Laboratory Activity No.

10: Frog Circulatory and Excretory System

The circulatory system is the mechanism for transporting materials to the different parts
of an animal body. Specifically, it has a respiratory function for it carries oxygen to the heart and
to the tissues; a nutritive function for it is it delivers digested food to the cells of the body, and an
excretory function for it carries waste products of metabolism to the organs where they are to be
eliminated. It also regulated body temperature. This system consists of blood, the circulating
medium; the heart, the muscular pump that propels the blood; and the blood vessels in which the
blood flows.
Circulatory systems are absent in some animals, including flatworms (phylum
Platyhelminthes). Their body cavity has no lining or enclosed fluid. Instead, a muscular pharynx
leads to an extensively branched digestive system that facilitates direct diffusion of nutrients to
all cells. The flatworm's dorso-ventrally flattened body shape also restricts the distance of any
cell from the digestive system or the organism's exterior. Oxygen can diffuse from the
surrounding water into the cells, and carbon dioxide can diffuse out. Consequently, every cell
can obtain nutrients, water, and oxygen without a transport system.
Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood,
heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system while the lymph, lymph nodes, and
lymph vessels form the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
collectively make up the circulatory system.
The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
There are one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation in the human heart, and with both a
systemic and pulmonary circulation, there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle,
right atrium, and right ventricle. The right atrium, which is the upper chamber of the right side.
The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated (low in oxygen) and passed into
the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation
and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs
and the pulmonary vein, which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the
aorta to the body's tissues.
The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the
body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from
the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the
blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the
heart

The excretory system is made up of two kidneys, ducts, and a urinary bladder. Kidneys
are made up of renal corpuscles and uriniferous tubules surrounded by capillaries. The nephron's
role is to separate the waste and other products from the blood through the process of filtration
and selective reabsorption. The uriniferous tubules of the kidney join to form collecting tubules
that empty into the ureter. The liquid waste, urine passes down the ureter to the cloaca where it
may pass to the outside through the anus or temporarily stored in the urinary bladder.
Parts:
1. Kidneys are a pair of dark red, elongated bodies on the dorsal wall of either side of the
vertebral column. They lie outside of the peritoneum in a sac called the cisterna magna.
Any mesentery, a periotines condition does not suspend them. Each has an adrenal gland
on its ventral side, which appears as an irregular, light-colored band.
 2. Mesonephric ducts or ureter are a pair of whitish ducts that serve to pass urine and
sperm.
3. The urinary bladder is a bi-lobed sac on the cloaca's central wall, which stores urine and
may be discharged through the anus at intervals.
4. Cloaca is a much-dilated portion of the large intestine that conducts water products and
sex cells to the anus.

Learning Objectives: At the end of this activity, I can:

1. familiarized with the different parts and functions of the circulatory and excretory
system;
2. know how blood circulates in the body; and
3. explain the importance of the excretion process.

Instruction:
1. Pith and dissect the frog, pinning back the skin's flaps and feet on the dissecting pan with
the ventral side up and dissect it. Expose the pericardial activity that exposes the heart, a
highly muscular organ located anterior to the liver, and the thin transparent sac, the
peritoneum. Observe the heartbeat.
2. Carefully remove the pericardium to locate the ventricle and the atrium.
3. For excretory parts, push aside the digestive system of the dissected frog and expose the
kidneys. Locate also the urinary bladder, cloaca, and mesonephric duct.
4. Take pictures of your specimen, showing all the parts mention above.
5. The number of photos allowed for submission is a maximum of three, following the
format below. The deadline for submission is on December 1, 2020, until 6:00 PM.
Name: Maricris Guillermo Date: December 1, 2020
Course/Year/Section: BSBIO1A Laboratory Teacher: Ma’am Krystel Grace Padilla

Laboratory Activity Sheet No. 10: Frog Circulatory and Excretory System

1. Photo of the actual frog specimen showing the labeled part of the frog’s heart ventricle
and atrium.

Right atrium

Left atrium

Right ventricle
Left ventricle

2. Photo of the actual frog specimen showing the kidneys, urinary bladder, cloaca, and
mesonephric duct.
 kidney
y

cloaca

Urinary bladder

Mesonephric
duct

3. Draw and label the human circulatory and excretory system.

4. Trace the flow of blood.
As the heart relaxes between two heartbeats, the blood circulation starts. The blood flows
from right ventricle which pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and the lungs give the
left atrium rich-oxygen blood and then the left ventricle pumps the rich-in- oxygen blood
through the aortic valve to the rest of the body.
5. What is urinalysis? When is this used? What is the importance of this test?
Urinalysis is the assessment or evaluation of a urine, it can be physical, chemical and
microscopic examination that may include a number of tests and measures that pass
through the urine. It is used for detecting disorders or diseases and infections to the
urinary tract, kidney, including diabetes. It is essential because it helps in detecting and
identifying urinary disorders which can get an early diagnostic procedure and prevent
further wide range of infections.