Chemistry - Foundation Material 2022-23

` KKP / MYP CE NTRE
CHEMISTRY MATERIAL
2022-2023
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. BASICS OF CHEMISTRY 1 TO 14
2. MOLE CONCEPT 15 TO 32
3. STOICHIOMETRY 33 TO 48
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BASICS OF CHEMISTRY
Day - 1
(atom, molecule and ions and atomic number)
Element:
The simplest part of matter which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical
processes (except by nuclear reactions) is known as an element.
Example: Oxygen, hydrogen, mercury, silver, carbon, uranium are some elements.
From the above definition it is clear that “elements are the pure substances made up of only one kind of
particles called “atoms”. For example, graphite is one form of carbon element and consists of only one kind of
atoms called carbon atoms.
Atom
An atom can be defined as “the smallest particle of an element which takes part in the chemical reaction’’.
Atoms of all elements are not alike. Atoms may or may not have an independent existence. Atoms of most of
the elements are highly reactive.
Molecules Do you Know

Two or more atoms of same element or different elements combine to form a Hydrogen is the most
molecule. Atoms of same element combine to form a molecule of an element abundant element in the
and atoms of different elements combine in a definite proportion to form a universe, while the
molecule of a compound. oxygen is the most
2 Hydrogen atoms  1 molecule of Hydrogen abundant element in the
earth’s crust.
2 Hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom  1 water molecule
Atomicity
The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element is called its atomicity. Based upon the
atomicity, the elements are classified as follows:
Mono–atomic elements (mono one)

The elements having atomicity one are called mono atomic elements.
Argon (Ar), Helium (He), Sodium (Na), Neon (Ne) etc., are mono–atomic elements.
Diatomic elements (Di  two)

The elements having atomicity two are called diatomic elements.
Hydrogen gas(H2), oxygen gas(O2), chlorine gas(Cl2), Bromine(Br2) etc., are diatomic elements.
Tetra atomic elements (tetra four)

The elements with atomicity four are known as tetra atomic elements.
Phosphorus (P4) is tetra atomic element.
Octa atomic elements (octa eight)

The elements with atomicity eight are called octa atomic elements
Example; Sulphur (S8), Selenium (Se8) etc.
Polyatomic elements (poly many)

Elements that are having atomicity more than two are called polyatomic elements.
Examples: P4, S8, Se8 and B12 are some polyatomic elements.
2 BASICS OF CHEMISTRY
Valency
Combining capacity of an element is known as its valency.
or
The number of hydrogen atoms or the number of halogen atoms (F, Cl, I) or double the number of oxygen
atoms with which one atom of the element combines.
For example, 1. In NH3, valency of N is 3.
2. In CCl4 valency of C is 4.
3. In CO2, valency of C is 4.
Valency can also be defined as the number of electrons lost or gained by an atom or group of atoms.
+
Examples: Na (valency 1) SO42 (valency2) etc.
Radicals or ions
An atom or group of atoms either with positive charge or negative charge and exist independently are called
radicals (ions). They are of two types:
 Radicals that are formed by the loss of electrons called electropositive radicals or basic radicals
 Radicals that are formed by the gain of electrons are called electronegative radicals or acidic
radicals.
Ions are formed when an atom loses or gains one or more electrons. Ions are of two types
(i) Cation: A cation (positive ion) is formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.

e
For example A   A1 (unipositive ion)

2e
A   A 2 (bipositive ion)
Cations are positively charged ions.
(ii) Anion: An anion (negative ion) is formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.
For example

e
A   A  (uninegative ion)

2e
A   A 2 (binegative ion)
Anions are negatively charged ions.
Let us learn the names and symbols of basic radicals and acidic radicals.
Mono valent basic radicals

Name Symbol Name Symbol
Ammonium NH4 Potassium K
Copper Cu Phosphonium PH4
Hydrogen H Rubidium Rb

Gold Au Silver Ag
Lithium Li Sodium Na
Mercury Hg
BASICS OF CHEMISTRY 3
Mono valent acidic radicals

Fluoride F1 Hydroxide OH1
Chloride Cl1 Nitrite NO12
Bromide Br1 Nitrate NO13

Iodide I1 Cyanide CN1
Hypochlorite ClO1 Superoxide O12
Chlorite ClO21 Formate HCOO1
Chlorate ClO13 Acetate CH3 COO1

