• Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains

The cell the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things
are composed.
organelles
 • The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is a thin
semi-permeable membrane that surrounds
the cytoplasm of a cell.

Cell Membrane • Double layer of lipids, contain proteins.

• Surround the cell and separates the cytoplasm from

its surrounding environments.
Function and Structure

• Semipermeable

• Gives the cell’s structures

• Support the cell and maintains the cell’s shape

• Helps in the cell communication with its surrounding

• Is primarily composed of mix of proteins and lipids

 The cell nucleus
• the cell nucleus as a kind of "command center" containing all the
chromosomal and genetic information needed for the reproduction of life.

• Contains all of the cell’s information to control the cell’s growth and
reproduction.

• Is a membrane bound structure

• Is bound by double membrane called nuclear envelope which has the same
function as the cell membrane

• Nucleus is connected with ER by nuclear envelope.

 Structure of the nucleus

• Contains chromatin or chromosomes, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

• Nucleoplasm- gelatinous sub. within the nuclear envelope.

• Nuclear pores- support to exchange sub, between the cytoplasm

and nucleoplasm

Nucleolus - contains very high concentration of DNA

• -ribosomes are made in it
• -In it start protein synthesis.
 CYTOPLASM

• it is clear in color and has gel-like sub.

• Consist of all the contents outside the nucleus and enclosed within the
cell membrane

• Is composed by water, salt, enzymes organelles and various of organic

molecules.
 support and suspend organelles

Protein synthesis, mitosis and meiosis occur in it.

Cytoplasm
Functions
Help to move materials(hormones, enzymes)

Dissolves cellular waste.

MITOCHONDRIA

• Has oval shape

• Are bounded by double membrane

• Intermembrane- space between 2 membranes.

• The inner membrane create cristae

• Interior solution- matrix

• Are found in animal and plant cells

• Nr of mitochondria within a cell varies depend on the type and function of the cell

• Have their own DNA.

 Are the cell’s power producers. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Mitochondria Carry out aerobic respiration

functions
Synthesis of lipids
 Endoplasmic reticulum ER
• Is a network of interconnecting flattened sacs, tubes and channels .
• The space inside of the ER is called lumen
• It plays a major role in production, processing and transporting of proteins
and lipids
• Is present in animal and plant cells
• Tow types of ER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum:
• carbohydrate and lipids synthesis
• Transport vesicles
• Manufactures membranes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
• Connected with rough ER
• Makes transports of materials that are prepare by rough ER to other parts of
the cell.
 Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein.

• Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the

endoplasmic reticulum.

• Ribosomes are made of proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

• It comprises of two sections, known as subunits.

• The smallest subunit is the place of the mRNA , the bigger subunit is the place the
amino acids are included.

• Function

• The role of bringing together amino acids to form particular proteins

 The Golgi apparatus
• is known as the Golgi complex or Golgi body.
• The Golgi apparatus is the "manufacturing and shipping center" of the cell
• A Golgi complex contains cisternae (flat sacs).
• It has its own membrane.
• Functions
• The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and
packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.
• Collects, processes and sorts molecules from ER.
• make lysosomes
• Produce new materials for the cell membrane and macromolecules for export.
 Lysosomes
• Lysosomes are spherical sacs, surrounding by a single membrane.

• The lysosome membrane helps to keep its internal compartment acidic and separates the digestive enzymes from
the rest of the cell.

• Lysosomes are formed by proteins from the ER and enclosed within vesicles by the Golgi complex .

• Lysosome Function

• can digest cellular macromolecules.

• Lysosomes act as the "garbage disposal" of a cell.

• Breakdown (digestion) of unwanted structures such as old organelles.

• White blood cells have many more lysosomes than others.

