MS3 3.

00

WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU

T"#t"#$rif A "#$ G"ffre inol

General Certificate of E !cation

Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced

Uwch Gyfrannol/Uwch

MAR%ING SCHEMES

SUMMER 2005

BIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION The marking schemes which follow were those used by the WJEC for the Summer 2005 examination in CE !iology" They were finalised after detailed discussion at examiners# conferences by all the examiners in$ol$ed in the assessment" The conferences were held shortly after the %a%ers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates# res%onses& with %hotoco%ied scri%ts forming the basis of discussion" The aim of the conferences was to ensure that the marking schemes were inter%reted and a%%lied in the same way by all examiners" 't is ho%ed that this information will be of assistance to centres but it is recognised at the same time that& without the benefit of %artici%ation in the examiners# conferences& teachers may ha$e different $iews on certain matters of detail or inter%retation" The WJEC regrets that it cannot enter into any discussion or corres%ondence about these marking schemes"

BIOLOGY ASSESSMENT UNIT BI& '!e#tion (" An#(er)E*+lanator" Note# )ibosome mark scheme *i+ ( mark for decent diagram showing 2 clear subunits ( mark for any label large subunit small subunit groo$e which /),- fits into t),- binding site ),-.)ibosomal ),/rotein *not0 amino acids.nucleic acid+ *rough+ endo%lasmic reticulum %rotein.%oly%e%tide synthesis nucleolus.nucleolus and cyto%lasm *not0 nucleus.cyto%lasm+ Mar,# A-aila.le

2 ( ( ( ( ( Total 0 /ar,#

*ii+

*iii+ *i$+ *$+

'!e#tion 2" 1i%id mark scheme *i+

An#(er)E*+lanator" Note#

Mar,# A-aila.le

Tri$l"ceri e Structural difference ( Structural difference 2 2 fatty acids

12o#+2oli+i 2 fatty acids

* lycerol head only+

lycerol 3 %hos%hate head *not0 %hos%horus+ Cell.%lasma /e/.rane#

Where com%ound is found in organisms

4nder skin.subcutaneous. blubber -round body organs 5ur.feathers ,er$e cells Smooth E).golgi.$esicles seeds chloro%lasts

*not0 hydro%hilic.hydro%hobic.%olar.non6%olar.fat un7ualified+ One /ar, +er ro( 3 4 *ii+ Stearic.Saturated has more 8 or con$erse" Stearic has no double bonds *in 2" rocar.on c2ain.double C-C bonds+ or con$erse" Stearic acid is a straight hydrocarbon chain.not kinked.bent or con$erse" ( *iii+ Stearic acid.saturated *fatty acid+" ( Total 5 /ar,#

'!e#tion 2"

An#(er)E*+lanator" Note# enetic finger%rinting 9 mark scheme *a+ *i+ *ii+ *iii+ *i$+ enetic.:,- finger%rinting.:,- %rofiling" blood.sali$a.skin.hair.semen any 2 *not0 finger%rints.body fluids.urine.sweat+ sus%ect 2 it is the only one which has the banding %attern which exactly matches the one at the scene of the crime" *allow0 sam%les are the same+ 4sed to cut the :,- *into sections"+ *not0 genes+ Se%aration of :,- fragments"

Mar,# A-aila.le ( ( ( (

*b+

*i+ *ii+

( ( ( Total 0 /ar,#

*c+

/aternity suits.e7

'!e#tion ;"

An#(er)E*+lanator" Note# Cell di$ision mark scheme *a+ Correct ': of 1S root <one of cell di$ision" *not0 cross in $ascular bundle.across all diagram+ Correct ': of TS anther <one of cell di$ision" *allow0 to to% of root ca% but not in root ca%+ )oot labelled ='T>S'S *correct s%elling only+" -nther labelled =E'>S'S *correct s%elling only+" *b+ Correct drawings as below" *number must be consistent+

Mar,# A-aila.le

2 2

>n e7uator

-s bi$alent& labelled" deleted+

*-llow0 at right angles if %oles

*c+

Correct label for centriole& drawn" Centromere !i$alent >ne mark each 2 Total &6 /ar,# ;

'!e#tion 5"

