Chapter # 4

Related Question
• What is the difference between light and electron Microscope?
• What is the difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell?
• What is the difference between Plant and animal cell?
• Write down the structure and function of Cell wall and Cell membrane.
• Write down the main function of Ribosome, vacuole, E.R and golgi
apparatus in eukaryotic cell.
Topics for research
• G1

• G2

• G3
G4

G5
Questions need to be done in journal.
Define: Differentiate between
1. Diffusion
1. Hypo, hyper and Isotonic Solution
2. Osmosis
2. Permeable, Partially permeable and
3. Facilitated Diffusion
impermeable membrane
4. Active Transport
5. Passive Transport
3. Passive and Active Transport
6. Endocytosis 4. Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis
7. Exocytosis
Compare Light Microscope and Compound
Microscope
By looking at the images, predict the
difference
By looking at this picture can you jot down some similarities and difference between Eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic
cell ?
Compare the Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell
 Compare Plant and Animal Cell
• Similarities
Write down all
• Differences differences and
similarities you know
about plant and animal
cell ?
 Difference between Plant and Animal
Cell
Plant Cell Animal Cell
• Plasmodesmata is present • Plasmodesmata is absent
• Centrioles are absent • Centrioles are present
• Plastids are present • Plastids are absent
• Lysosomes are absent • Lysosomes are present
• Bigger in size • Smaller in size
 Plant Cell
• Structure • Cell wall
• Cell Membrane
• Composition • Nucleus
•
• Function Cytoplasm
• Golgi bodies
• Mitochondria
• Vacuole
• Ribosomes
• E.R
• Plastids
What is
Plasmodesmata
?
 Cell wall
• It is a rigid layer which is composed of polysaccharides cellulose,
pectin and hemicellulose.

• It is located outside the cell membrane.

• It also comprises glycoproteins and polymers.
• The primary function of the cell wall is
to protect and provide structural support
to the cell.
Cell Membrane
• The cell membrane is also called the plasma
membrane.

• It provides protection for the cell and

its cellular components from the
external environment. It is selectively
permeable and regulates the movement
of molecules in and out of the cell.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=fJfTDc3WzQ8&list=PPSV
 Cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell.
• It is the medium for chemical reaction.
• It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell.
• All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out
in the cytoplasm of a cell.
• Within the cytoplasm, materials move by diffusion, a physical process that can
work only for short distances.
• Cytoskeleton
 Made up of Microtubules and
Microfilaments
 Microtubules are made up of
tubulin proteins (help the cell to
hold their shapes )
 Major components of cilia and
flagella
 Microfilaments are thinner and
made up of actin Protein (they help
cell to change their shape)
 Golgi apparatus
• Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi
body, membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells
• That is made up of a series of flattened, stacked
pouches called cisternae.
• The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting,
modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into 
vesicles for delivery.
• It is located in the cytoplasm next to the 
endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.
 Mitochondria
• The mitochondrion is a double-membrane, rod-shaped structure found in both
plant and animal cell. 

• Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell

organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that
generate most of the chemical energy needed to
power the cell's biochemical reactions.
• Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria
is stored in a small molecule called adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The endoplasmic reticulum can either be
smooth or rough.
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large,
dynamic structure that serves many roles
in the cell including calcium storage,
protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

• Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that's really a workhorse in producing

proteins and substances needed by the rest of the cell.
 RIBOSOMES
• A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and
protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

• The ribosome reads the messenger RNA

(mRNA) sequence and translates that
genetic code into a specified string of
amino acids, which grow into long chains
that fold to form proteins.
• Present in prokaryotic cell as well
EXTRA
 Vacuole
• Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that can be found in both
animals and plants. 

• In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small

and help sequester waste products.
• In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water
balance. Sometimes a single vacuole can
take up most of the interior space of the plant
cell.
 Centrioles
• Animals and many unicellular organism contains hollow
cylindrical organelles known as centrioles.
• Made up of triplet of microtubules (tubulin proteins)
• Two centrioles in animal cell , collectively called
centrosome.
• Helps in the formation of spindle fiber during cell
division
• In some cells involve in formation of cilia and flagella
 NUCLEUS
• Nuclear envelope: Double layered
• Nucleoplasm: granular fluid
• Nucleolus: site for ribosomal RNA are
formed and assembled as ribosomes

• Chromosomes(only visible during cell division )

made up of DNA and Proteins known as histones
• Chromatin network (present in interphase)
 Animal Cell
• Structure • Cell Membrane
• Nucleus
• Composition • Cytoplasm
•
• Function Golgi bodies
• Mitochondria
• lysosomes
• Vacuole
• Ribosomes
• E.R
• Centrioles
Relationship between Cell function and Cell
structure
• Size and shape : • Surface area to • Presence or absence of
volume ratio : Organelles :
• RBCs
• Root Hair cell • Cell involve in making secretions
• Nerve cell
have more ER and Golgi apparatus
• Xylem
• Cell involve in Photosyntheis have
chloroplast
 Root Hair cell
• Absorption
Root hair cells in plants take
in nitrate ions from the soil. Their
concentration are often higher inside the
root hair cell than in the soil, so
the diffusion gradient is from the root
hair à the soil. Despite this, the root hair
cells still can take nitrate ions in,
by active transport.
1. Explain how the presence of root hair
cells on roots enables the efficient
absorption of water and minerals. [2
marks]

2.Root hair cells can absorb mineral ions

by diffusion and active transport. 
      a)Define the term active transport [2
marks]

      b)Explain why respiration rates may

increase in root hair cells during the    
 uptake of mineral ions [1 mark]
 Answer
• Large number of root hair cells give a large surface area to the root.
    - Mitochondria are present to provide energy for active transport. 

2. a) active transport is absorption of a substance into a cell or across a membrane

   - against (up) a concentration gradient.
   - using energy
   b) active transport requires energy
 Xylem
• Conduction
• Support
 RBCs
• Transport of oxygen
 ISOTONIC SOLUTION
If the medium has exactly the same
water concentration as the cell,
there will be no net movement of
water across the cell membrane.
Such a solution is known as an
isotonic solution. The water flow in
this type of solution is zero.
 Hypertonic Solution
• A hypertonic solution is a particular
type of solution that has a greater
concentration of solutes on the outside
of a cell when compared with the
inside of a cell.
• Water move outside
• Cell shrinks
Hypotonic Solution
 Hypotonic Solution
• A hypotonic solution that has a lower solute concentration in comparison
to another solution. The cell will also have a higher osmotic pressure the
tendency for water to move into a cell by osmosis than the solution
surrounding it. This will cause fluid to move into the cell and the cell
often appears bloated.