CAMPBELL

BIOLOGY TENTH
EDITION

Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson

7
Membrane
Structure and
Function

Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Life at the Edge

 The plasma membrane is the boundary that

separates the living cell from its surroundings
 selective permeability

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid
mosaics of lipids and proteins

 Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the

plasma membrane
 Phospholipids are amphipathic
 The fluid mosaic model

Figure 7.2c

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Figure 7.3

Fibers of extra-
cellular matrix (ECM)

Glyco-
Carbohydrate Glycolipid
protein
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE

Cholesterol
Microfilaments Peripheral
of cytoskeleton proteins Integral
protein CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE

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 The Fluidity of Membranes

 Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move

within the bilayer
 What happens when temperatures cool?
 What will determine when the membrane
solidifies?
 The steroid cholesterol has different effects on
membrane fluidity at different temperatures

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Figure 7.5
(a) Unsaturated versus saturated hydrocarbon tails

Fluid Viscous

Unsaturated tails Saturated tails pack

prevent packing. together.

(b) Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane

Cholesterol reduces
membrane fluidity at
moderate temperatures,
but at low temperatures
hinders solidification.

Cholesterol

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Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid
Composition

 Variations in lipid composition of cell membranes

of many species appear to be adaptations to
specific environmental conditions

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Membrane Proteins and Their Functions

 A membrane is a collage
N-terminus EXTRACELLULAR
of different proteins, often SIDE
grouped together,
embedded in the fluid
matrix of the lipid bilayer
 Proteins determine most
of the membrane’s
specific functions
a helix
 Peripheral proteins and CYTOPLASMIC
Integral proteins C-terminus SIDE

Figure 7.6
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Figure 7.7

 Six major functions of membrane proteins

Signaling
molecule
Enzymes Receptor

ATP
Signal transduction
(a) Transport (b) Enzymatic (c) Signal
activity transduction

Glyco-
protein

(d) Cell-cell (e) Intercellular (f) Attachment to

recognition joining the cytoskeleton
and extracellular
matrix (ECM)
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Figure 7.8

HIV

Receptor
Receptor (CD4)
(CD4)
Co-receptor but no CCR5 Plasma
(CCR5) membrane

(a) (b)

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The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-
Cell Recognition

 Cells recognize each other by binding to

molecules, often containing carbohydrates, on the
extracellular surface of the plasma membrane
 Glycolipids and glycoproteins

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Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes

 Membranes have distinct inside and outside faces

 Membranes are asymmetrical in their faces

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Concept 7.2: Membrane structure results in
selective permeability of the bilayer

 Plasma membranes are selectively permeable,

regulating the cell’s molecular traffic
 Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as
hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and
pass through the membrane rapidly
 Hydrophilic molecules including ions and polar
molecules do not cross the membrane easily

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Transport Proteins

 Transport proteins
 Channel proteins (eg. Aquaporins)
 Carrier proteins

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Concept 7.3: Passive transport is diffusion of a
substance across a membrane with no energy
investment
 Diffusion

 At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross

the membrane in one direction as in the other
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 Passive transport

 Substances diffuse down their concentration

gradient

 No work must be done to move substances down

the concentration gradient

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Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance

 Osmosis

 What must be true about the membrane and the

solute?

 solute concentration is the key

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Figure 7.11
Lower concentration Higher concentration More similar
of solute (sugar) of solute concentrations of solute

Sugar H2O
molecule

Selectively
permeable
membrane

Osmosis
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Water Balance of Cells Without Cell Walls

 Tonicity - the ability of a surrounding

solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
 Isotonic solution
 Hypertonic solution
 Hypotonic solution

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 Osmoregulation, the control of solute

concentrations and water balance, is a necessary
adaptation for life in such environments
50 μm
Contractile vacuole

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Water Balance of Cells with Cell Walls

 Cell walls help maintain water balance

 A plant cell in a hypotonic solution is turgid (firm)
 A plant cell in an isotonic solution becomes
flaccid (limp)
 In a hypertonic environment, plant cells lose water