An#(er)E*+lanator" Note# !eetroot 9 mark scheme *i+ ?$ery little increase.06@ unitsA u% to ?;0BC.first ; tem%eraturesC ra%id rise at 50BC.rise from @ to D0 at 50BCC small rise from D0 to (00 units from 50 to @0BC" higher tem%erature& darker solution.higher reading *ii+ =embrane *%roteins+ are stable between (0 and ;0BC.at low tem%eraturesC *-%%earance of the red %igment means that+ the *tono%last and+ cell membrane has been damaged between ;0 and 50BC. at high tem%eraturesC *meaning+ %igment has leaked out of cells.sa% $acuole. change in membrane %ermeability.damaged membraneC %roteins change sha%e.denature and come out of bilayerC %hos%holi%ids bilayer has become too fluid.cannot retain %roteins" *iii+ :issol$es %hos%holi%ids.destroys cell membrane structureC *So+ %igment leaks out" *not0 ref" to higher or lower readings+

Mar,# A-aila.le

( Total 7 /ar,#

'!e#tion E"

An#(er)E*+lanator" Note# :,- 9 mark scheme *a+ *i+ *ii+ *iii+ *i$+ *$+ - :,! ),)ibose *not0 %entose+ ,ucleus.nucleolus.mitochondria.chloro%lasts 8ydrogen ),-.! is a short molecule& :,-.- is a long moleculeC /entose in :,- contains one less oxygen" ),-.! is much shorter than :,-.-C - is helix& ! is straight molecule.not helix" 4racil re%laces thymine in ),-.!" *not0 :,- has deoxyribose and ),- has ribose+ *b+ *i+ *ii+ - bond.base %airs with T and C with " -ny suitable figure from table indicating - a%%rox F T.C a%%rox F *data and s%ecies+ /urines"

Mar,# A-aila.le

( ( ( (

( ( ( ( Total 8 /ar,#

*iii+

'!e#tion @"

An#(er)E*+lanator" Note# 'mmobilised en<yme mark scheme *a+ *i+ 2*mm+ *because+ it gi$es the highest %ercentage of %roduct *not0 con$erse+ smaller beads gi$e a larger total area *ex%osed to the milk.substrate+C *not0 smaller beads ha$e large surface area+ or smaller beads will %ack more closely *so there is more en<yme0subtrate+C the milk will ha$e longer contact.flow more slowly around small& close %acked beadsC or gi$es more time for the en<yme and subtrate to come into contact" *iii+ /ercentage %roduct would increase.get more %roductC =ore time for en<yme6substrate com%lexes to occur. for reaction" *i$+ *b+ *c+ tem%erature.milk ty%e.source *not0 %8+

Mar,# A-aila.le

*ii+

( ( (

glucose and galactose Can tolerate.more stable condition.tem%s.%8 7ualifiedC in a wider range of

/roduct not contaminated with en<yme.%ure %roduct.easily reused 7ualifiedC Se$eral en<ymes *re7uiring different conditions+ may be used togetherC En<ymes easily added.remo$ed F more control" *allow0 ref" to continuous %roduction 7ualified& not0 ref" to cost+ 2 Total 8 /ar,#

'!e#tion D"

An#(er)E*+lanator" Note# Cystic fibrosis mark scheme *a+ %rotein.ca%sid nucleic acid.:,-.),*b+ *c+ gene thera%y 4se of li%osomesC Transfer of non C5 gene *into %lasmid+C Coated in *s%heres of+ %hos%holi%ids.li%id *bilayer+C !reathed into lung $ia aerosol.inhaler" *d+ ets into nucleusC 'nsertion into genome.chromosomeC Transcri%tion.e7C *in context+ Translation.e7" *in context+ *e+ -cti$ation of oncogenesC 4nex%ected disease caused.leukaemiaC -llergic res%onse" *not0 side effects un7ualified+

