CAMPBELL

BIOLOGY TENTH
EDITION

Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson

11
Cell
Communication

Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Messaging

 Cells can signal to each other and interpret the

signals they receive from other cells and the
environment

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Concept 11.1: External signals are converted to
responses within the cell

 Communication among microorganisms provides

some insight into how cells send, receive, and
respond to signals

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Evolution of Cell Signaling

 The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has two
mating types, a and 
Receptor α factor
1 Exchange
of mating
factors
a α

Yeast cell, a factor Yeast cell,

mating type a mating type α

2 Mating
a α

3 New a/ cell

a/ α
Figure 11.2-3

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  Pathway similarities suggest that ancestral
signaling molecules that evolved in prokaryotes
and single-celled eukaryotes were adopted for use
in their multicellular descendants
1 Individual
rod-shaped
cells

2
2 Aggregation
in progress
0.5 mm

3 Spore-forming
structure
(fruiting body)
2.5 mm

Figure 11.3

Fruiting bodies
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Local and Long-Distance Signaling

 Cells in a multicellular organism communicate via
signaling molecules
Plasma membranes Cell wall

Gap junctions Plasmodesmata

between animal cells between plant cells
(a) Cell junctions

Figure 11.4

(b) Cell-cell recognition

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  In many other cases, animal cells communicate
using secreted messenger molecules that travel
only short distances

Local signaling
Target cells Electrical signal triggers
release of neurotransmitter.
Neurotransmitter
diffuses across
Secreting synapse.
cell

Secretory
vesicles
Local regulator Target cell

(a) Paracrine signaling (b) Synaptic signaling

Figure 11.5a&b

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 In long-distance signaling, plants and animals use

chemicals called hormones
Long-distance signaling
Endocrine cell Target cell
specifically
binds
hormone.

Hormone
travels in
bloodstream.

Blood
vessel
Figure 11.5c
(c) Endocrine (hormonal) signaling
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 The Three Stages of Cell Signaling:
A Preview

 Earl W. Sutherland discovered how the hormone

epinephrine acts on cells

 Sutherland suggested that cells receiving signals

went through three processes:

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Figure 11.6-1

EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane

1 Reception
Receptor

Signaling
molecule

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Figure 11.6-2

EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane

1 Reception 2 Transduction
Receptor

1 2 3

Relay molecules

Signaling
molecule

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Figure 11.6-3

EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane

1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response

Receptor
Activation
1 2 3 of cellular
response
Relay molecules

Signaling
molecule

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Animation: Overview of Cell Signaling

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Concept 11.2: Reception: A signaling molecule

binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change
shape

 Ligand
 Ligand cause transduction of the signal. How?
 Where do you find most receptors? Where else
might they be?

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Receptors in the Plasma Membrane

 There are three main types of membrane

receptors
 What is the largest family of cell-surface
receptors?

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 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell

surface transmembrane receptors that work with
the help of a G protein

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Figure 11.8b

Signaling Inactive
G protein-coupled Plasma membrane Activated molecule enzyme
receptor receptor

GTP
GDP GDP
G protein GTP
CYTOPLASM GDP
(inactive) Enzyme
1 2

Activated
enzyme

GTP
GDP

Pi

Cellular
response
3 4

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 Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are

membrane receptors that attach phosphates to
tyrosines

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Figure 11.8c
Signaling molecule Signaling molecule
(ligand)
Ligand-binding site
 helix in the
membrane

Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr

Tyr
Tyrosines Tyr Tyr
Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr
Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr
Tyr

Receptor tyrosine Dimer

kinase proteins
CYTOPLASM
(inactive monomers)
1 2

Activated relay
proteins

Cellular
P Tyr P Tyr Tyr P
Tyr Tyr Tyr P response 1
Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P

Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Cellular

6 ATP 6 ADP
response 2
Activated tyrosine Fully activated
kinase regions receptor tyrosine
(unphosphorylated kinase (phos- Inactive
dimer) phorylated dimer) relay proteins

3 4
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 A ligand-gated ion channel receptor acts as a

gate when the receptor changes shape

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Figure 11.8d-3

1 2
Gate Gate open
Ions
Signaling closed
molecule
(ligand)

