YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.

INTRODUCTION
The study of chemistry involves the linkage
between phenomena in the macroscopic

S3 Chemistry world and the interaction of atoms,

molecules and ions in the microscopic world.
Through studying the structures of atoms,

Part i molecules and ions, and the bonding in

elements and compounds, you will acquire
knowledge of some basic chemical principles.

YOU ARE GOING TO LEARN

 elements, atoms and symbols
 classification of elements into metals,
non-metals and metalloids
 electrons, neutrons and protons as
subatomic particles
ELEMENTS & ATOMS  simple model of atom
 atomic number (Z) and mass number (A)
Chapter 2 The Atmosphere
 isotopes
Chapter 5 Atomic Structure  isotopic masses and relative atomic
masses based on 12C=12.00
 electronic arrangement of atoms (up to
Z=20)
 stability of noble gases related to their
electronic arrangements

Name:__________________________

Class:____________( )
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.1

Introduction of Chemistry
1. What is matter?

 Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

 One particular type of matter is called substance (Pure substances and Mixtures).

o Iron, water and air are examples of substances.

Matter

Pure Substances Mixtures

2. What is chemistry?
Elements Compounds
 Chemistry is a branch of science.
 Knowledge of Chemistry is gathered from observation and experiments.
 Chemistry is the study of substances, about their composition, structures, properties and the changes
among them.

 By applying the knowledge of chemistry, we can produce many useful substances such as metals, fuels,
fertilizers from natural materials which can improve our daily life.

Section 1 2.2 Classification of matter

A. What are elements?

 There are millions of pure substances in the world. Most of them can be broken down into simpler ones by
chemical method.
o For example, water can be broken down by electricity into hydrogen and oxygen .

Word equation:

o Since hydrogen and oxygen cannot be further broken down into anything simpler by chemical
methods, they are elements.

Key Point :
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by
chemical methods.
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.2

 At present, scientists have discovered 118 elements. Of these, 92 elements occur naturally. The rest of the
elements are made in laboratory.

Molybdenum

B. Symbols for elements

 Chemical symbols are symbols which represent the names of elements.

Chemical symbols (one letter): first letter : capital letter .

Chemical symbols (two letters): first letter : capital letter , rest : small letter .

e.g. cobalt Co , chlorine Cl , gold Au .

 Chemical symbols of some common elements

 Some chemical symbols have letters from their English names e.g. Argon Ar, Carbon C, Magnesium Mg
and Silicon Si.
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.3

 Other chemical symbols come from their Latin names.

Chemical symbols Latin names

copper (Cu) Cuprum
iron (Fe) Ferrum
lead (Pb) Plumbum
potassium (K) Kalium
sodium (Na) Natrium

 Class Practice

Which of the following substances are elements? ( E / X )

(a) mercury (Hg) E (e) diamond (C) E

(b) nitrogen (N2) E (f) glucose (C6H12O6) x

(c) sodium chloride (NaCl) x (g) air ( O2 ; N2 ; CO2) x

(d) hydrochloric acid (HCl) x (h) phosphorus (P4) E

Important !

Atomic no. Element Symbol Atomic no. Element Symbol

1 Hydrogen H 11 Sodium Na
2 Helium He 12 Magnesium Mg
3 Lithium Li 13 Aluminium Al
4 Beryllium Be 14 Silicon Si
5 Boron B 15 Phosphorus P
6 Carbon C 16 Sulphur S
7 Nitrogen N 17 Chlorine Cl
8 Oxygen O 18 Argon Ar
9 Fluorine F 19 Potassium K
10 Neon Ne 20 Calcium Ca
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P. 4
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P. 5

Section 2 5.1 Classification of elements into metals, non-metals and semi-metals

A. Differences in physical properties between metals and nonmetals:

Key Point :
Physical properties of a substance are those properties that can be determined without
the substance changing into another substance.