Mar,# A-aila.le

2 (

( Total 9 /ar,#

'!e#tion G" *a+

An#(er)E*+lanator" Note# En<yme essay mark scheme a b c d e f 1H g h i Te/+ H k l )ate of reaction increases with increasing tem%erature !ecause of increased number of collisions of acti$e site and substrate En<ymes are denatured by higher tem%eratures abo$e ;5C >%timum for most *mammalian+ en<ymes a%%rox 2@C -t low tem%eratures en<ymes are inacti$e.e7 En<ymes ha$e a narrow o%timum %8 range 1arge de$iations from this o%timum may result in denaturation.sha%e change Small %8 changes cause re$ersible changes *which may inacti$ate the en<yme+ !iological catalysts.s%eed u% a chemical reaction *not0 catalyst un7ualified+ !y lowering acti$ation energy.labelled diagram lobular %rotein.labelled diagram.tertiary structure or e7" With acti$e site.s%ecific sha%e 'nto which substrate*s+ fits and is con$erted to %roduct*s+ Correct reference to lock and key.induced fit or suitably labelled diagrams

Mar,# A-aila.le

In2i.itor# n % 7 :escri%tion of the 2 ty%es of inhibitors com%etiti$e ,on6com%etiti$e.labelled diagrams Correct egs cyanide for non6com%& malonic acid for com% Must mention pH, temp and inhibitors to get 10 marks. If one or more missing Max. 9 marks.

'!e#tion G" *b+

An#(er)E*+lanator" Note# :,- re%lication.transcri%tion essay mark scheme DNA re+lication a b c d e f g h :,- re%lication has to occur %rior to cell di$ision.during inter%hase */arental+ :,- helix unwinds *has to be clear that this is all the :,-& not Hust a section+ Com%lementary strands se%arate due to breaking of *weak+ 86bonds (could be given in transcription !ase %airing *-T& C + occurs between the bases of the both tem%late strands and free nucleotides :,- %olymerase se%arates the 2 :,- strands.Hoining of :,- nucleotides /roduces %air of identical helices.strands Semi6conser$ati$e re%lication.one new chain& one original =ention of =eselson and Stahl ex%t.correct details of ex%eriment

Mar,# A-aila.le

Tran#cri+tion i H k l c m n >ccurs during %rotein synthesis !ase se7uence of a *cistron+ gene is con$erted to /RNA *not0 :,- is con$erted+ ene *only+.short section *e7+ unwinds ),- %olymerase nucleotides attaches to the :,-.Hoins ),-

:,- un<i%s.c from replication if not alread! given >ne strand acts as a tem%late 5ree ),- nucleotides align themsel$es o%%osite the com%lementary base.mention of uracil instead of thymine& uracil %airs with adenine Com%lete m),- %eels off and exits *nucleus+ through a nuclear %ore.:,- <i%s back u% Total &6 /ar,#

(0

ASSESSMENT UNIT BI : '!e#tion (" *a+ *b+ *c+ *d+ *e+ dia%hragmC diffusionC em%hysemaC asthmaC tidalC An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# Mar,# A-aila.le ( ( ( ( ( ;5< 2" *a+ (0(C 0"@50(.20;.(0("2C *b+ ratio of surface area to $olume largeC diffusion sufficient to meet re7uirements.shorter diffusion %athC oxygen for res%iration.remo$al of carbon dioxideC as cells.organisms become larger& surface area to $olume ratio smallerC diffusion can#t su%%ly oxygen.nutrients.remo$e carbon dioxideC *com%arison needed+ ;5< 2 max 2

((

'!e#tion 2" *a+ *i+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# 2(0E0 x (00C (&@00&000 ("2;*I+C reflectedC %asses straight through the leaf.transmission through leaf *not0 transmission un7ualified+ misses %hotosynthetic %arts.lea$esC wrong wa$elengthC absorbed by waterC not %resent because of seasonC

Mar,# A-aila.le

*ii+

2 max

*b+

*i+ *ii+

;C energy at last.;th tro%hic le$el only 2( unitsC insufficient to %ass on.su%%ort another le$elC death.decayC excretion.urineC faeces.egestionC bacteriaC fungi.sa%ro%hytesC %roducer floats out.remo$ed from& ecosystem.fishing. migration 7ualifiedC

( 2

*c+

2 max 2 ( ;&4<

*d+ *e+

(2

'!e#tion ;" *a+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# nutrient content .three named nutrients decreasesC named exam%le %lus figures from tableC lack of lea$es.trees to decom%oseC less nutrients released into soilC increased leachingC no trees to hold soil.reduce run off of waterC

