Training STEM_BIO11/12

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS
(STEM) SPECIALIZED SUBJECT
Presentation by: John D. Torres
K to 12 Training, Senior High School-STEM
Sponsored by the Department of Education
In cooperation with the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Agoo, La Union 2504, Philippines
 CELL TYPES,
STRUCTURE
& FUNCTION,

Presentation by: John D. Torres

A modified version of the presentation by Dr. Isaac Barjis (Biology Instructor)
Most of the images used were copyrighted by the McGraw-Hill Companies
 Cell Structure and
Function
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
Ribosome: Fimbriae: regulates entrance
site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that and exit of molecules
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body: Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients for elongated, hollow
later use appendage used for
Mesosome: DNA transfer to other Nucleus:

plasma membrane bacterial cells Cytoskeleton:

maintains cell
that folds into the Nucleoid: shape and assists
cytoplasm and location of the bacterial movement of
increases surface area chromosome cell parts:
Endoplasmic
Plasma membrane: reticulum:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

*not in plant cells

4
 Cell Structure and
Function
Recall: What are three basic structures of cells?
CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
DNA
 Cell Type, Structure, and
Function
Recall: What are two broad categories of cell?

EUKARYOTIC CELL
Membrane-bound organelles
including nucleus

PROKARYOTIC CELL
Membrane –bound organelles
are absent and nucleus is not
enclosed
 Prokaryotic Cells
• Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
• Structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
(which have a nucleus).
• Prokaryotic cells are placed in two taxonomic
domains:
– Bacteria
– Archaea
• Live in extreme habitats
– Domains are structurally similar but biochemically
different

7
 The Structure of Bacteria
• Extremely small - 1–1.5 μm wide and 2–6 μm long
• Occur in three basic shapes:
– Spherical coccus,
– Rod-shaped bacillus,
– Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible).
• Cell Envelope includes:
– Plasma membrane - lipid bilayer with imbedded and peripheral
protein
• Form internal pouches (mesosomes)
– Cell wall - maintains the shape of the cell and is strengthened by
peptidoglycan
– Glycocalyx - layer of polysaccharides on the outside of the cell wall
• Well organized and resistant to removal (capsule)

8
 The Structure of Bacteria
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

spirillum

spirochete bacillus

coccus

9
 The Structure of Bacteria
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

protein
molecules

phospholipid
bilayer

10
 The Structure of Bacteria
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ribosome: Fimbriae:
site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body:
Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients for
elongated, hollow
later use
appendage used for
Mesosome: DNA transfer to other
plasma membrane bacterial cells
that folds into the Nucleoid:
cytoplasm and location of the bacterial
increases surface area chromosome
Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell

Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present Escherichia coli
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

© Howard Sochurek/The Medical File/Peter Arnold, Inc.

11
 The Structure of Bacteria Cytoplasm &
Appendages
• Cytoplasm
– Semifluid solution
• Bounded by plasma membrane
• Contains water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes.
– Nucleoid is a region that contains the single, circular DNA molecule.
– Plasmids are small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNA
• Appendages (Modifications of a prokaryotic cell)
– Flagella – Provide motility
– Fimbriae – small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from the cell surface
– Sex pili – rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA from cell to cell

12
 Eukaryotic Cells
• Domain Eukarya includes:
– Protists
– Fungi
– Plants
– Animals
• Cells contain:
– Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
– Specialized organelles
– Plasma membrane
– Much larger than prokaryotic cells
– Some cells (e.g., plant cells) have a cell wall

13
 Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles
• Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized
– They contain small structures called organelles
• Perform specific functions
• Isolates reactions from others
• Two classes of organelles:
– Endomembrane system:
• Organelles that communicate with one another
– Via membrane channels
– Via small vesicles
– Energy related organelles
• Mitochondria & chloroplasts
• Basically independent & self-sufficient