 Typical physical properties of a substance include:

o appearance (colour and physical state) (Figure 2.11)
o odour (smell) (Figure 2.11)
o taste
o hardness (Figure 2.12)
o density (Figure 2.13)
o solubility (in various solvents)
o melting point
o boiling point (Figure 2.14)
o malleability (ability to be rolled into sheets) (Figure 2.15)
o ductility (ability to be drawn into wires) (Figure 2.16)
o electrical conductivity (Figure 2.17)
o thermal conductivity (Figure 2.18)
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.6

Property Metals Non-metals

Physical state at solids gases or solids

room temperature  Exception:  Exception:
and pressure o mercury; liquid o bromine; liquid

usually shiny and silvery white/silvery grey usually dull and various colours
 Exceptions:  Exception:
Appearance
o brown colour copper o graphite, a nonmetal
o golden colour gold (carbon) has shiny surface
usually low
usually high  Exceptions:
Melting point and  Exception: o diamond
boiling point o sodium (m.p. 3550oC; b.p. 4830oC)
(m.p. 97.79 oC; 882.8 oC) o graphite
(m.p. 3730 oC)
hard and strong
Hardness and
 Exception: Brittle (solid)
strength
o sodium, a soft metal

Malleability and
malleable and ductile not malleable and not ductile
ductility
usually high
 Exception:
Density low
o sodium, low density
(float on water surface)
poor conductors of heat and non-
Thermal conductivity conductors of electricity
and electrical good conductors of heat and electricity  Exception:
conductivity o graphite, good conductor of
electricity

 Note that there are exceptions to most of the properties mentioned above.
o E.g. Sodium and Graphite (Carbon)
o Comparison of sodium and iron, a common metal.

sodium iron

low melting point (m.p. = 98 C) high melting point (m.p. = 1538 C)

on water surface.
float sink to bottom of water.
(lower density than water)

soft (can be cut with a knife) hard and strong .

YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.7

o Comparison of graphite and sulphur.

graphite (carbon) sulphur

Good conductors of electricity , nonconductors of electricity.

they have freely moving electrons . their electrons are NOT freely moving .

very high melting point (m.p. = 3730 C) low melting point (m.p. = 115 C)

shiny and dark surface. dull appearance, with yellow colour.

B. Test for metals and nonmetals: electrical conductivity

 if the bulb lights up it is a metal (except graphite)

 if the bulb does not light up it is a nonmetal.

 Conclusion: all metals : electrical conductors

all nonmetals: insulators (except graphite)

C. Classification of elements according to its physical properties

* Method 1: physical states ( solid , liquid , gas ).

liquid (2 elements) gas solid

mercury and bromine 11 elements the rest

* Method 2: metals / nonmetals

solid liquid gas

can conduct cannot conduct silvery reddishbrown
electricity  electricity  colour colour

metals nonmetals
nonmetals mercury bromine
graphite (non-metal)
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.8

 Class Practice

1. The following table shows the information about physical properties of four elements W, X, Y and Z.

(a) Classify the above elements as metals or non-metals. Explain your answer in each case.
W and Y are non-metals
because they do not conduct electricity and have low densities.
X and Z are metals because they conduct electricity.
Besides, X and Z have high densities.
(b) Which of the above elements could be mercury?
Z
(c) Which of the above elements could be bromine?
W

2. Decide which is the odd one in each of the following groups of elements. Give reason(s) for your choice in
each case
(a) Iron, copper, mercury, silver
Mercury. All are metals. Mercury is a liquid, while others are solids at room conditions.

(b) Magnesium, sulphur, lead, tin

Sulphur. Sulphur is a non-metal, while others are metals.

(c) Iodine, oxygen, nitrogen, argon

Iodine. All are non-metals. Iodine is a solid, while others are gases at room conditions.

(d) Phosphorus, bromine, helium, carbon (in the form of graphite)

Graphite. All are non-metals. Graphite conducts electricity, while others are non-conductors
of electricity.
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.9

Semimetals (metalloids)  properties in between those of metals and nonmetals

e.g. Boron (B), Silicon (Si)

Properties of silicon

Silicon is a brittle , shiny solids,

do not conduct electricity in normal conditions.

Uses of silicon

Silicon is a semiconductors ,

conducts electricity at high temperature, or when impurities are present.

used to make transistors and computer chips .

 Class Practice Textbook Ch 5 page 7

1. The following table shows the information about physical properties of four elements P, Q, R and S.

Physical state at Hardness and

Element Colour Electrical conductivity
room conditions strength
P solid yellow brittle does not conduct electricity
Q solid black brittle conducts electricity
conducts electricity only when
R solid brown brittle
heated of when slightly impure
S solid Silvery white hard and strong conducts electricity

(a) Classify P, Q, R and S as metals, semi-metals or non-metals.

P is a non-metal because it is brittle and does not conduct electricity.