Mar,# A-aila.le

2 max

*b+

*-ny figures 7uoted re7uire units+ increased daytime soil tem%erature *after clearing+C rate of res%iration.en<yme acti$ity of decom%osers increasesC 2 ;5<

(2

'!e#tion 5" *a+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# arteries ha$e thicker wallsC arteries ha$e more muscle in wallsC *not0 $eins ha$e no muscle+ more elastic in wallsC $eins ha$e $al$esC

Mar,# A-aila.le

2 max arteries ha$e smaller lumenC *acce%t re$erse %oints+ *b+ *i+ *ii+ *iii+ *i$+ *$+ arteryC 5 0"5k/aC contraction of $entricle.$entricular systoleC $entricle relaxes.diastoleC further away from heartC friction.more resistanceC increased cross sectional area of $esselsC *c+ *i+ se%arate systemic.bodyC and %ulmonary.lungs systemsC blood %asses through heart twice during one com%lete circuit *ii+ blood contained in $esselsC 2 max ( ;&:; 2 max ( ( ( (

(;

'!e#tion E" *a+ *i+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# stomata o%en earlier.close later.o%en longer& on a sunny dayC lighter earlier.later.longerC stomata o%en wider.a%erture increases on a sunny dayC more.higher light intensityC rate of o%ening.closing greater on a sunny dayC higher light intensity.more lightC *ii+ excessi$e trans%iration.too much water lost.%lant tries to conser$e water.%re$ents wiltingC

Mar,# A-aila.le

; max

( (

*b+

*i+ *ii+

xero%hytesC feature explanation long rootC large surface area for absor%tion.reaches down to water de%ositsC *not0 ref" to anchorage+ few.small lea$es.foliage close to groundC less trans%iration.reduce water lossC

feature explanation *iii+

thick cuticleC sunken stomataC rolled lea$esC hairs on lea$esC *not0 hairs un7ualified+ lea$es reduced to s%inesC water storage organs

2 max ;&:<

(5

'!e#tion @" *a+ *i+ *ii+ *b+ EC C6:C decreasesC

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note#

Mar,# A-aila.le ( (

blood enters.forced into aortaC *forced+ out of $entricleC *c+ *i+ *ii+ %oint where the two lines di$ergeC %ressure falls in $entricleC below that in aortaC blood tries to flow backC forces $al$es to closeC *d+ sino atrial nodeC *not0 S-,+ 2 max ( ;8< 2 max (

(E

'!e#tion D" *a+ *i+ ! C : E 5

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# loading of sucroseC into sie$e tube cells.at source by acti$e trans%ort.-T/.energy de%endentC sucrose lowers water %otential *of sie$e tube cell+C water mo$es down water %otential gradientC by osmosisC *high+ hydrostatic %ressure generatedC 8 ' J J 1 sucrose unloaded.remo$ed at sinks.rootsC used for res%iration.storage.con$erted to starchC water %asses out of sie$e tube cellC low hydrostatic %ressure at sink.rootC %ressure gradient from source to sink.along sie$e tubeC

Mar,# A-aila.le

= water %lus dissol$ed substances.sucrose.assimilates flow down gradientC *ii+ , > / 9 ref to bidirectional flowC ref to no a%%arent role for sie$e %lates.com%anion cellsC ref to different rates of mo$ementC cyto%lasmic streaming obser$edC

D max

2 max ;&6<

*'ncorrect use of #glucose# %enalised once+

(@

'!e#tion *b+ ! C : E 5

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# birth rate and death rateC %o%ulation grows if birth rate higherC *>)-+ immigration and emigrationC %o%ulation grows if immigration exceeds emigrationC *>)-+ increased %redation decreases %o%ulationC disease will reduce si<e of a %o%ulationC effect of weather.tem%erature 7ualifiedC 8 ' J J 1 a$ailability of food 7ualifiedC a$ailability of li$ing s%ace 7ualifiedC human in$ol$ement.inter$entionC s%ecific exam%le of human in$ol$ementC ref" density de%endent. factorsC