Hydride H1 Permanganate MnO14
Bivalent basic radicals

Barium Ba2 Magnesium Mg2
Calcium Ca2  Manganese Mn2 
Iron Fe2  Mercury Hg2
Lead Pb2 Nickel Ni2
Copper Cu2 Radium Ra2
Cobalt Co2  Strontium Sr 2 
Cadmium Cd2 Zinc Zn2
Bivalent acidic radicals

Name Symbol
Oxide O2 
Peroxide  O 2 2 
Sulphide  S 2 
Carbonate  CO3 2
Sulphate  SO4 2
Sulphite  SO3 2
Trivalent basic radicals

Name Symbol
Antimony Sb3 
Gold Au3 
Arsenic As3 
Aluminium Al3 
Chromium Cr 3 
Cobalt Co3 
Manganese Mn3 
Iron Fe3 
Trivalent acidic radicals

Name Symbol
Aluminate
 AlO3 3
Arsenide As3 
Phosphite
PO3 3
Phosphate
PO4 3
Phosphide P3 
Nitride N3 
Tetravalent basic radicals

Name Symbol
Platinum Pt 4 
Tin(stannic) Sn4 
Lead (plumbic) Pb 4 
Tetravalent Acidic radicals

Name Symbol
Ferrocyanide Fe  CN 
4
 6
Carbide C4 
Pentavalent basic radicals

Name Symbol
Antimony Sb5 
Arsenic As5 
Variable valency
It has been found that certain metals exhibit more than one valency. In such a situation metals are said to
exhibit variable valency.
How to name element with two different valencies

If an element exhibits two different positive valences then suffix -ous is attached at the end of the name of
the element for lower valency and the suffix –ic is attached at the end of the name of the element for higher
valency.
Example
Iron exhibits two types of valencies 2 & 3. The lower valency (+2) is the –ous form and the higher valency
(+3) is the –ic.
+2
Fe ---- Ferrous
+3
Fe ----- Ferric
Note: Symbol of the element with variable valency remains same but the valency changes.
Elements Valency Name Symbol
2+
+2 Ferrous Fe
1. Iron 3+
+3 Ferric Fe
+
+1 Cuprous Cu
2. Copper 2+
+2 Cupric Cu
+1 Mercurous Hg22
3. Mercury
2+
+2 Mercuric Hg
2+
+2 Plumbous Pb
4. Lead 4+
+4 Plumbic Pb
2+
+2 Stannous Sn
5. Tin 4+
+4 Stannic Sn
+
+1 Aurous Au
6. Gold 3+
+3 Auric Au
Objective:
1 Which of the following represents perchlorate ion?

(B) ClO 2 (C) ClO 3 (D) ClO 4
–
(A) ClO
2. Formula of Ferro cyanide is

4 3 4 4
(A) Fe  CN6  (B) Fe  CN6  (C) Fe  CN5  (D) Fe  CN4 
3. Which is not a trivalent radical?

(A) Aluminate (B) Plumbate (C) Arsenite (D) Arsenate
4. Which is not a basic radical?

(A) Platinum ion (B) Tin ion (C) Lead ion (D) Silicate ion
5. The formula of carbonate ion is ______

(A) CO3 (B) CO32 (C) HCO3 (D) CO33
6. What is the formula for sulphate radical?

(A) SO2 (B) SO 42 (C) SO 32 (D) SO3
7. Which among the following radicals is tetravalent?

(A) Platinum (B) Carbonate (C) Barium (D) Sodium
8. The charge on phosphide ion is

(A) – 2 (B) + 2 (C) – 3 (D) + 3
9. Charge on Peroxide Ion is

(A) +1 (B) +2 (C)-2 (D) -3
10. Which of the following ions are formed by loss of electron(s)?

(A) Magnesium ion (B) Oxide ion (C) Bromide ion (D) Chloride ion
11. Charge on Superoxide Ion is

(A) +1 (B) +2 (C) -0.5 (D) -3
12. Which of the following ions are formed by gain of electron(s)?

