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SOLUTION
 MIXTURE

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 Consist of two or more components that are physically combined.

2 TYPES OF MIXTURE
HETEROGENEOUS
HOMOGENEOUS
 Heterogeneous mixture

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  is simply any mixture that is not uniform in composition - it's a non-uniform
mixture of smaller constituent parts. 
 Homogeneous mixture

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 is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture.
 Solution

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 is a special type of homogeneous mixture where the ratio of solute to solvent
remains the same throughout the solution and the particles are not visible
with the naked eye, even if homogenized with multiple sources.
 Components of Solution

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 Solute
 Solvent
 Solute

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 The liquid substance that makes up the bulk of the solution.

Solvent

 Substance which are dissolved in the solvent.

 Solubility

Soluble

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 substance that dissolves readily in a solvent .
Insoluble
 substance that does not dissolve in a solvent.
Miscible
 those liquids that can be mixed with each other.
Immiscible
 those liquids that cannot be mixed with each other.
 Factors Affecting Solubility

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 Nature of solvent and solute
 Pressure
 Temperature
 Nature of solvent and solute
 When you try to mix oil and water and shake the mixture, you will notice the separation

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of liquids into layers. These liquids are said to be immiscible.
 If you mix water and alcohol, they mix well. These liquids are completely miscible.
 Gasoline, a nonpolar liquids, is a good solvent for nonpolar substances such as fats, oil,
and grease.
 Pressure

Internal pressure

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 the pressure above the solution.

 The effects of pressure are only significant in affecting the solubility of gases in liquids.
 Solids & Liquids: The effects of pressure changes on the solubility of solids and liquids are
negligible.
 Gases: The effects of pressure on the solubility of gases in liquids can best be described
through a combination of Henry's law . Henry's law dictates that when temperature is constant,
the solubility of the gas corresponds to it's partial pressure.
 Example:

Carbonated soft drinks contain carbon dioxide gas dissolved in aqueous

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solution.
In the process of bottling the soft drinks, pressure higher than the
atmospheric pressure is applied to dissolve the carbon dioxide in the solution.
When the bottle of the soft drink is opened, the pressure of the carbon dioxide in
the space above the liquid decreases until it becomes equal to the atmospheric
pressure of the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide escapes as gas bubbles.
 Temperature

Solids and Liquids

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 solubility increase with every increase in temperature.
Gas
 the solubility decreases with increasing temperature.
 Other factors that affect the solubility of
solute in solvent

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Particle size
 the smaller the size of the solute particles, the greater the solubility of
solute.
Example:
It is easier to dissolve powdered sugar than granules of sugar in coffee.
Mechanical stirring
 the solubility of solution increases with mechanical stirring.
Example:
Sugar dissolves with stirring using a spoon or stirrer.
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