Mar,# A-aila.le

= ref" to carrying ca%acityC , > labelled diagram.descri%tion of a growth cur$e *2 of ; %hases needed+C ref" to some factors can cause a %o%ulation to crashC (0

(D

ASSESSMENT UNIT BI = '!e#tion (" *a+ *i+ *ii+ *iii+ *i$+ *b+ *i+ chloro%lasts dehydrogenases lacteal inflammation endemic %resent but a low.constant le$el in %o%ulation. area& e%idemic s%reading to larger number in %o%ulation.same area *ii+ bacteriostatic sto%s bacteria growing.multi%lying.re%roducing bactericidal kills bacteria ( ;7< 2" *a+ *i+ *ii+ *iii+ to %re$ent o$erheating . remo$e heat generated by %rocess to maintain o%timum . constant %8 to %re$ent contamination with unwanted microbes *not0 %urifying air+ contains nitrogenC microbe needs nitrogen to synthesise %roteins.nucleic acids *c+ /enicilliun %roduces %enicillin during stationary %hase )esources become scarce during o$ercrowding *in stationary %hase+ . ref" to com%etition.secondary metabolite ( ( ( An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# Mar,# A-aila.le ( ( ( ( (

*b+

( ( ( (

;0<

(G

'!e#tion 2" *a+ *b+ *i+ *ii+ *c+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# ! circled on drawing Tem%erature *ke%t at 2@BC+ . %8 *2+ . le$el of acidity no microbes . sterile . denature %roteases or en<ymes in beef in stomach churning . mechanical digestion . se%arates fibres %resents large surface area *for en<yme to act u%on+ . more ES com%lexes continuous en<yme %roduction *not0 ref" to 8Cl+

Mar,# A-aila.le ( ( ( ( (

*d+

*i+

(" 2"

try%sin*ogen+ . chymoK *not0 %e%tidases+ %ancreas

( ( ( (

*ii+

gut wall . organs made of %rotein . secreting cells acti$e en<yme would digest wall . organ . cells . %re$ents autolysis *not0 cell wall+

*iii+

remo$al of amino grou%.excess cannot be stored . ref" to urea so that remainder of molecule may be stored . utilised . con$erted to carbohydrate"

( ( ;&:<

20

'!e#tion ;" *a+ *i+ C : *ii+ / 9 ) S *iii+ *b+ *i+ glycolysis

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note#

Mar,# A-aila.le ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ;&5<

Jrebs . citric acid cycle electron transfer . res%iratory chain *not0 ETC. TC- . electron transfer+ carbon dioxide ethanol . alcohol oxygen water

,-: . nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide . ,-:82 use energy from the electrons to %um% %rotons into intermembrane s%ace . across membrane

*ii+ *ii+ *i$+

) S *allow0 >xygen to water+ it takes u% . remo$es hydrogen . %rotons . forms water %rotons flow down gradient . diffusionC through *a channel in+ -T/ synthetase . -T/ase . stalked %articlesC the energy is used to make -T/ *from -:/+"

2(

'!e#tion 5" *a+ *i+ *ii+ *iii+ *b+ *i+ oxygen

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note#

Mar,# A-aila.le ( ( 2 ( (

2@ mm . 2"@ cm *allow0 conse7uential error+ ;0"EG mm2 L no units ( mark only *allow0 ;0"5 to ;0"@+ D("2 to D("5 collect bubbles of gas *o$er a fixed time %eriod+ *use syringe to mo$e bubble+ and measure its length . $olumeC insert coloured filters *between lam% and %ondweed+ and re%eat *not0 different colours+ ste%s to a$oid stray light . tem%erature changeC max 2

*c+

*i+

*at low light intensities+ increasing light intensity increases rate . $olume of gas %roducedC at higher light intensities . 7uoting $alues increasing light intensity does not affect rate" *not0 ref" to time.le$els off+

( (

*ii+ *iii+ *i$+

0"G to 0";m the tem%erature . carbon dioxide le$el . $olume ,a8C>2 when a %rocess is affected by more than one factor or descri%tion the o$erall rate is limited by that factor which is closet to its minimum $alue" *not0 factor in least su%%ly+ *i"e" within not between factors+