(A) Magnesium ion (B) ammounium ion (C) potassium ion (D) Chloride ion
13. Number of oxygen atoms present in one ion of oxalate

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1
14. The charge on phospate ion is

(A) – 2 (B) + 2 (C) – 3 (D) + 3
15. The charge on borate ion is

(A) – 2 (B) + 2 (C) – 3 (D) + 3
KEY
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. B
6. B 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. A
11. C 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. C
Day - 2
(Writing chemical formula)
Chemical formula
Symbolic representation of a molecule of a compound is called chemical formula of that substance.
Example: CaCO3 represents the chemical formula of marble.
Chemical compounds are of different types based on the type of elements present in it. They are
(i) Binary compounds

The compounds that are made up of two different elements are called diatomic elements. These are
the simplest compounds.
Examples: H2S, CCl4, H2O, CO2, SO2 etc.
(ii) Ternary compounds

The compounds made up of three different elements are known as tri atomic elements.
Examples: H2SO3, H2CO3 etc.
Chemical formula denotes the exact number of atoms of different elements present in a chemical
substance.
How to write a chemical formula: One has to follow the following rules to write the formula of compounds
1. Positive and negative radicals are written side by side with their charges (First positive radical and
then negative radical).
2. The charges are interchanged and written as the subscript and signs are removed.
3. In the final formula there should be no sign. If the subscripts are same, it can be cancelled. No need
of writing 1 in the formula.
4. If the radical contains two or more atoms (compound radical), then it is enclosed in a bracket.
Example:
1. Calcium phosphate
Step1 Step2 Step3
Ca2 PO34 Ca3 PO 4 2

Ca 2  PO 34 
Calcium Phosphate
2. Potassium ferrocyanide
Step1 Step2 Step3
K 4 Fe  CN6 
4
K1 Fe  CN 
Potassium  6
K
1+
[Fe(CN)6]
4
Ferrocyanide
Catapult : What is the valency of carbon and magnesium in CO2 and MgO respectively?
In CO2, valency of carbon is 4.
In MgO, valency of magnesium is 2.
Naming Chemical compounds from their formulae:

The following rules are applied in naming a compound.
Rule 1 – In binary compounds if one of them is metal the metal is the name first and non-metallic part is
given a suffix “ide” at the end
Eg: NaCl --- Sodium Chloride
Mg3N2 --- Magnesium nitride
Rule 2 – The compound containing two non-metals are named by sing prefix like mono, di, tri etc, which
denotes the number of atoms present in the compound.
Eg: CO -- Carbon monoxide
CO2 -- Carbon dioxide
SO3 -- Sulphur trioxide
Rule 3 – In tertiary compounds, one of which is oxygen and name with suffix – ate at the end provided there
is only one such compound.
If there are two compounds the one with more oxygen is named with suffix – ate ending and the one with less
oxygen is name with – ite as the suffix.
Eg: NaNO3 ----- Sodium nitrate
NaNO2 ----- Sodium nitrite
CaSO4 ----- Calcium sulphate
CaSO3 ----- Calcium sulphite
Rule 4 - If in a compound oxygen is less than the oxygen present in a compound ending with – ite then it is
given the prefix hypo –, in the beginning and if oxygen is present in a compound ending with –ate is more,
then it is given the prefix per- in the beginning.
KClO ---- Potassium hypochlorite
KClO2 ---- Potassium chlorite
KClO3 ---- Potassium chlorate
KClO4 ---- Potassium perchlorate
Objective:
1. Formula of chromic acid is H2CrO4. Formula of divalent metal chromate is

(A) MCrO4 (B) M2CrO4 (C) M2(CrO4)3 (D) M3CrO4
2. If a compound has a formula A2B3 then nitride of A is

(A) AN (B) A2N3 (C) A3N2 (D) AN3
3. If the formula of metal sulphate is MSO4 then formula of metal chloride is

(A) MCl2 (B) MCl3 (C) MCl (D) M2Cl
4. Atomic number of chlorine is 17 what is the no. of protons

(A) 17 (B) 34 (C) 9 (D) 18
2- +
5. Oxalate ion is C2O4 and ammonium ion is NH4 . The formula of Ammonium oxalate is
(A) NH4C2O4 (B) NH4(C2O4)2 (C) (NH4)2C2O4 (D) (NH4)3(C2O4)2
6. The phosphate radical is written as PO 34 , and then what is the formula of sodium phosphate?
(A) Na2PO4 (B) Na3PO4 (C) Na4PO4 (D) Na2HPO4
7. The valency of iron in Fe2O3 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
8. The formula of the compound formed by the following pairs of ions is Magnesium ion, nitride ion.
(A) Mg N (B) N3Mg2 (C) Mg N2 (D) Mg3N2
9. Which of the following statement is not true?