Although Q conducts electricity, it is brittle. Hence, Q is a non-metal.

R is a semi-metal because it conducts electricity only when heated or slightly impure.

S is a metal because it is hard and strong. Moreover, it conducts electricity.

(b) Suggest what Q could be.

Q could be graphite.
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.10

Section 3 5.2 Atoms

A. What are atom?
 Everything consists of a basic type of particles called atoms.
 An atom is the smallest part of an element which has the chemical properties of that element.

Key Point :
Chemical properties of a substance are those properties that describe the ability of that substance
to react with other substance(s) or to change from one substance to another.
e.g. Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water

o An element is a substance that is made up of only one kind of atoms.

o Examples:

 Atoms are very tiny particles.

Atoms shape : spherical ;

diameter : 0.1 nm ( 1010 m) ;

mass : 103 g ;

 Atoms of different elements have different sizes and masses.

o e.g. Gold atoms are larger and heavier than copper atoms.

 Different elements have different chemical properties because they consist of different kinds of atoms.

 Some examples of elements:

Solid: Carbon, Gold, Silver, Iron

Liquid: Mercury, Bromine

Gas: Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.11

 Class Practice:
The following are the particle diagrams of some common elements:

closely packed,
order pattern.

Gold Iron Carbon

closely packed,
disorganized pattern. x represent
different types of
atoms

Mercury Bromine

loosely packed.

Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen

Are there any similarities in these diagrams?

Each element consists of ONE type of atoms only. .

Section 4 5.3 Structure of an atom

A. Dalton’s idea (1808) of atom

 indivisible particle
 atom  very tiny particle;
 very light in mass.

Different elements, different sizes, different masses,

Different kinds of atoms, different properties.

B. Rutherford (1911) idea of atom

 discovery of nucleus
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.12

C. Simple model of atom

 Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons.

 The protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are concentrated in the very tiny nucleus.

o neutrons prevent/reduce repulsion between positively charged protons

 The electrons (negatively charged) move around the nucleus.

 Subatomic particles in atom:

relative mass
subatomic particles symbol location charge mass (g)
( unitless !! )
proton p+ nucleus  1.6725 x 10 

neutron n nucleus  1.6748 x 10 

electron e moving around the nucleus  9.109 x 10 ~

 Atoms are neutral: number of protons  number of electrons .

numbers of protons may not be equal to number of neutrons.

 Examples:
Hydrogen atom Helium atom
 one proton and no neutron in the nucleus  two protons and two neutrons in the nucleus
 one electron moving around the nucleus  two electrons moving around the nucleus
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.13

Section 5 5.4 Atomic number and mass number & 5.7 Arrangement of electrons in atom

A. Full atomic symbol

Helium

 Mass number (A): number of protons  number of neutrons .

 Atomic number (Z): number of protons .

(For a neutral atom: atomic number  number of protons  number of electrons .

 Class Practice
1. A particular atom of an element (atomic number = 13) has a mass number of 27.
(a) Name the element.

Aluminium

(b) Write the full atomic symbol for the atom, showing the mass number and atomic number.

27
13𝐴𝑙

(c) Give the number of

(i) protons 13

(ii) electrons 13

(iii) neutrons in the atom 27-13= 14

2. Complete the following table.

Full atomic Atomic Mass Number of

Element
symbol number number protons neutrons electrons
20
10 𝑁𝑒 Neon 10 20 10 10 10

39
19 𝐾 Potassium 19 39 19 20 19

197
79 𝐴𝑢 Gold 79 197 79 118 79

56
26 𝐹𝑒 Iron 26 56 26 30 26
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.14

B. Electronic arrangement

In 1913, Niels Bohr(1885–1962) a Danish scientist, suggested

that the electrons in an atom move in orbits surrounding the
nucleus of the atom. These orbits are called electron shells.

Electronic arrangement maximum number of electrons for a particular shell n is 2n .

first electron shell, n    a maximum of 2 electrons.

second electron shell, n  2  a maximum of 8 electrons.

third electron shell, n  3  a maximum of 18 electrons. (usually filled with 8 electrons)

fourth electron shell, n  4  a maximum of 32 electrons.