( ( ( (

;&4<

22

'!e#tion E" *a+ *i+ *ii+ *b+ *i+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# s%herical . round coccus *cell wall+ contains %e%tidoglycan . murein . glyco%rotein do not ha$e outer layers with . ha$e little li%o%rotein . li%o%olysaccharide *ii+ *iii+ cell wall . cross links in the wall don#t ha$e *cell+ wall *not0 no metabolic %athways+ -& : and 5 *must get all 2+ which are methicillins E co$er skin lesions . sores with *clean& dry+ dressings don#t share towels . bed linen with family . friends %re$ent direct %hysical contact . stay in 7uarantine wash hands before touching obHects others might use tell others to wash hands after touching you . your dressings . obHects you might ha$e contaminatedC -ny 2 *not0 stay away from infected %erson . multi%les of same suggestion+

Mar,# A-aila.le ( ( ( ( ( (

*c+

*i+ *ii+ *iii+

( ( ( ( ( (

*d+

;&:<

22

'!e#tion @" *a+ -

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# energy source is *a %hoton+ of light& %igments . chloro%hyll absorb light energy . light energy changed to chemical energy %igments include chloro%hyll a and b& carotene and xantho%hylls to absorb different wa$elengths . %arts of s%ectrum reference to antennae com%lex . %hotosystems *embedded in *thylakoid+ membranes+ energy transferred between %igment molecules and to reaction centre *chloro%hyll+ emission of electrons by reaction centre *chloro%hyll+ . /@00 . %hotosystems electron acce%tors 8 ' J J 1 electron transfer chain *between /S'' and /S'+ reference to %roton %um%s -T/ase . chemiosmosis electrons *emitted from /S ''+ re%laced from water L %hotolysis . correct descri%tion of %hotolysis %hotolysis takes %lace inside thylakoid s%ace . mo%%ing u% of %rotons in stroma by ,-:/ therefore contributes to electrochemical gradient

Mar,# A-aila.le (

! C : E 5

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ;&6<

= ,-:/ is reduced . ,-:/82 end %roduct or final electron acce%tor , > reference to cyclic %hos%horylation Energy is stored in the form of -T/

Ma*i/!/ &6 /ar,# fro/ a-aila.le &5>

2;

'!e#tion

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note#

Mar,# A-aila.le ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

@"

*b+

! C : E 5

humoral res%onse in$ol$es %roduction of %roteins *globulins+ called antibodies they are s%ecific to the antigen antibodies are M sha%ed . formed from ; %oly%e%tide chains the antibody antigen com%lex inacti$ates the antigen an exam%le of how . identifying for %hagocytosis . agglutination . lysis . immobilisation . neutralisation humoral res%onse in$ol$es *lym%hoid tissue to form+ ! lym%hocytes . ! cells each ! cell *or T cell+ has rece%tors for its s%ecific antigen

8 '

antigen stimulates %roliferation of %lasma cells and memory cells memory cells remain ready to di$ide if same antigen is encountered again *i"e" increase number rather than out%ut+ cell mediated res%onse in$ol$es T lym%hocytes . T cells T cells de$elo% . mature in thymus gland there are 2 ty%es of T cell.ref" To killer cells& hel%er cells and memory or su%%ressor cells

J J 1

( ( ( ( (

= function of killer cells& directly kill %athogen. bacterium cell infected by $irus , > function of hel%er cells& stimulate %hagocytosis . make T or ! cells com%etent . assist killer cells role for su%%ressor cells 6 su%%ress ! cells . lym%hocyte action after infection . switch off immune system when antigen not %resent

Ma*i/!/ &6 /ar,# fro/ a-aila.le &5>

;&6<

-ll %oints may be awarded for a suitably annotate diagram& but marking %oints must be ex%licit"

25

ASSESSMENT UNIT BI 5 SECTION A '!e#tion (" *a+ *b+ An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# 2& 5& ;& @& E& (& 2 /rotoctistaC 5ungiC N;O -nimaliaC /lantaeC *c+ Cell Wall of murein . not celluloseC *not0 chitin+ ,o nuclear membrane.nucleusC Circular :,-C :,- not associated with histonesC
,o membrane bound cell organelles .mitochondria. chloro%lasts etc"C