• These cells destroy bacteria, dead cells, cancerous cells, and foreign matter through cell digestion.
 Cell wall
• This outer covering is positioned next to the cell membrane.
• Can be founded in most plant cell (cellulose), fungi ( chitin), bacteria (peptidoglycan), algae and in some
archaea.
• It contains fibers of cellulose, a polysaccharide which strengthens the wall.
• May also be reinforced with extra cellulose or with a hard material called lignin for extra strength.
• Cell walls are freely permeable.
Functions:
• important functions in a cell including protection, structure, and support.
• The cell wall gives the cell a definite shape.
• Withstand turgor pressure: Turgor pressure is the force exerted against the cell wall as the contents of
the cell push the plasma membrane against the cell wall.
• It prevents the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis
• Regulate growth
• Communication: Cells communicate with one another via plasmodesmata (pores or channels between
plant cell walls that allow molecules and communication signals to pass between individual plant cells).​
 Plasmodesma
• Plasmodesmata: These pores, or channels, between plant cell walls allow
molecules and communication signals to pass between individual plant cells.

• are intercellular organelles found only in plant and algal cells.

• Function of Plasmodesmata

• Plasmodesmata play roles in both cellular communication and in molecule

translocation.

• The plasmodesmata link tissue cells to one another, so they have functional
importance for tissue growth and development.
 Chloroplast
• A chloroplast is a type of plant cell organelle known as a plastid.
• A chloroplast contains a green pigment called chlorophyll , which absorbs light
energy for photosynthesis
• chloroplasts have their own DNA.
• can also be found in other photosynthetic organisms, such as algae and
cyanobacteria.
The main function of chloroplasts is to carry out photosynthesis.

The light dependent stage :

• light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll. Some of this energy is used to manufacture
ATP from ADP.

The light independent stage:

• The Calvin cycle uses the energy and reducing power generated during the first stage
to convert carbon dioxide into sugars.
• The Calvin cycle takes place in solution in the stroma
 Chloroplast structures include:

• Membrane Envelope: contains inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes .

• The inner membrane separates the stroma from the intermembrane space.
• Intermembrane Space: space between the outer membrane and inner
membrane.
• Thylakoid System: internal membrane system consisting of flattened
sac-like membrane structures (converts the light energy to chemical
energy).
• Grana (singular granum): flat, disc-like structures that stack up like piles
of coins many layers deep.
• Stroma: dense fluid within the chloroplast that lies inside the envelope but
outside the thylakoid membrane. This is the site of conversion of carbon
dioxide to carbohydrates (sugar).
• Chlorophyll: a green photosynthetic pigment within the chloroplast grana
that absorbs light energy.
 Vacuoles

• The plant vacuole is surrounded by a membrane, the tonoplast , which

controls exchange between the vacuole and the cytoplasm.

• Vacuoles of plant cells are larger than those found in animal cells.

Animal cell
• Vacuole is considered as the 'storage bin' of cells.

• The fluid in the vacuole is a solution of pigments, enzymes, sugars and

other organic compounds (including some waste products), mineral salts,
oxygen and carbon dioxide

Plant cell
 Function of Vacuoles
• The waste products generated in cells are accumulated in vacuoles.

• Destroying the bacteria that attack cells Vacuoles

• Help in maintaining an acidic internal pH in cells.

• Maintain the turgor and hydrostatic pressure.

Microvilli and microtubules
• Microvilli are finger-like extensions of the cell surface membrane

• They increase the surface area of the cell surface membrane

• Microtubules: are long, rigid, hollow tubes found in the cytoplasm

• Together with actin filaments and intermediate filaments they make up

cytoskeleton

• Cytoskeleton is an essential structural component of the cell which helps to

determine the cell shape.
Microtubules functions
• They create cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia and flagella.
• They have a mechanical function of supporting
• Help secretory vesicles and other organelles to move outside surface
of the microtubules.
 Centrioles
• A centriole is a hollow cylinder formed from a ring of short microtubules.
• Centrioles are made of nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a cylinder.
• Centrioles are only found in animal cells.
• Are located next to the nucleus
• Centriole function:
• Are involved in cell division (mitosis , separating chromosomes)
• Are responsible for forming flagella and cilia.
• Determine the position of the nucleus and other organelles.
Centrosome
• The centrosome is microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) of
eukaryotic animal cells.
• It consist of two centrioles that are at right angle.
• Located near the nucleus.

• Is involved in the formation of mitotic spindle fibers that

separate the chromosomes during the cell division.
• Is also involve in creating and extending of the microtubules
that constitute the cytoskeleton.