Animal and plant cells

- Two fundamentally different types of cell

- Organelles

- Differences between animal and plant cells

Two fundamentally different types of cell

• The most obvious difference between these types is that one possesses a
nucleus and the other does not.
• Prokaryotes – (pro- means before, karyon means nucleus). So, the
organisms that lack nuclei are called Prokaryotes.
• Eukaryotes – ( eu- means true). So, the organisms whose cells posses nuclei
are called Eukaryotes.
 Two fundamentally different types of cell
Prokaryotic Cells
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria.
• They are, on average, about 1000 to 10, 000 times smaller in volume than cells
with nuclei, and are much simpler in structure.
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid – region of DNA
Two fundamentally different types of cell

• This is much more advanced type of cell.

• Nucleus is bounded by a membrane.
• DNA lies inside the nucleus.
• Possess many cell organelles.
• Most biologists believe that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes, 1500
million years after prokaryotes first appeared on earth.
Two fundamentally different types of cell

Eukaryotic cell- animal cell

Comparison between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Viruses
Structure of virus
• All viruses are parasitic
because they can only
reproduce by infecting and
taking over living cells.

• The virus DNA or RNA takes

over the protein synthesizing
machinery of the host cell,
which then helps to make new
virus particles.
Cell structure
Cell organelles
• Cell surface membrane
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
• Golgi body (Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex)
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Microvilli
• Cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton
• Centrioles and centrosomes
• Vacuole
• Chloroplast
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Cell surface membrane
• Double layer made of protein and phospholipids.
• Partially permeable membrane - cell membrane controls movement in and
out of the cell.
• Cell surface membrane is extremely thin (about 7nm).
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Nucleus
• The nucleus is the largest cell organelle.
• It is surrounded by two membranes known as the nuclear envelope.
• The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with ER.
• It is a control center of cell.

• Nuclear envelope have nuclear

pores - these allow and control
exchange between the nucleus
and cytoplasm.

• The nucleolus makes ribosomes,

using the information in its own
DNA.
Past paper question
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Helps move substances within cells
• The ER is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
• There are TWO types of ER:
– Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to surface
– Manufacture proteins
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth ER, so called because it lacks ribosomes, has a completely different
function.
• It makes lipids and steroids(类固醇), such as cholesterol and reproductive
hormones oestrogen and testosterone.
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Golgi body (Golgi apparatus or complex)
• The Golgi body is a stack of flattened sacs.
• The stack is constantly being formed at one end from vesicles which bud
off from the ER, and broken down again at the other end to form Golgi
vesicles.
• The stack of sacs together with the associated vesicles is referred to as the
Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex.
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Golgi Apparatus
Function
• Receive & modify proteins made by ER
• Golgi body collects, processes and sorts molecules ready for transport in
Golgi vesicles.
• Move materials within the cell and out of the cell.
• Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
• Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
• Vesicles may combine with cell membrane to secrete contents.
• In plants, enzymes in the Golgi body convert sugars into cell wall
components.
• Golgi vesicles are also used to make lysosomes.
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Golgi Apparatus
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Lysosome
• Spherical sacs - surrounded by a single membrane and having no
internal structure.
• They contain digestive (hydrolytic)
enzymes, which must be kept separate
from the rest of the cell to prevent
damage from being done.

• They are also responsible for the

breakdown (digestion) of unwanted
structures such as old organelles or
even whole cells, as in mammary glands
after lactation.

• In white blood cells, lysosomes are used

to digest bacteria.
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Mitochondria
• Mitochondria- are surrounded by two membranes (an envelope).
• Inter-membrane space – the space between the two membranes is called the
inter-membrane space.
• Cristae – the inner membrane folded to form finger-like cristae which project
into the interior solution or matrix.
• Matrix- the interior solution
• Porin – the outer membrane contains a transport protein called porin, which
forms wide aqueous channels allowing easy access of small, water-soluble
molecules from the surrounding cytoplasm into the inter-membrane space.
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Mitochondria
• The number of mitochondria in a cell is very variable.

• Some cells demand high energy, such as liver and muscle cells, contain
large numbers of mitochondria.

• A liver cell may contain as many as 2000 mitochondria.

• If you exercise regularly, your muscles will make more mitochondria.

Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Mitochondria
Function
• The main function is to carry out aerobic respiration, although they do have
other functions such as the synthesis of lipids.

• During respiration, a series of reactions takes place in which energy is

released from energy-rich molecules such as sugars and fats.

