Abiotic stress and its consequences

Abiotic stress is defined as the negative impact of non-living

factors on living organisms in a specific environment. The
stresses include drought, salinity, low or high temperatures,
and other environmental extremes.
Abiotic stresses, especially hypersalinity and drought are the
primary causes of crop loss worldwide.
 Conti..
Different abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, drought, flood,
and salt can provoke common cellular disorder and secondary
stresses, including membrane injury, reactive species (RS)
damage, protein denaturation, and osmotic stress, which are
also interconnected with each other.
Among different abiotic stresses, the severity of the drought is
remarkably impacted on the productivity of wheat
Conti..
During abiotic stresses, the physiological and biochemical
alterations in the cells reduce growth and development of
plants that ultimately decrease the yield of wheat. Therefore,
novel approaches are needed for sustainable wheat production
under the changing climate to ensure food and nutritional
security of the ever-increasing population of the world. 
Fig: Abiotic stress and its consequences
 Mitigation strategies of abiotic stress

There are two ways to alleviate the adverse effects of abiotic

stresses in sustainable crop production.

I. Development of abiotic stress tolerant crop cultivars by

molecular breeding, speed breeding, genetic engineering,
and/or gene editing approaches such as clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas toolkit
II. Application of improved agronomic, nano-based agricultural
technology, and other climate-smart agricultural technologies
 Agronomic strategies
There are some agronomic strategies for mitigating abiotic
stresses in field crops.

 Adjustment of Sowing Time

 Nutrients Management
 Organic Nutrients Management
 Inorganic Nutrients Management
 Irrigation Management
  Climate Smart Technology
Nano-Technology for Plants Tolerance to
Abiotic Stress
 Nanotechnology is considered an emerging field to survive
against various environmental stresses in wheat and achieving
assured productivity and to address the present-day challenges
associated with food security as well as with the food system

 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) (nTiO2) are an effective

and useful nutrient source for plants to develop biomass
production by improving nitrogen assimilation in wheat plants  
 Molecular Mechanisms

 Breeding, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering approaches

for Stress Tolerance in Plants
 Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPM)
during Abiotic Stresses in Plants
 Genetic Modification Approach
 Biochemical Adaptation under Abiotic Oxidative Stress
 Double Haploid Breeding
 Wide Hybridization
 Conclusion
Gradually, modern phenotyping technologies are incorporated
into breeding, which offers high accuracy in knowledge not
only of growth production parameters but also in flexibility to
climatic extremes. Furthermore, the adoption of improved
agronomic practices, nanotechnology, and other climate-
smart agricultural technologies would help to mitigate
climate change-induced abiotic stresses in sustainable wheat
production.
 Refrences
 Fathi, A.; Tari, D.B. 2016 Effect of Drought Stress and its Mechanism in
Plants. Int. J. Life Sci., 10, 1–6.
 Gull, A.; Lone, A.A.; Wani, N.U.I.2019 Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in
Plants. In Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants; De Oliveira, A.B., Ed.;
IntechOpen: London, UK,. 
 Rane, J.; Pannu, R.K.; Sohu, V.S.; Saini, R.S.; Mishra, B.; Shoran, J.;
Crossa, J.; Vargas, M.; Joshi, A.K 2007. Performance of yield and stability
of advanced wheat genotypes under heat stress environments of the Indo-

Gangetic Plains. Crop Sci., 47, 1561–1573.