(A) The formula of silver nitrate is AgNO3 (B) The formula of sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3
(C) The formula of Aluminium chloride is AlCl2 (D) The formula of copper sulphate is CuSO4
10. When nitric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide the salt formed will have the following acidic radical
and basic radical
(A) Acidic radical NO3 basic radical OH (B) Acidic radical NO32 basic radical Na
– 2+
(C) Acidic radical NO3 basic radical Na (D) Acidic radical Na basic radical NO3
+ +
11. The ionic charges of the group in parenthesis (brackets) in Ca3 PO 4 2 is
(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 2

–
12. Formula of Barium nitrate is Ba NO3 2 . Formula of Barium chloride is

(A) BCl2 (B) BaCl2 (C) BCl3 (D) BaCl
13. What is the formula of Iodic acid?

(A) HIO2 (B) HIO3 (C) HI (D) HIO
14. What is the formula of Periodic acid?

(A) HIO2 (B) HIO3 (C) HIO4 (D) HIO
15. What is the formula of Alminium nitride?

(A)AlN (B) Al2N3 (C) AlN3 (D) Al3N
KEY
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C
6. B 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. C
11. A 12. B 13. 14. C 15. A
Day - 3
(atomic number, mass number, isotopes, isobars, isotones)
Element Symbol Z (Atomic number A (Mass number)

Hydrogen H 1 1
Helium He 2 4
Lithium Li 3 7
Beryllium Be 4 9
Boron B 5 11
Carbon C 6 12
Nitrogen N 7 14
Oxygen O 8 16
Fluorine F 9 19
Neon Ne 10 20
Sodium Na 11 23
Magnesium Mg 12 24
Aluminium Al 13 27
Silicon Si 14 28
Phosphorus P 15 31
Sulphur S 16 32
Chlorine Cl 17 35or37
Argon Ar 18 40
Potassium K 19 39
Calcium Ca 20 40
Scandium Sc 21 45
Titanium Ti 22 48
Vanadium V 23 51
Chromium Cr 24 52
Manganese Mn 25 55
Iron Fe 26 56
Cobalt Co 27 59
Nickel Ni 28 59
Copper Cu 29 64
Zinc Zn 30 65
 Subatomic particles
The atoms of all elements (except hydrogen) contain mainly three subatomic particles, namely electrons,
protons and neutrons and are also called fundamental particles. Hydrogen contains one proton and one
electron and does not contain neutron.
Electron
 An electron is a negatively charged particle and was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1879.
 Charge of an electron is 1.602  1019 coulombs or 4.8  1010 esu and the relative charge of an
electron is taken as 1.
 Mass of an electron is 9.11  1028 g or 0.000548 amu (amu  atomic mass unit, 1 amu = 1.66 
1
1024 g) or th parts of the mass of a Hydrogen atom.
1837
e
 The mass of the electron is calculated form the formula, m  where e = charge of electron and
e/m
e/m = specific charge of electron.
Proton
 A proton is a positively charged particle and was discovered by E. Goldstein in 1886.
 The charge of a proton is 1.602  1019 coulombs or 4.8  1010 esu and the relative charge of a
proton is taken as +1.
 Mass of a proton is 1.6725  1024 g or 1.007279 amu or equal to the mass of one hydrogen atom.
e
 The mass of a proton is calculated by using the formula, m  where ‘e’ is the charge of the
e/m
proton and e/m is the specific charge of the proton.
Neutron
 A neutron is a neutral particle and was discovered by Chadwick in 1932.
 Mass of a neutron is 1.6748  1024 g or 1.008665 amu.
 Atoms are neutral (as they contain same number of electrons and protons).
Nucleus
 The central part of the atom is nucleus.
 The extra nuclear part that is the space around the nucleus contains electrons.
 Electrons revolve round the nucleus continuously with a high speed.
The radius of the nucleus is of the order of 10 m and that of the atom is of the order of 1010 m.
–14

The volume of the nucleus is of the order of 1045 m and that of the atom is of the order of 10 m .
3 –30 3

 Sub-atomic particles in the nucleus of an atom, i.e. proton and neutrons are called as Nucleons
Particles Electron Proton Neutron
Mass (g) 9.10939  1028 g 1.672 1024 g 1.675 1024 g
9.10939  1031 kg 1.672 1027 kg 1.675 1027 kg
0.000548 amu 1.007277 amu 1.008665 amu
Electrical charge 1.6022  1019 +1.6022  1019 0
4.8  1010 esu +4.8  1010 esu
Charge unit 1 +1 0
1 1
1H, 1P
0
Symbol 1e
1
0n
Atomic number (Z)