14
 Plasma Membrane

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

protein
molecules

phospholipid
bilayer

15
Animal Cell Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules

protein

phospholipid Nucleus: command center of cell

Nuclear envelope: double

Cytoskeleton: maintains membrane with nuclear pores
cell shape and assists movement that encloses nucleus
of cell parts: Chromatin: diffuse threads
containing DNA and protein
Microtubules: protein Nucleolus: region that produces
cylinders that move subunits of ribosomes
organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Intermediate filaments: protein and lipid metabolism
protein fibers that provide Rough ER: studded with
stability of shape ribosomes that synthesize
Actin filaments: protein proteins
fibers that play a role in Smooth ER: lacks
change of shape ribosomes, synthesizes
lipid molecules

Centrioles*: short Peroxisome: vesicle

cylinders of microtubules that is involved in
of unknown function fatty acid metabolism
Centrosome: microtubule Ribosomes:
organizing center that particles that carry
contains a pair of centrioles out protein synthesis
Lysosome*: vesicle that
Polyribosome: string of
digests macromolecules
ribosomes simultaneously
and even cell parts
synthesizing same protein
Vesicle: small membrane-
bounded sac that stores
and transports substances
Mitochondrion: organelle
Cytoplasm: semifluid that carries out cellular respiration,
matrix outside nucleus producing ATP molecules
that contains organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages,
*not in plant cells and secretes modified proteins

16
Plant Cell Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nucleus: command center of cell

Central vacuole*: large, fluid-filled
Nuclear envelope: double membrane with
sac that stores metabolites and
nuclear pores that encloses nucleus
helps maintain turgor pressure
Nucleolus: produces subunits of ribosomes
Chromatin: diffuse threads containing Cell wall of adjacent cell
DNA and protein
Nuclear pore: permits passage of Middle lamella:
proteins into nucleus and ribosomal cements together the
subunits out of nucleus primary cell walls of
Ribosomes: carry adjacent plant cells
out protein synthesis Chloroplast*: carries
Centrosome: out photosynthesis,
microtubule organizing producing sugars
center (lacks centrioles)
Granum*: a stack
Endoplasmic of chlorophyll-containing
reticulum: protein thylakoids
and lipid metabolism in a chloroplast
Rough ER: studded Mitochondrion: organelle
with ribosomes that that carries out cellular
synthesize proteins respiration, producing
ATP molecules
Smooth ER: lacks
ribosomes, synthesizes Microtubules: protein cylinders
lipid molecules that aid movement of organelles
Peroxisome: vesicle that Actin filaments: protein fibers
is involved in fatty acid that play a role in movement of
metabolism cell and organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes,
Plasma membrane: surrounds
packages, and secretes
cytoplasm, and regulates entrance
modified proteins
and exit of molecules
Cytoplasm: semifluid matrix outside Cell wall*: outer surface that shapes,
nucleus that contains organelles supports, and protects cell

*not in animal cells

17
Nucleus
Command center of cell, usually near center
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
Consists of double layer of membrane
Nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm
& cytoplasm
Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm
Chromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteins
Condenses to form chromosomes
Chromosomes are formed during cell division
Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA
Produces subunits of ribosomes

18
Anatomy of the Nucleus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

nuclear
envelope

nucleolus

Nuclear envelope: nuclear

inner membrane pore
outer membrane chromatin
nucleoplasm
nuclear pore

phospholipid

(Bottom): Courtesy Ron Milligan/Scripps Research Institute; (Top right): Courtesy E.G. Pollock

19
Ribosomes
Are the site of protein synthesis in the cell
Composed of rRNA
Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit
Subunits made in nucleolus

May be located:
On the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it
“rough”), or
Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called
polyribosomes

20
Nucleus, Ribosomes, & ER
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)

ER membrane
protein
4. An enzyme removes
the signal peptide. Lumen of ER

5. Ribosomal subunits and

mRNA break away. The
protein remains in the ER enzyme
and folds into its final shape.

mRNA receptor

SRP
signal recognition
particle (SRP)

2. Signal recognition
3. SRP attaches to receptor (purple); particle (SRP) binds
a channel opens; and the to signal peptide.
polypeptide enters ER..

signal peptide
ribosomal
subunits nuclear pore
ribosome

mRNA

mRNA DNA

1. mRNA is leaving the

nucleus and is attached Nucleus
to the ribosome; protein
synthesis is occurring.