Mar,# A-aila.le N(O

N=ax 2O

Small ribosomes.@0S ribosomes *not0 large+ ,o meiosisC /lasmids *d+ >ffs%ring infertile N(O

2E

'!e#tion 2" *a+ *i+ *ii+ *iii+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# !oth alleles ex%ress themsel$es" 5orm of a gene.ref" to same locus /arental genoty%es0 C C amete C 11C 1C

Mar,# A-aila.le N(O N(O

5( genoty%es0 all C 1 5( %henoty%es0 all Che$ron with %ale %atchC *5( genoty%es and %henoty%es ( mark+ ametes0 C 1 C1 C C1 1C 11 N(O N(O

52 genoty%es0 CC

52 %henoty%es che$ron che$ron with %ale %atch %ale %atchC *52 %henoty%es and genoty%es ( mark+ )atio ( 0 2 0 ( -cce%t other symbols if key gi$en" -cce%t gametes if on /unnett s7uare" *b+ *i+ *ii+ *iii+ Continuous Tall Tt x Tt /arental genoty%e ametesC TT Tt Tt tt enoty%e offs%ring )atioC *allow0 @5I& 25I+

N5O N(O N(O N(O

2 tall l0( :warf *!oth for ( mark+ *c+ *i+ *ii+ *d+ G02020( (0(0(0( ,amed characteristicC ,amed en$ironmental factor" *not0 exam%les of selection+

N(O N(O N(O N(O

2@

'!e#tion 2" *a+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# - F glomerulus.mal%ighian cor%uscleC ! F !owman#s ca%suleC C F %roximal.first con$oluted.coiled tubule -" /CTC : F 1oo% of 8enle& -" descending limbC E F collecting ductC

Mar,# A-aila.le

N5O N(O

*b+

*i+

The longer the loo% of 8enle the lower the water %otential of the urine.more concentrated urine.solute %otential higher" Sodium *ions+ %um%ed outC of ascending limbC creates a region of low water %otential around collecting ductsC water mo$es out of collecting duct.descending limbC by >smosisC ref" counter current"

*ii+

N=ax 2O N2O N(O N(O N(O

*c+

*i+ *ii+ *iii+ *i$+

8y%othalmus *(+C brain *(+C osmorece%tors" -ny 2" *%osterior+ %ituitaryC first.%roximal con$oluted tubuleC *distal con$oluted tubule+ collecting ducts"

2D

'!e#tion ;" *a+ *i+ *ii+ =utationC

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note#

Mar,# A-aila.le N(O

Selecti$e ad$antage *if Warfarin being used+C *not0 Hust ref" to natural selection and sur$i$al of the fittest+ more resistant rats sur$i$edC formed breeding %o%ulationC %assed on beneficial allele to offs%ring.more resistant alleles in gene %ool" =ax" 2

*iii+

*Sexual+ re%roduction.interbreedingC N2O migration"

*b+

'f Warfarin not used there is no selecti$e ad$antage. descri%tionC :isad$antage rats with allele need large amounts of $itamin JC therefore selected against.die out" 2 from 2 *not0 more rats sur$i$e therefore greater selection %ressure+

N2O

2G

'!e#tion 5" *a+ -" !"

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note#

Mar,# A-aila.le

5ibre& =yofibril" Sarcolemma& sarco%lasm& large numbers mitochondria& S)" T tubules& multinucleate& nuclei" " from. Sarcomere 7ual" Tin -ctin.Thick =yosin )ef" P line" Correct %osition" )ef" - band" =yosin )ef ' band actin only" )ef" 8 <one" )ef" = line"

C" :" E" 5" " 8" '" Max. 5 J" J" 1" =" ," >

Sliding" e$idence for sliding" Cross bridges" =yosin head binds to actin" :etails of ratchet mechanism" 5unction of -T/" !reaks bond between actin and myosin" )ef" S)" )ole of Calcium" Change of sha%e of tro%omyosin ex%osing binding site

/ Max. 5

20

'!e#tion *b+ -" !" C" :" E" 5" " 8" '" J" J" 1" =" ," > /"