The atomic number of an element is defined as the no of unit positive charges present in the nucleus of an
atom of that element.
 It denotes the number of protons or the number of electrons in the neutral atom.
 The chemical identity of an atom can be determined solely by its atomic number
Eg: Carbon atomic number is 6. This means that each neutral carbon atom has 6 protons and 6
electrons.
Mass Number (A)

The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an element.
 Mass number is also called nucleon number and it is denoted
by letter A.
Mass number = no. of protons + number of neutrons

= Atomic number + number of neutrons
A =Z +n
or n = A – Z
Symbolic representation of elements

The atom of an element X having mass number (A) and atomic number (Z) may be represented by a symbol,
Atomic Terms
1. Isotopes: Atoms of same element, having same atomic number but different mass numbers are
called isotopes.
Mass number of all the atoms of same element is not same. The chemical properties of an element
remain the same irrespective of their mass numbers.
Examples: Hydrogen has three isotopes. They are (a) Protium or ordinary hydrogen
(b) Deuterium
(c) Tritium
Isotope Symbol Mass number (A) Atomic number (Z) Number of neutrons
Protium ( 11H )H 1 1 0
Deuterium ( 12 H )D 2 1 1
Tritium ( 13 H )T 3 1 2
35 37
Chlorine has two isotopes 17 Cl and 17 Cl .
Isotope Mass number Atomic Number of Number of Number of

number electrons protons neutrons
35 35 17 17 17 18
17 Cl
37 37 17 17 17 20
17 Cl
Carbon is mainly 126 C . However it has two more isotopes 13 14

6 C and 6 C .
16 17 18
Oxygen is mainly 8O . However it has two more isotopes 8O and 8O .
20 21 22
Neon is mainly 10 Ne . However it has two more isotopes 10 Ne and 10 Ne .
Properties of Isotopes
1. Chemical properties of all isotopes are identical.
2. All isotopes of same element have same number of valence electrons or valency.
3. The physical properties such as mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc, of isotopes of same
element is different due to the neutron number variation, present in the nucleus.
Isotopes of Carbon
Isotopes of Hydrogen
 The element having maximum number of naturally occurring isotopes is Sn

(Number of isotopes = 10)
 It should be noted that isotopes were discovered by Soddy (1911) in radioactive elements. Now
isotopes of almost all the elements are known. About 350 isotopes occur naturally on earth and 1500
have been prepared artificially.
2. Isobars: The atoms of different elements which have the same mass number, but different atomic
numbers are called isobars.
14 14
Examples: 6 C and 7 N
40 40
18 Ar and 20 Ca
3. Isotones: Atoms of different elements having same number of neutrons are called isotones.
11 12
Examples: (i) 5 B, 6 C
(ii) 12 H, 32He
4. Isodiaphers: Atoms having same isotopic number are isodiaphers. Isotopic number means np,
A2p or A2Z where n, p, A and Z are number of neutrons, number of protons, mass number and
atomic number respectively.
11 19 23 27
Examples: (i) 5 B, 9 F (ii) 11 Na, 13 Al
Objective:
2+
1. The number of electrons protons and neutrons present in a Ca ion (A=40) is
(A) 20, 18, 20 (B) 20, 20, 18 (C) 18, 20, 20 (D) 18, 18, 20
+ – 2+
2. The number of electrons present in Na , F , Ca respectively are
(A) 10, 10, 10 (B) 10, 10, 18 (C) 10, 10, 20 (D) 11, 9, 20
+
3 Which of the following is the isoelectronic with NH4 ion?
(A) Na (B) Ne (C) F (D) all of these
4. If W is the Mass number and N is the atomic number of an element, the number of
(A) electrons = W – N (B) neutrons = W – N
(C) Protons = W – N (D) electrons = W
5. Which of the following atoms contains the least number of neutrons?