Guidelines of finding electronic arrangement of an atom:

i. Find the numbers of electrons of the neutral atom

(atomic no. (Z)  number of protons  no. of electrons of the neutral atom)

ii. Place electron(s) one by one into the innermost electron shell first.

e.g. there are 11 electrons in a neutral Na atom.

electronic arrangement of Na atom 2 8 1

shell: 1st 2 nd
3rd

Na

Electron diagram Another way to present the electronic arrangement.

Guidelines of drawing an electron diagram to represent the atom of an element:

* Electrons are shown by dots or crosses
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.15

The electronic arrangements of the elements

with atomic numbers 1-20 represented by numbering

Atomic No. of No. of electrons in electron shells Electronic

Element Symbol
no. electrons 1st 2nd 3rd 4th arrangement

Hydrogen H 1 1 1 1

Helium He 2 2 2 2

Lithium Li 3 3 2 1 2, 1

Beryllium Be 4 4 2 2 2, 2

Boron B 5 5 2 3 2, 3

Carbon C 6 6 2 4 2, 4

Nitrogen N 7 7 2 5 2, 5

Oxygen O 8 8 2 6 2, 6

Fluorine F 9 9 2 7 2, 7

Neon Ne 10 10 2 8 2, 8

Sodium Na 11 11 2 8 1 2, 8, 1

Magnesium Mg 12 12 2 8 2 2, 8, 2

Aluminium Al 13 13 2 8 3 2, 8, 3

Silicon Si 14 14 2 8 4 2, 8, 4

Phosphorus P 15 15 2 8 5 2, 8, 5

Sulphur S 16 16 2 8 6 2, 8, 6

Chlorine Cl 17 17 2 8 7 2, 8, 7

Argon Ar 18 18 2 8 8 2, 8, 8

Potassium K 19 19 2 8 8 1 2, 8, 8, 1

Calcium Ca 20 20 2 8 8 2 2, 8, 8, 2
 YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.16

 Class Practice – Drawing electron diagrams

Draw electron diagrams of the atoms below, showing ELECTRONS IN ALL OCCUPIED ELECTRON SHELLS.
(a) Carbon atom (b) Nitrogen atom (c) Oxygen atom

(d) Potassium atom (e) Argon atom (f) Chlorine atom

Section 6 5.5 Isotopes & 5.6 relative isotopic mass and relative atomic mass

A. What is isotope?

Isotope  atoms of the same element with the same number of with the same number of protons

but different number of neutrons ,

 have slightly different physical properties but the same chemical properties.

 Example: Hydrogen
Number of Relative abundance
Atomic Mass
Element Isotopes of isotopes in nature
proton(s) electron(s) neutron(s) number number
(%)
1
1H 1 1 0 1 1 99.984

2
Hydrogen 1H 1 1 1 1 2 0.016

3 very small
1H 1 1 2 1 3
percentage
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.17

 Isotopes of some elements in nature

B. simpler way to express the mass of an atom

I. a reference standard  carbon (C) isotopes .

 took the mass of one carbon-12 atom as exactly 12.00 units

(atomic mass unit, a.m.u.).

II. relative isotopic mass  mass number of the isotope.

 Example: Hydrogen
2 3
o Three isotopes of hydrogen: 1
1H; 1H; 1H

Number of Mass number

Atomic =
Isotope
proton(s) electron(s) neutron(s) number Relative isotopic mass
(no unit)
1
1H 1 1 0 1 1

2
1H 1 1 1 1 2

3
1H 1 1 2 1 3
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.18

 Study the two cases of two hypothetical elements below:

Case 1
Isotopes in nature:

6 6 6 7 7
X X X X X

Isotope 6X 7X

Relative isotopic mass 6 7

Number of isotopes 3 2
Percentage abundance 3/5 × 100% = 60% 2/5 × 100% = 40%
Average relative mass of an atom of the element
6×3+7×2
= = 6.4
3+2
Average relative mass of an atom of the element (using percentage abundance)
= 6 × 60% + 7 × 40% = 6.4
Case 2
Isotopes in nature:

42 42 42 43 43 44
Y Y Y Y Y Y

Isotope 42Y 43Y 44Y

Relative isotopic mass 42 43 44

Number of isotopes 3 2 1
Percentage abundance 50.0% 33.3% 16.7%
Average relative mass of an atom of the element
42 × 3 + 43 × 2 + 44 × 1
= = 42.7
3+2+1
Average relative mass of an atom of the element (using percentage abundance)
= 42 × 50.0% + 43 × 33.3% + 44 × 16.7%

III. Relative atomic mass  the weighted average

of the relative isotopic masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of that element


on the C  12.00 scale.