21
Endomembrane System
Series of intracellular membranes that
compartmentalize the cell
Restrict enzymatic reactions to specific
compartments within cell
Consists of:
Nuclear envelope
Membranes of endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
Several types
Transport materials between organelles of system

22
Endomembrane System:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of membrane channels and saccules (flattened vesicles)
continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side
Protein anabolism
Synthesizes proteins
Modifies and processes proteins
Adds sugar to protein
Results in glycoproteins
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
Synthesis of lipids
Site of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage
Forms transport vesicles

23
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

ribosomes nuclear envelope

rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

0.08 m
© R. Bolender & D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited

24
Endomembrane System:
The Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Consists of 3-20 flattened, curved saccules
Resembles stack of hollow pancakes
Modifies proteins and lipids
Receives vesicles from ER on cis (or inner face)
Packages them in vesicles
Prepares for “shipment”. Packages them in vesicles
from trans (or outer face)
Within cell
Export from cell (secretion, exocytosis)

25
Golgi Apparatus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

secretion

transport saccules
vesicle
transport
vesicle

trans face

cis face

Golgi apparatus

Nucleus

0.1 m

Courtesy Charles Flickinger, from Journal of Cell Biology 49: 221-226, 1971, Fig. 1 page 224

26
Endomembrane System: Lysosomes

Membrane-bound vesicles (not in plants)

Produced by the Golgi apparatus
Contain powerful digestive enzymes and are highly
acidic
Digestion of large molecules
Recycling of cellular resources
Apoptosis (programmed cell death, like tadpole losing tail)

Some genetic diseases

Caused by defect in lysosomal enzyme
Lysosomal storage diseases (Tay-Sachs)

27
Lysosomes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

lysosome

mitochondrion peroxisome fragment

a. Mitochondrion and a peroxisome in a lysosome

b. Storage bodies in a cell with defective lysosomes

a: Courtesy Daniel S. Friend; b: Courtesy Robert D. Terry/Univ. of San Diego School of Medicine

28
Endomembrane System: Summary
Proteins produced in rough ER and lipids from
smooth ER are carried in vesicles to the Golgi
apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus modifies these products and
then sorts and packages them into vesicles that
go to various cell destinations.
Secretory vesicles carry products to the
membrane where exocytosis produces
secretions.
Lysosomes fuse with incoming vesicles and
digest macromolecules.

29
Endomembrane System: A Visual Summary
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
secretion
plasma
membrane

incoming vesicle secretory vesicle

brings substances into the fuses with the plasma
cell that are digested when membrane as secretion
the vesicle fuses with a occurs
lysosome

enzyme

Golgi apparatus
modifies lipids and proteins
lysosome from the ER; sorts them
contains digestive enzymes and packages them in
that break down worn-out vesicles
cell parts or substances
entering the cell at the
plasma membrane protein

transport vesicle
transport vesicle shuttles proteins to
shuttles lipids to various various locations such as
locations such as the the Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
lipid

rough endoplasmic
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
reticulum synthesizes proteins and
synthesizes lipids and packages them in vesicles;
also performs various vesicles commonly go to
other functions the Golgi apparatus

ribosome Nucleus

30
Peroxisomes
Similar to lysosomes
Membrane-bounded vesicles
Enclose enzymes
However
Enzymes synthesized by free ribosomes in cytoplasm
(instead of ER)
Active in lipid metabolism
Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
Toxic
Broken down to water & O2 by catalase

31
Peroxisomes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

100 nm
© S.E. Frederick & E.H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service

32
Vacuoles
Membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles
Store materials that occur in excess
Others very specialized (contractile vacuole)
Plants cells typically have a central vacuole
Up to 90% volume of some cells
Functions in:
Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products
Development of turgor pressure
Some functions performed by lysosomes in other eukaryotes

33
Vacuoles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

100 nm
© Newcomb/Wergin/Biological Photo Service

34
Energy-Related Organelles:
Chloroplast Structure
Bounded by double membrane
Inner membrane infolded
Forms disc-like thylakoids, which are stacked to form
grana
Suspended in semi-fluid stroma