235 238 239 240
(A) 92 U (B) 92 U (C) 93 Np (D) 93 Np
6. The nucleus of a dipositive has mass number 40. The number of protons is equal to the number of
neutrons. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in its dipositive ion respectively are,
(A) 20, 20, 20 (B) 20, 20, 18 (C) 20, 18, 20 (D) 18, 20, 20
7. The mass number of an element is 2.5 times to that of its atomic number, if the number of neutron is
120 the atomic number and mass number of the element respectively are
(A) 40, 160 (B) 60, 180 (C) 80, 200 (D) 120, 240
8. A negative ion of an atom has 18 electrons and 16 protons. The number of electrons and protons in
its corresponding atom respectively are
(A) 18, 16 (B) 16, 16 (C) 18, 18 (D) 16, 18
9. The mass number of an element is the double the number of protons. If the atom has 10 electrons,
the number of protons, neutrons and mass number of the element respectively are
(A) 10, 10, 10 (B) 10, 20, 10 (C) 10, 10, 20 (D) 10, 20, 20
14
10 The total number of fundamental particles in one atom of C is?
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 14 (D) 20
KEY
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A
6. B 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. D
MOLE CONCEPT
What is a mole?
 It is a collection of 6.023  1023 particles.
 Particles may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, protons etc.
Eg:
 1 mole of sodium  6.023  1023 sodium atoms
 1 mole of H2O  6.023  1023 H2 O molecules
 1 mole of electron  6.023  1023 electrons
 A mole is also defined as amount of substance that contains as many species [atoms, molecules,
ions (or) other particles] as there are atoms in exactly 12 gram of C  12 isotope.
What is Avagadro’s number?

 Avagadro’s number  6.023  1023
 It is represented by N0  or  NA  or  N
 From mass spectroscopy it was found that there are 6.023  1023 atoms are present in 12 gram of C
– 12 isotope.
 Value of Avogadro’s number calculated in the following manner.
1 mole  mass of 1 atom of C – 12 = 12 g
1 mole  12 amu = 12 g
1 mole  12  1.6  1024 = 12 g
1 mole = 6.023  1023
What is Atomic mass unit (a.m.u)

 It is also called as unified mass
1
 It is equal to th mass of an atom of C – 12 isotope
12
1
th mass of C  12
12
12 1
11
2
10
3
9 4
8 5
7 6
Lets assume it is an atom of C – 12
 Actual mass of an atom of C – 12 is equal to 1.9924  1023 gram

1
1 a.m.u   mass of an atom of C  12 isotope
12
1
  1.9924  10 23
12
 1.66  10 24 g
 1 a.m.u  1.66  10 24 g
16 MOLE CONCEPT
 1.66  1027 kg
1

6.023  1023
1
1 a.m.u 
NA
 1 a.m.u also called as one Dalton (or) 1 unified mass (U)
What is Atomic mass (or) Atomic weight?

 Atomic mass (or) weight is a relative weight because it is compared with respect to C – 12 isotope.
 It is a mass of one atom of an element. It is expressed in a.m.u.
 Atomic mass is the number which indicates how many times one atom of an element heavier in
1
comparision to th mass of one atom of C - 12
12
Mass of an atom of an element
 Atomic mass 
1
 mass of an atom of C  12
12
Mass of an atom of an element

1 amu
Mass of an atom (In a.m.u)  atomic mass  1 a.m.u
 It is equal to number of times heavier than 1 amu.
Eg: Mass of an atom of Nitrogen  14 a.m.u

 14  1.66  10 24 g
 23.24  10 24 g
Q1. What is the mass of one atom of sulphur?

Ans. 32 a.m.u (or) 32  1.66  1024 g
Q2. What is the mass of one atom of oxygen? (in g)

 16 a.m.u
 16  1.66  10 24
 26.56  1024 g
What is gram atomic weight (or) mass:

 It is equal to mass of 1 mole of atoms of an element.
 It is mass of 6.023  1023 atoms
Eg: Gram atomic mass of Nitrogen  14 g

Mass of 6.023  1023 Nitrogen atoms  14 g
Element Relative atomic Atomic mass Gram atomic weight
weight (RAM) (mass of one atom) (GAW)
O 16 16 a.m.u 16 g
N 14 14 a.m.u 14 g
S 32 32 a.m.u 32 g
He 4 4 a.m.u 4g
Ag 108 108 a.m.u 108 g
Na 23 23 a.m.u 23 g
Al 27 27 a.m.u 27 g
MOLE CONCEPT 17
Q. What is gram atomic mass of oxygen?

Ans. 16 g
 Mass of one atom of oxygen

1
= 16 a.m.u 1 a.m.u  g
NA
16
 g NA  Avogadro’s number
NA
Mass of NA atoms of oxygen
16
  NA
NA
 16 g
Q. What is gram atomic mass of sulphur?

Ans. 32 g
What is molecular mass?

Molecular mass is the number which indicates how many times one molecule of a substance is heavier in
1
comparision to th mass of one atom of C -12 .
12
Mass of one molecule of the subs tan ce  in amu 
Molecular mass 
1
 mass of an atom of C  12
12
Mass of one molecule of the subs tance  in amu 


1amu
Mass of one molecule of H2 O  18 a.m.u

Molecular mass of H2 O  18
What is gram molecular mass (or) weight?