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Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided

by Proteins

 Facilitated diffusion
 channel proteins and carrier proteins

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  Channel proteins
 Aquaporins
 Ion channels
 gated channels

 Carrier proteins undergo a subtle change

in shape that translocates the solute-
binding site across the membrane

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Figure 7.14
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID

(a) A channel
protein

Channel protein Solute

CYTOPLASM

Carrier protein Solute

(b) A carrier protein

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Concept 7.4: Active transport uses energy to
move solutes against their gradients

 Facilitated diffusion is passive

 Some transport proteins, however, can move
solutes against their concentration gradients

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The Need for Energy in Active Transport

 Active transport moves substances

against their concentration gradients
 Active transport requires energy
 Primary active transport
 Secondary active transport

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  What does active transport allows cells to
maintain?
 The sodium-potassium pump is one type of
active transport system

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How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential

 Membrane potential
 electrochemical gradient drives the diffusion of
ions across a membrane
 A chemical force
 An electrical force

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  Electrogenic pumps help store energy that can be
used for cellular work
 Electrogenic pump

 The sodium-potassium pump

 The proton pump
ATP − + EXTRACELLULAR
− FLUID
+ H+
H+
H+
Proton pump H+
− + H+

CYTOPLASM − + H+

Figure 7.17
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Figure 7.15

EXTRACELLULAR [Na+] high

FLUID [K+] low
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+

[Na+] low P ATP

Na+
CYTOPLASM [K+] high ADP

K+ 1 2

K+

Na+
6 Na+

Na+

K+

K+ P

K+
K+ 3

P
Pi
5
4

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Figure 7.16

Passive transport Active transport

Diffusion Facilitated diffusion ATP

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Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane

Protein

 Cotransport occurs when active transport

of a solute indirectly drives transport of other
substances
 The importance of ions
 Symporter vs. Antiporter

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 Symporter Antiporter

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Concept 7.5: Bulk transport across the

plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and
endocytosis

 How does the cell get large molecules, such as

polysaccharides and proteins, across the
membrane?

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Exocytosis and Endocytosis

 In exocytosis, transport vesicles migrate to the

membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
outside the cell

 Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis, involving

different proteins

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Types of Endocytosis

 There are three types of endocytosis

 Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”)
 Pinocytosis (“cellular drinking”)
 Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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Figure 7.19

Phagocytosis

EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Solutes

Pseudopodium

“Food”
or
other
particle

Food
vacuole

CYTOPLASM
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Figure 7.19b

Pinocytosis

Plasma
membrane
Coat
protein

Coated
pit

Coated
vesicle
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Figure 7.19c

Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis

Plasma Coat Receptor

membrane protein

0.25 μm

Top: A coated pit.

Bottom: A coated vesicle
forming during receptor-
mediated endocytosis (TEMs)

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Review of Transport Basics

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Figure 7.UN02
Passive transport:
Facilitated diffusion

Channel Carrier
protein protein

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Figure 7.UN03
Active transport

ATP

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 Understanding Concepts

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Test your knowledge

“Cell” “Environment”
0.03 M sucrose 0.01 M sucrose
0.02 M glucose 0.01 M glucose
0.01 M fructose

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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

For Your Review

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Figure 7.15a

EXTRACELLULAR [Na+] high

FLUID [K+] low
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+

[Na+] low P ATP

Na+
CYTOPLASM [K+] high ADP

1Cytoplasmic Na+ 2 Na+ binding

binds to the sodium- stimulates
potassium pump. The phosphorylation
affinity for Na+ is high by ATP.
when the protein
has this shape.
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Figure 7.15b

Na+
Na+ K+

Na+

K+

P P
Pi

3Phosphorylation 4 The new shape has a

leads to a change in high affinity for K+, which
protein shape, reducing binds on the extracellular
its affinity for Na+, which side and triggers release
is released outside. of the phosphate group.
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Figure 7.15c

5Loss of the 6 K+ is released;

phosphate group affinity for Na+ is
restores the protein’s high again, and the
original shape, which cycle repeats.
has a lower affinity
for K+.
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