Matter is something that occupies space, possess mass, and can be felt by our senses.

Eg. water, air, cotton, sugar, book, etc.

Matter is made up of atoms and molecules.

Classification of matter-
MATTER

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

SOLIDS
LIQUIDS
GAS
PLASMA
BEC ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS MIXTURE

METALS NON-METAS
IRON,ZINC OXYGEN,SULPHUR

METALOIDS
SILICON, BORON

ORGANIC INORGANIC

HOMOGE NEOUS HETERGENEOUS

SOLUTION COLLOIDS
SUSPENSION
Atom- an atom is the smallest particle of an element that takes part in a chemical reaction.
An atom maintains its chemical identity throughout all physical and chemical changes.

Atomicity- The number of atoms present per molecule is called atomicity.

Eg- H2 atomicity 2

Molecule- The smallest unit of a substance/compound which is capable of independent

existence and shows all the properties of that substance is called molecule.
A molecule contains two or more atoms of the same or different types.
Molecules of noble gases like Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon consists of only one atom.

J.J.Berzelius introduced the modern system of denoting elements by their symbols.

The symbol of an element is the short form or abbreviation for its full name.

MODERN ATOMIC SYMBOLS

❖ The first letter of the Latin or Greek name of an element is taken as its symbol, such a
letter is written as capital letter.
❖ If more than one element has the same first letter, their symbols consist of 2 letters-the
first letter is followed by another letter which is not common. The first letter is written
as capital letter while the second letter as small letter.
For example, the symbol of hydrogen is H and that of helium is He. The symbol of calcium is Ca
and that of chromium is Cr.

Name of the elements Symbol Valency

1. Hydrogen H 1
2. Helium He 0
3. Lithium Li 1
4. Beryllium Be 2
5. Boron B 3
6. Carbon C 4
7. Nitrogen N 3
8. Oxygen O 2
9. Fluorine F 1
10. Neon Ne 0
11. Sodium Na 1
12. Magnesium Mg 2
13. Aluminium Al 3
14. Silicon Si 4
15. Phosphorus P 3
16. Sulphur S 2
17. Chlorine Cl 1
18. Argon Ar 0
19. Potassium K 1
20. Calcium Ca 2

● Valency: The number of electrons donated or accepted by the valence shell of an atom
during chemical combination to achieve octet or duplet state is called as valency.

● Radical: An atom of an element or a group of atoms of different elements that behaves

as a single with a positive or negative charge on it is called radical.
Eg. CO3-2 [CARBONATE], OH-[HYDROXIDE]

● Molecular formula: Molecular formula is a symbolic representation of a molecule. It

represents the number of atoms of each element present. These atoms combine to
form the molecule.
● Atom is made up of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.
 CHEMICAL REACTION
Chemical Reaction:
A chemical reaction involves the breaking of bonds between atoms taking part in the
reaction and the formation of new chemical bonds to form new compounds.
The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
The new substances produced because of a chemical reaction are called products.

To Make Equations More Informative:

By writing the physical states of substances, a chemical equation becomes more
informative.
Gaseous state is represented by symbol (g).
Liquid state is represented by symbol (l).
Solid state is written by symbol (s).
Aqueous solution is written by symbol (aq).
Writing the condition in which reaction takes place: The condition is generally written
above and/or below the arrow of a chemical equation.
Precipitate-
Gas-

Example: The burning of magnesium in the air to form magnesium oxide is an example
of a chemical reaction.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical equation has the number of atoms
of each element equal on both sides.
Balanced Chemical Equation.
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction. To obey this law, the total mass of elements present
in reactants must be equal to the total mass of elements present in products.