 It is mass of one mole of molecules
 It is a mass of 6.023  1023 (Avogadro’s number) molecules
Eg: Mass of one molecule of H2 O

 18 a.m.u
18
 gram
NA
Mass of NA molecule of H2 O
18
  NA g
NA
 18 g
Gram molecular weight of H2 O  18g
18 MOLE CONCEPT
Molecule Relative molecular Molecular Gram molecular

Weight weight weight
H2 O 18 18 a.m.u 18 g
H2 SO4 98 98 a.m.u 98 g
CH3COOH 60 60 a.m.u 60 g
(acetic acid)
Glucose 180 180 a.m.u 180 g
 C6H12O6 
Sucrose 342 342 a.m.u 342 g
C12H22O11
Q. What is gram molecular weight of oxygen?

Ans. 32 g
Calculation of gram molecular weight

It is algebraic sum of gram atomic mass of all atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
Eg: Gram molecular weight of H2 SO4  (2  gram atomic mass of ‘H’) + (1 x Gram atomic mass of
‘S’) ( 4  gram Atomic mass of ‘O’)
  2  1  1 32    4  16  g
 98 g
Calculation of mole:
 From given mass (or) weight:
For atoms:
Given mass (in g)

Number of moles 
Gram atomic mass
1 mole  1 gram atom
Eg: Number of moles present in 16 g of oxygen?

16
Number of moles of oxygen 
16
 1 mole
Eg: Number of gram atoms present in 64 gram of sulphur?

given mass
Number of gram atom 
gram atomic mass
64

32
 2 gram atom
MOLE CONCEPT 19
For molecules:
Given mass (in gram)

Number of moles 
Gram molecular weight
 Number of gram molecules
1 gram  molecule  1 mole of molecules
Eg: Number of moles present in 36 gram of H2 O ?

36
Number of moles 
18
 0.5 mole
Q1. Number of moles present in 49 gram of H2 SO4 ?

49
Number of moles 
98
 2 moles
(gram molecular weight of H2 SO4  98 gram)
Q2. What will be the mass of 10 mole of SO2 ?
Mass of 1 mole of SO2  64 gram
Mass of 10 mole of SO2  ?

10  64

1
 640 grams
(or)
Mass  given moles  molar mass
 10  64
 640 grams
Q3. Calculation of moles from given particles:
given particles
Number of moles 
6.023  1023
Q4. How many moles present in 3.01 1023 H2 O molecules?
3.01 1023
Number of H2 O molecules 
6.023  1023
 0.5 mole
Q5. A piece of ‘Cu’ contains 6.023  1024 atoms. How many mole of Cu atoms does it contain?
6.023  1024
Numbers of moles of ‘Cu’ 
6.023  1023
= 10 moles
20 MOLE CONCEPT
Q6. 5 moles of CO2 are present in a gaseous sample. How many molecules of CO2 are present in the
sample?
1 mole of CO2  6.023  1023
5 mole of CO2  ?

 5  6.023  1023
 30.115  1023
(or) given moles  NA
 5  6.023  1023
 30.115  1023
Solve the following questions
1. Calculate the mass of

 1 mole of electron
 1 mole of proton
 1 mole of neutron
2. Calculate the charge of

 1 mole of electron
 1 mole of proton
 1 mole of neutron
From the given volume of gas:
What is molar volume?

 Volume occupied by one mole of any gas at S.T.P conditions (273K, 1 atm) is 22.4 lit or 22400 ml
 Volume occupied by 1 mole of any gas at S.T.P conditions (273K, 1 bar) is 22.7 lit or 22700 ml
STP means Standard Temperature and Pressure
Units of pressure 
1 atm  760 mm of Hg
 76 cm of Hg
 760 torr
 1.01325 bar
 1.01325 105 Pa
Units of Volume:
1 lit  1 dm3  103 ml  103 cm3  10 3 m3
1 m3  103 lit
At STP (1 atm, 273K)

1 mole of CO2 gas occupies  22.4 lit
1 mole of O2 gas occupies  22.4 lit
1 mole of He gas occupies  22.4 lit
MOLE CONCEPT 21
At S.T.P conditions (1 atm, 273 K):
given volume  in L 
Number of moles 
22.4
given volume  in mℓ 
Number of moles 
22400
Q1. How many moles of CO2 present in 44.8 L of CO2 at S.T.P?

given volume
moles of CO2 
22.4
44.8

22.4
 2 moles
Q2. How much volume occupied by 5 mole of CO2 ?