Plasma Cellular
Ligand-gated response
membrane
ion channel receptor

3 Gate closed

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Intracellular Receptors

 Intracellular receptor proteins are found in the

cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells

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Figure 11.9
Hormone EXTRA-
(aldosterone) CELLULAR
FLUID

Plasma
Receptor membrane
protein
Hormone-
receptor
complex

DNA
mRNA
New
protein
NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM
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Concept 11.3: Transduction: Cascades of

molecular interactions relay signals from
receptors to target molecules in the cell

 Signal transduction usually involves multiple steps

 Multistep pathways can greatly amplify a signal

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Signal Transduction Pathways

 The binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor

triggers the first step in a chain of molecular
interactions

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Protein Phosphorylation and

Dephosphorylation

 Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of

proteins is a widespread cellular mechanism for
regulating protein activity
 Protein kinases
 phosphorylation cascade

 Protein phosphatases

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Figure 11.10

Signaling molecule

Receptor Activated relay

molecule
Inactive
protein kinase
1 Active
protein
kinase
1

Inactive
protein kinase ATP
2 ADP P
Active
protein
PP kinase
Pi
2

Inactive
protein kinase ATP
ADP P
3 Active
protein
PP kinase
Pi 3
Inactive
protein ATP
P
ADP
Active Cellular
protein response
PP
Pi

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Signal Amplification

 Enzyme cascades amplify the cell’s response to

the signal
 At each step, the number of activated products is
much greater than in the preceding step

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Small Molecules and Ions as Second
Messengers

 Many signaling pathways involve second

messengers
 Second messengers
 common second messengers

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Cyclic AMP

 Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is one of the most widely

used second messengers
 Adenylyl cyclase

Adenylyl cyclase Phosphodiesterase

Pyrophosphate H2O

ATP cAMP AMP

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Figure 11.12
First messenger
(signaling molecule
such as epinephrine) Adenylyl
cyclase
G protein

GTP

G protein-coupled
receptor ATP
Second
cAMP messenger

Protein
kinase A

Cellular responses

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Animation: Signal Transduction Pathways

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  Understanding of the role of cAMP in G protein
signaling pathways helps explain how certain
microbes cause disease

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Concept 11.4: Response: Cell signaling leads to

regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic
activities

 The cell’s response to an extracellular signal is

called the “output response”

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Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Responses

 Ultimately, a signal transduction pathway leads to

regulation of one or more cellular activities
 The response may occur in the cytoplasm or in the
nucleus

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Figure 11.15
Growth factor Reception
Receptor

Phosphorylation
cascade
Transduction

CYTOPLASM

Inactive Active
transcription transcription
factor factor Response
P

DNA

Gene

NUCLEUS mRNA
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  Other pathways regulate the activity of enzymes
rather than their synthesis
Reception Transduction
Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled Inactive
receptor G protein
(1 molecule)
Active G protein (102 molecules)
Inactive
adenylyl cyclase

Active adenylyl cyclase (102)

ATP
Figure 11.16 Cyclic AMP (104)
Inactive
protein kinase A

Active protein kinase A (104)

Inactive
phosphorylase kinase
Response Active phosphorylase kinase (105)
Inactive
Glycogen
glycogen phosphorylase
Glucose 1-phosphate Active glycogen phosphorylase (106)
(108 molecules)
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Termination of the Signal

 Inactivation mechanisms are an essential aspect

of cell signaling
 If ligand concentration falls, fewer receptors will be
bound
 Unbound receptors revert to an inactive state

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Regulation of the Response

 A response to a signal may not be simply “on” or

“off”
 There are four aspects of signal regulation to
consider:

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The Specificity of Cell Signaling and

Coordination of the Response
 Different kinds of cells have different collections of
proteins
 These different proteins allow cells to detect and
respond to different signals

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Concept 11.5: Apoptosis integrates multiple
cell-signaling pathways

 Cells that are infected or damaged or have

reached the end of their functional lives often
undergo “programmed cell death”
 Apoptosis

2 µm
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Apoptotic Pathways and the Signals That

Trigger Them

 In humans and other mammals, several different

pathways can carry out apoptosis
 Apoptosis can be triggered by signals from outside
the cell or inside it
 Apoptosis evolved early in animal evolution and is
essential for the development and maintenance of
all animals

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Figure 11.21

Cells Space
Interdigital undergoing between
tissue apoptosis 1 mm
digits

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