Relative atomic mass = a% × MA + b% × MB + c% × MC

o where a%, b%, c% = relative abundances of isotopes A, B and C respectively
o MA, MB, MC = relative isotopic masses of isotopes A, B and C respectively.
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.19

 Example: Hydrogen
Relative isotopic mass Relative abundance of isotopes
Element Isotopes
in nature (%)
1
1H 1 99.984

2
Hydrogen 1H 2 0.016

3 very small percentage≈0

1H 3

 Relative atomic mass of hydrogen = 1 × 99.984% + 2 × 0.016 % + 3 × 0% = 1.00016 ≈1.00

Standard Chlorine isotope Oxygen isotope

Terms Unit Definition
C12 isotope Cl35 Cl37 O16 O17 O18
Atomic number of protons
number unitless = number of electrons 6 17 17 8 8 8
(Z) in a neutral atom
Mass
number of protons
number unitless
+ number of neutrons
12 35 37 16 17 18
(A)
relative mass of
relative one isotope of an element
isotopic unitless by comparing with 12 35 37 16 17 18
mass a reference standard,
carbon isotope
Relative
abundance
the proportion of that
of isotopes
in nature
% particular isotope of an ----- 75.4% 24.6% 99.76% 0.04% 0.20%
(%)
element in nature.

The weighted average 35 × 75.4% 16 × 99.76%

relative of the  37 × 24.6%  17 × 0.04 %
atomic relative isotopic masses
mass unitless 12  18 × 0.20 %
of all naturally occurring = 35.5
of
an element isotopes of that element = 16.0
on the C  12.00 scale.
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.20

Class Practice Q 28, page 537

1. The diagram below shows the nuclei of four atoms P, Q, R and S.

(a) Which two atoms are isotopes of the same element? Q and R

(b) What is the name of the element in (a)? carbon

(c) What are the names of the two isotopes in (a)? carbon and carbon

(d) Write the full atomic symbol for the following atoms.

atom P atom Q atom R atom S

Class Practice Q29, page 537

2. The nuclear fission in the reactor of a nuclear power plant can be represented by the following equation:

In the reactor, the uranium235 atom is bombarded by a neutron. As a result, the atom is broken down into
two smaller atoms, barium144 and krypton90, together with the release of two neutrons.
Heat is produced in the above process. The heat produced is used to boil water into steam.
The steam turns the turbine blades to generate electricity in the nuclear power plant.

(a) What is the relative isotopic mass of uranium235? 235

(b) What subatomic particle does represent? neutron

(c) How many protons, neutrons and electrons does a barium144 atom have?

proton 56 neutron 88 electron 56

(d) Uranium has three isotopes in nature. The relative abundance of each of these isotopes is shown in the following
table.
Isotope uranium234 uranium235 uranium238

Relative abundance (%) 0.0055 0.72 99.27

Calculate the relative atomic mass of uranium. (238)

234 × 0.0055%  235 × 0.72 %  238 × 99.27 %

 238.0
YING WA COLLEGE S.3 INTEGRATED SCIENCE – CHEMISTRY P.21
Class Practice DSE 2021 IB Q3(b)
3. Silicon occurs naturally in three isotopes with the abundance of each isotope shown in the table below:

Isotope Abundance / %
28
Si 92.20
29
Si x
30
Si y

Given that the relative atomic mass of Si as 28.1, calculate x. (5.6)

92.20% + x% + y% = 100%
y = 7.8 – x

28 × (92.20%) + 29 x% + 30 y% = 28.1
28 × (92.20%) + 29 x% + 30 (7.8 – x)% = 28.1
x = 5.6 (NOT 5.6%)

After this part, you should be able to

 identify what element is
 state the relationship between element and atom
 use symbols to represent elements
 classify elements as metals or non-metals on the basis of their properties
 be aware that some elements possess characteristics of both metals and non-metals
 state and compare the relative charges and the relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron
 describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons
 interpret and use symbols such as 3
1H
 deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions with given atomic numbers and
mass numbers
 identify isotopes among elements with relevant information
 perform calculations related to isotopic masses and relative atomic masses
 understand and deduce the electronic arrangements of atoms for the first 20 elements
 represent the electronic arrangements of atoms using electron diagrams