Green due to chlorophyll

Green photosynthetic pigment
Found ONLY in inner membranes of chloroplast

35
Energy-Related Organelles: Chloroplasts
Membranous organelles (a type of plastid) that serve as the site of
photosynthesis

Captures light energy to drive cellular machinery

Photosynthesis

Synthesizes carbohydrates from CO2 & H2O

Makes own food using CO2 as only carbon source

Energy-poor compounds converted to energy-rich compounds

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water → carbohydrate + oxygen

Only plants, algae, and certain bacteria are capable of conducting

photosynthesis

36
Chloroplast Structure
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. 500 nm

outer thylakoid
membrane grana space stroma thylakoid membrane
double inner
membrane membrane

b.

a: Courtesy Herbert W. Israel, Cornell University

37
Energy-Related Organelles: Mitochondria
Smaller than chloroplast

Contain ribosomes and their own DNA

Surrounded by a double membrane

Inner membrane surrounds the matrix and is convoluted (folds) to form

cristae.

Matrix – Inner semifluid containing respiratory enzymes

Break down carbohydrates

Involved in cellular respiration

Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell

38
Mitochondrial Structure
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. 200 nm
outer
membrane cristae matrix
double
inner
membrane
membrane

b.

a: Courtesy Dr. Keith Porter

39
The Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape

Assists in movement of cell and organelles

Three types of macromolecular fibers

Actin Filaments

Intermediate Filaments

Microtubules

Assemble and disassemble as needed

40
The Cytoskeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

actin
subunit

Chara

a. Actin filaments

fibrous
subunits

peacock
b. Intermediate filaments

tubulin
dimer

chameleon
c. Microtubules

a(Actin): © M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; b, c(Intermediate, Microtubules): © K.G. Murti/Visuals Unlimited; a(Chara): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./photo by
Dennis Strete and Darrell Vodopich; b(Peacock): © Vol. 86/Corbis; c(Chameleon): © Photodisc/Vol. 6/Getty Images
41
Microtubular Arrays: Cilia and Flagella
Hair-like projections from cell surface that aid in
cell movement
Very different from prokaryote flagella
Outer covering of plasma membrane
Inside this is a cylinder of 18 microtubules arranged in
9 pairs
In center are two single microtubules
This 9 + 2 pattern used by all cilia & flagella
In eukaryotes, cilia are much shorter than flagella
Cilia move in coordinated waves like oars
Flagella move like a propeller or cork screw

42
Structure of a Flagellum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

outer
Flagellum microtubule
doublet
radial
spoke
central
shaft The shaft of the microtubules
flagellum has a ring
of nine microtubule
doublets anchored dynein
to a central pair of side arm
microtubules.

25 nm
Flagellum cross section

The side arms dynein

Sperm of each doublet side arms
plasma are composed
triplets membrane of dynein, a
motor molecule.

Basal body
ATP

In the presence of
ATP, the dynein side
arms reach out to
their neighbors,
The basal body of a flagellum has and bending occurs.
100 nm a ring of nine microtubule triplets
Basal body cross section with no central microtubules.

(Flagellum, Basal body): © William L. Dentler/Biological Photo Service

43
Comparison of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

44
 Eukaryotic Cell
Plant Cell Animal Cell
1.) Rigid cell wall is present. 1.) Rigid cell wall is absent.

2.) Plastids are present. 2.) Plastids are absent.

3.) Chlorophyll is present. 3.) Chlorophyll is absent.

4.) Possesses a central large 4.) Possesses many small

vacuole. vacuoles.

5.) Nucleus lies at periphery. 5.) Nucleus lies at center.

6.) They do not burst when 6.) They burst if placed in

placed in hypotonic solution. hypotonic solution.
 Eukaryotic Cell
Plant Cell Animal Cell

7.) Glyoxysomes are rarely 7.) They are absent.

present.

8.) Crystals of inorganic 8.) Such crystals are absent.

substance occur in cells.

9.) They can synthesize all the 9.) They cannot synthesize
amino acids, enzymes, and most of them.
vitamins synthesized by them.

10.) Cytokinesis occurs by cell 10.) Cytokinesis occurs by

plate method. constriction.
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