• lysosome – organelle that contains chemicals &

enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in
the cell
• not found in plant cells
• removes junk (i.e. organelles that have outlived their
usefulness) that might accumulate & clutter the cell
• can fuse with vacuoles to digest food or worn cell
parts

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 28

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
VACUOLES & PLASTIDS
• “Storage Tanks”
• vacuole – organelle that stores materials such as
water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
• stores food, fluid, waste products
• plants have a large central vacuole for water storage
• unicellular animals can use contractile vacuoles for
movement

• plastid – plant cell organelle involved in storage of

food and pigments
• can take many forms (like chloroplast)
• i.e. leukoplasts ( store starch granules) & chromoplasts (store
pigment molecules)
1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 29
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
CYTOSKELETON
• “Framework” (& attached locomotion structures)

• cytoskeleton – framework of the cell composed of a

variety of filaments & fibers that support cell structure
and drive cell movement
• composed of a variety of filaments & fibers that support cell
structure & drive cell movement.
• microtubules (hollow tubes made of proteins) – support, move
organelles through cell, role in cell division by forming centrioles
(animal & eukaryotic cells but not in plants)
• cilia & flagella – help move
• microfilaments – (solid filaments of protein) movement & support
of cell

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 30

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
CYTOSKEETON

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 31

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
CYTOSKELETON
• Cell Division

• centrioles
• play role in cell division (splitting of cell into 2 cells)
• found in animal and fungi cells
• made of hollow, tubular structures arranged in
bundles
• composed of protein

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 32

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
• What are organelles? Give 2 examples of
organelles.
• How do lysosomes function to digest
particles?
• Compare mitochondria & chloroplasts.
• What components make up the
cytoskeleton?

1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 35