BIOLOGY

10th Edition

Cell Structure and

Sylvia S. Mader
Function
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
Ribosome: Fimbriae: regulates entrance
site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that and exit of molecules
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body: Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients for elongated, hollow
later use appendage used for
DNA transfer to other Nucleus:
Mesosome:
bacterial cells Cytoskeleton:
plasma membrane
maintains cell
that folds into the Nucleoid: shape and assists
cytoplasm and location of the bacterial movement of
increases surface area chromosome cell parts:
Endoplasmic
Plasma membrane: reticulum:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

*not in plant cells

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
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The Structure of Bacteria

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spirillum

spirochete bacillus

coccus

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The Structure of Bacteria

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protein
molecules

phospholipid
bilayer

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The Structure of Bacteria
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ribosome: Fimbriae:
site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body:
Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients
elongated, hollow
for
appendage used for
later use
Mesosome: DNA transfer to other
plasma membrane bacterial cells
that folds into the Nucleoid:
cytoplasm and location of the bacterial
increases surface area chromosome

Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules

Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell

Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present Escherichia coli
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

© Howard Sochurek/The Medical File/Peter Arnold, Inc.

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The Structure of Bacteria Cytoplasm &
Appendages
 Cytoplasm
 Semifluid solution
 Bounded by plasma membrane
 Contains water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes.
 Nucleoid is a region that contains the single, circular DNA
molecule.
 Plasmids are small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNA
 Appendages
 Flagella – Provide motility
 Fimbriae – small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from the cell
surface
 Sex pili – rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA from cell to
cell

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Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles
 Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized
 They contain small structures called organelles
 Perform specific functions
 Isolates reactions from others
 Two classes of organelles:
 Endomembrane system:
 Organelles that communicate with one another
 Via membrane channels
 Via small vesicles
 Energy related organelles
 Mitochondria & chloroplasts
 Basically independent & self-sufficient

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Cell Fractionation and Differential
Centrifugation
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Grind cells Centrifuge cells at

different speeds

speed of 600 g speed of 15,000 g speed of 100,000 g soluble portion

for 10 min for 5 min for 60 min of cytoplasm

nuclei mitochondria and lysosomes ribosomes and endoplasmic

in sediment in sediment reticulum in sediment

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Animal Cell Anatomy
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Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules

protein

phospholipid Nucleus: command center of cell

Nuclear envelope: double

Cytoskeleton: maintains membrane with nuclear pores
cell shape and assists movement that encloses nucleus
of cell parts: Chromatin: diffuse threads
containing DNA and protein
Microtubules: protein Nucleolus: region that produces
cylinders that move subunits of ribosomes
organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Intermediate filaments: protein and lipid metabolism
protein fibers that provide Rough ER: studded with
stability of shape ribosomes that synthesize
Actin filaments: protein proteins
fibers that play a role in Smooth ER: lacks
change of shape ribosomes, synthesizes
lipid molecules

Centrioles*: short Peroxisome: vesicle

cylinders of microtubules that is involved in
of unknown function fatty acid metabolism
Centrosome: microtubule Ribosomes:
organizing center that particles that carry
contains a pair of centrioles out protein synthesis
Lysosome*: vesicle that Polyribosome: string of
digests macromolecules
ribosomes simultaneously
and even cell parts synthesizing same protein
Vesicle: small membrane-
bounded sac that stores
and transports substances
Mitochondrion: organelle
Cytoplasm: semifluid that carries out cellular respiration,
matrix outside nucleus producing ATP molecules
that contains organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages,
*not in plant cells and secretes modified proteins

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Plant Cell Anatomy
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Nucleus: command center of cell

Central vacuole*: large, fluid-filled
Nuclear envelope: double membrane with
sac that stores metabolites and
nuclear pores that encloses nucleus
helps maintain turgor pressure
Nucleolus: produces subunits of ribosomes
Chromatin: diffuse threads containing Cell wall of adjacent cell
DNA and protein
Nuclear pore: permits passage of Middle lamella:
proteins into nucleus and ribosomal cements together the
subunits out of nucleus primary cell walls of
Ribosomes: carry adjacent plant cells
out protein synthesis Chloroplast*: carries
Centrosome: out photosynthesis,
microtubule organizing producing sugars
center (lacks centrioles)
Granum*: a stack
Endoplasmic of chlorophyll-containing
reticulum: protein thylakoids
and lipid metabolism in a chloroplast
Rough ER: studded Mitochondrion: organelle
with ribosomes that that carries out cellular
synthesize proteins respiration, producing
ATP molecules
Smooth ER: lacks
ribosomes, synthesizes Microtubules: protein cylinders
lipid molecules that aid movement of organelles
Peroxisome: vesicle that Actin filaments: protein fibers
is involved in fatty acid that play a role in movement of
metabolism cell and organelles

Golgi apparatus: processes,

Plasma membrane: surrounds
packages, and secretes
cytoplasm, and regulates entrance
modified proteins
and exit of molecules
Cytoplasm: semifluid matrix outside Cell wall*: outer surface that shapes,
nucleus that contains organelles supports, and protects cell

*not in animal cells

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Anatomy of the Nucleus
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nuclear
envelope

nucleolus

Nuclear envelope: nuclear

inner membrane pore
outer membrane chromatin
nucleoplasm
nuclear pore

phospholipid

(Bottom): Courtesy Ron Milligan/Scripps Research Institute; (Top right): Courtesy E.G. Pollock
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Peroxisomes
 Similar to lysosomes
 Membrane-bounded vesicles
 Enclose enzymes
 However
 Enzymes synthesized by free ribosomes in cytoplasm
(instead of ER)
 Active in lipid metabolism
 Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
 Toxic
 Broken down to water & O2 by catalase

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Peroxisomes
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100 nm
© S.E. Frederick & E.H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service

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Vacuoles
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100 nm
© Newcomb/Wergin/Biological Photo Service

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Chloroplast Structure
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a. 500 nm

outer thylakoid
membrane grana space stroma thylakoid membrane
double inner
membrane membrane

b.

a: Courtesy Herbert W. Israel, Cornell University

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The Cytoskeleton
 Maintains cell shape

 Assists in movement of cell and organelles

 Three types of macromolecular fibers

 Actin Filaments

 Intermediate Filaments

 Microtubules

 Assemble and disassemble as needed

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The Cytoskeleton: Actin Filaments
 Extremely thin filaments like twisted pearl
necklace
 Dense web just under plasma membrane
maintains cell shape
 Support for microvilli in intestinal cells
 Intracellular traffic control
 For moving stuff around within cell
 Cytoplasmic streaming
 Function in pseudopods of amoeboid cells
 Pinch mother cell in two after animal mitosis
 Important component in muscle contraction (other
is myosin)

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The Cytoskeleton: Actin Filament Operation

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actin filament

ATP ADP + P myosin

molecules

tail head membrane

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Microtubular Arrays: Cilia and Flagella
 Hair-like projections from cell surface that aid in
cell movement
 Very different from prokaryote flagella
 Outer covering of plasma membrane
 Inside this is a cylinder of 18 microtubules arranged in
9 pairs
 In center are two single microtubules
 This 9 + 2 pattern used by all cilia & flagella
 In eukaryotes, cilia are much shorter than flagella
 Cilia move in coordinated waves like oars
 Flagella move like a propeller or cork screw

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Comparison of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

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