• Most of this energy is transferred to molecules of ATP. ATP is the energy

carrier molecule found in all living cells. It is known as the universal
energy carrier.
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Endosymbiotic Theoty 内共生理论

• Chloroplasts and mitochondria are about the same size as bacteria.

• Both have circular DNA, genetic similarities to bacteria.

• Both have their own ribosomes, protein synthesis machinery. Cytoplasmic

ribosomes are 80S, while those of bacteria, mitochondria and ribosomes are
70S.

(The size of ribosomes is measured in ‘S units’, which

are a measure of how fast they sediment in a centrifuge.)
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Microvilli
• Microvilli are finger-like extensions of the cell surface membrane,
typical of certain epithelial cells.
• They greatly increase the surface area of the cell surface membrane.
• This is useful, for example, for absorption in the gut and for re-
absorption in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney.
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Cytoplasm
• Viscous fluid (jelly-like) containing cellular organelles
• Components of cytoplasm
– Microtubules – very small 25nm diameter long, rigid, hollow tubes
– Fluid = cytosol
– Organelles (not nucleus)
– Storage substances
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Cytoskeleton
• Together with actin filaments and intermediate
filaments, they make up the cytoskeleton -----
give cell shape.
• Microtubules are made of a protein called
tubulin. Tubulin has two forms, alpha tubulin
and beta tubulin. They combine together to form
dimers (double molecules).
• These dimers are then joined end to end to form
long ‘protofilaments’. This is an example of
polymerization(聚合).
• Thirteen protofilaments then line up along side
each other in a ring to form a cylinder with a
hollow centre. This cylinder is the microtubule.

P 18 Fig. 1.24
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Cytoskeleton

3 – functions
- Mechanical support
- Anchor organelles
- Help move substances
Cell structure
Animal cell organelles Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Play a role in cell division

Two centrioles lie together at

right angles to form
centrosome.
Cell structure
Plant cell organelles Vacuoles
• Membrane bound storage sacs
• More common in plants than animals
• Contents
– Water
– Food
– wastes
Cell structure
Chloroplasts Plant cell organelles
• Chloroplasts are found in the green parts of the plant, mainly in the leaves.
• They are relatively large organelles and so are easily seen with a light
microscope.
Cell structure
Chloroplasts Plant cell organelles
• It is even possible to see tiny ‘grains’ or ‘grana’ inside the chloroplasts that
contain chlorophyll – the pigment which absorbs light during the process of
photosysthesis. .
Practice

Below is a chloroplast. Add labels to each line.

Past paper question
Cell structure
Cell organelles
• Cell surface membrane
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
• Golgi body (Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex)
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Microvilli
• Cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton
• Centrioles and centrosomes
• Vacuole
• Chloroplast
 Animal cells

HW: Draw a plant cell and an animal cell seen under electron microscope. Label organelles
and their function.
Past paper question
Differences between animal and plant cells
• The only structure commonly found in animals cells which is absent from
plant cells is the centriole.
• Plant cells also differ from animal cells in possessing cell walls, large
permanent vacuoles and chloroplasts.
• Plant cells are linked to neighboring cells by means of fine strands of
cytoplasm called PLASMODESMATA. which pass through pore-like
structures in their walls.
PLASMODESMATA
Plant cells are linked to neighbouring cells by means of fine
strands of cytoplasm, called plasmodesmata.
 Differences between animal and plant cells
• Animal cells may posses small vacuoles such as phagocytic vacuoles, which
are temporary structures, mature plant cells often possess a large,
permanent, central vacuole.
• The plant vacuole is surrounded by a membrane, the TONOPLAST, which
controls exchange between the vacuole and the cytoplasm.
Differences between animal and plant cells
Plant cells have three additional organelles
Chloroplast: Contains chlorophyll which is
involved in photosynthesis. May contain starch
(energy storage).
Photosynthesis:
Carbon dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen

Cell wall: Protects cell and also is important for

cell structure. If the cell absorbs too much water,
the cell wall stops the cell from bursting like a
balloon. It is made of fibers of cellulose.

Central Vacuole: Stores water and waste

products. Contains cell sap (sugars and
other things dissolved in water). The plant
vacuole is surrounded by a membrane, the
tonoplast.
Practice

Below is a plant cell. Identify structures A, B, and C.

A:____________________
B:____________________
C:____________________
Practice

Below is a plant cell. Label central vacuole, tonoplast, and nucleus.

Differences between animal and plant cells
Animal cells have one additional organelle
Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Play a role in cell division

Two centrioles lie together at

right angles to form
centrosome.
Past paper question