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note#

Mar,# A-aila.le

/ollen tube growth controlled by tube nucleus" *- :iag+ enerati$e nucleus" =itosis" 2 male gametes.nuclei" Embryo sac - ref" D nuclei" =icro%yle& ref" %ollen tube entry" :ouble fertilisation" >ne male gamete fuses with egg cell nucleus" To %roduce a <ygote" >ne male gamete fuses with %olar nuclei" To %roduce %rimary endos%erm nucleus.tri%loid cell" :e$elo%s into endos%erm 'nteguments become testa" Pygote becomes embryo" *cotyledons+ %lumule and radicle" >$ule becomes seed"

2(

'!e#tion E" *a+ *b+ *c+ *i+ *ii+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# enetically identicalC from small grou%s of cells. meristems.ex%lants.indi$idual cellsC artificial medium.agar ,o nucleus.mitosis cannot take %lace.differentiated cells" enetically identicalC grow at same rateC look sameC same si<eC same fla$ourC %reser$es fa$oured alleles or con$erse" enetically same *if not abo$e+C no resistance because no $ariationC no $ariation to sur$i$e climate change owtteC reduction in gene %oolC high cost or difficulties in %roduction" *not0 cost un7ualified+ Chromosome" !reak down of s%indle fibres& during mitosis.non6 disHunction.increased :,- re%lication.chromatids don#t se%arate" /airing of homologous chromosome cannot take %laceC no meiosisC no gametes.ha%loid cells %roduced )e$ersion of $irus to disease causing formC Qirus could be changed into different formC !acteria.$irus could be toxic to humans or insectsC Qirus.bacterium could transfer to another s%eciesC -cce%t ref" ethical reasons 7ualified e"g" Why change colour of lea$es when there is no nutritional $alueR -cce%t ref" increase cost of %lants %utting financial burden on farmersC -cce%t other $alid %oints e"g" unknown future side effects" *not0 %laying od.genes esca%ing+

Mar,# A-aila.le N2O N(O N=ax 2O

N=ax 2O N(O N=ax (O

*d+

*i+ *ii+

*iii+ *e+

N=ax 2O

N=ax" 2O

22

'!e#tion @" *a+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# E"g" of intracellular& described e"g" named res%iratory *allow0 digesti$e if stated as lysosomal+ E"g" of extracellular& described e"g" named digesti$e

Mar,# A-aila.le N(O N(O

*b+

:,-& code for %rimary structure.amino acid se7uence" )ibosomes& translation.Hoining a" acids together.site of %rotein synthesis" olgi body& assembly and %ackaging.modify %roteins" 1ysosomes& contain *%roteolytic+ en<ymesC Exocytosis& membrane" release.ex%ort of en<ymes across cell N5O

*c+

*i+

Com%etiti$e *similar sha%e to substrate+& binds to acti$e siteC ,on6com%etiti$e binds to en<yme but not at acti$e siteC *not0 ref" to non6re$ersible.re$ersible+

N2O

*ii+

Com%etiti$e& *re$ersible+ inhibitorC binds to acti$e sites in en<ymeC %re$ents ethylene glycol enteringC slows %roduction of oxalic acid.less acid %roducedC can lea$e acti$e site" En<ymes work at o%timum %8.s%ecific %8C Changes secondary.tertiary structure of en<ymeC -ffects 8 bonds.ionic bonds.disul%hide bridgesC -cti$e sites destroyed.distortedC Sha%e of en<yme changes.configurationC Slight %8 change causes inacti$ation.extreme causes denaturation"

N=ax" ;O

*iii+

N=ax" ;O

22

'!e#tion *d+

An#(er#)E*+lanator" Note# En<ymes always %roteins.hormones %roteins or steroidsC 8ormones %roduced by endocrine glands.ductless glandsC 8ormones trans%orted in blood to site of actionC En<ymes often work inside cell in which %roduced& hormones target cellsC En<ymes more lower acti$ation energyC )ef" s%eed of actionC En<ymes more susce%tible to %8.tem% changes *not0 ref" acti$e site.hormones homeostatic and en<ymes catalysts+ *com%arati$e statements not necessary+

Mar,# A-aila.le

N=ax" 2O

CE !iology =arkscheme *June 2005+.8J

2;

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