Cell wall Cell wall (plants,

May contain genes

containing algae, fungi) -
for antibiotic
murein mechanical strength
resistance Prokaryotic ribosomes
(peptidoglycan)
are smaller than
eukaryotic ribosomes 80S Ribosomes - Cellulose
Plasmids - 70S protein synthesis
small strands Ribosomes Cell membrane -
of DNA regulates passage of
Nucleus - contains substances into cells
Circular DNA, no Important protein-bound,
Structures associated proteins, no difference linear DNA
Cell and functions nucleus Lysosomes -
membrane Eukaryotic removes bacteria
and dead
Cells Structures and cells/material
Capsule - prevents
Prokaryotic functions
phagocytosis Cells Mitochondria -
2.1 CELL STRUCTURE Rough site of
Flagella - for endoplasmic respiration
motility reticulum -
No membrane-bound protein synthesis
Chloroplasts
organelles and transport
(plants and
Much smaller algae) - for
than eukaryotic Capsid coat photosynthesis
cells Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Viruses - lipid/carbohydrate synthesis
Extremely Golgi apparatus and
Bacterial cells small vesicles - modifies
range from 0.1-10 Vacuole (plants) and transports
µm; viruses range Acellular and - contain molecules
Contain nucleic
from 20-300 nm Lipid envelope or non-living sugars/amino
acids (DNA or RNA) acids
attachment
proteins AQA
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 Isotonic - prevent
Image = appearance organelles Nuclei and
0.2 µm is the in the microscope mitochondria
resolution/resolving shrinking/bursting
power Re-spin
Cold = reduce Heaviest supernatant
Magnification = enzyme activity organelles in
(size of image) ÷ pH buffer - the pellet
Light rays can Using light rays (size of real prevent protein
distinguish and lenses to object) denaturation
between objects magnify images Cold, isotonic,
0.2 µm apart buffered
solution Ultracentrifugation

Optical Cell
Resolution/resolvi
Microscopy 2.1.3 METHODS OF fractionation
ng power = STUDYING CELLS Homogenisation
distance between
objects that Cells broken up, Allows us to
allows them to be Electron microscopes organelles study
seen as 2 objects have much better Electron removed organelles
resolving power
Can see (0.1nm) Microscopy Less resolving
Scanning electron
through microscope (SEM) power than TEM
specimen
Specimen must be May use
Thin section false-colour
Transmission in a vacuum 3D image
Flat, 2D electron
image microscope (TEM) Artefacts AQA
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