Volume occupied by gas  given moles  22.4 L
 5  22.4 L
 112 L
Q3. How many molecules of O2 are present in 5.6 L of O2 at 1 atm and 273K?
Number of molecules  moles  6.023  1023
5.6
  6.023  1023
22.4
 1.5  1023 O2 molecules
Calculation of number of atoms from given moles (or) given weight of molecule
From given moles:
Number of atoms  Number of moles  Avogadro’s number N0   atomicity
From given weight:
given weight
Number of atoms    6.023  1023  Atomicity
Gram molecular weight
Q3. Calculate number of atoms present in 9.8 of H2 SO4

9.8
Number of atoms   6.023  1023  7
98
 42.16  1022
Q4. Calculate number of atoms present in 10 moles of H2 SO4 ?

Number of atoms  10  6.023  1023  7
 42.16  1024
22 MOLE CONCEPT
Q5. Calculate number of oxygen atoms present in 9.8g of H2 SO4 ?

9.8
Number of Oxygen atoms   6.023  1023  4
98
 24.09  1022
Q6. Calculate number of Hydrogen atoms present in 9.8g of H2 SO4

9.8
Number of Hydrogen atoms   6.023  1023  2
98
 12.04  1022
Q7. Calculate number of oxygen atoms present in 90g of glucose?

90
Number of Oxygen atoms   6.023  1023  6
180
 18.04  1023
Calculation of number of electrons from given moles (or) given weight:

Number of electrons  given moles  Avogadro’s number  number of electrons per molecules
Ex: Number of electrons present in 18 grams of water.
18
  6.023  1023  10
18
 6.023  1024 electrons
Percentage of an element in a compound: (or)

Atomic weight of an element  Atomicity such element
% of an element of compound   100
Molecular mass of compound
Ex: Calculate % of Na, ‘O’ and H in NaOH molecule

23  1
% of Na   100  57.5
40
16  1
% of ‘O’   100  40
40
1 1
% of H   100  2.5
40
Weight Number of Particles
 GAW  or  GMW
GAW   NA
 or   NA
GMW
Mole
22.4 lit  22.4 lit  or  22400 ml

or 
22400 ml
Volume of gas at S.T.P
MOLE CONCEPT 23
Note: S.T.P (1 atm, 273 K)
NA  Avogadro’s number
GAW=Gram atomic weight
GMW=Gram molecular weight
44 grams of CO2
6.023 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 x 6.023 x 1023 carbon atoms
22.4 lit CO2 at S.T.P
1 mole of CO2 1 gram molecule of CO2
2 x 6.023 x 1023 oxygen

atoms
2 gram atom of oxygen 1 gram atom of carbon

1 gram molecule of oxygen
100 gram of CaCO3

6.023 x 1023 molecules
5 x NA total atoms
1 gram molecule of CaCO
1 mole of
CaCO3
1 gram atom of calcium
1 gram atom of carbon 3 x NA oxygen atoms

1.5 gram molecule of oxygen
Relationship between molecular mass and vapour density:

The vapour density of any gas is the ratio of the density of the gas and density of hydrogen gas under similar
condition of temperature and pressure.
Density of gas
Vapour density (V.D) 
Density of Hydrogen
mass of a certain volume of the gas
V.D 
mass of same volume of hydrogen at same temperature and pressure
 If ‘v’ volume of unknown and hydrogen gas contain ‘N’ molecules under similar conditions of ‘T’ and
‘P’
mass of 'N' molecule gas
 V.D 
mass of 'N' molecules of hydrogen gas
 If ‘v’ volume of gas unknown and hydrogen gas contain 1 mole of molecules.
mass of 1 mole of unknown gas
V.D 
mass of 1 mole of hydrogen gas
molecular mass of gas
V.D 
molecular mass of hydrogen gas
molecular mass  or  molar mass of gas
V.D 
2
24 MOLE CONCEPT
Molecular mass (or) molar mass of gas  2  vapour density
molecular mass of gas  2  vapour density
Loschmidt number:
Number of molecules in 1 cm3 (or) 1 ml of gas at S.T.P is known as Loschmidt number.
22400 ml  6.023  1023
1 ml  ?
6.023  1023

22400
 2.68  1019 molecules. ml1
 2.68  1019 number is called Loschmidt number.
Fill the blank with suitable answers:
__1__ mole of Glucose

__2__ molecules
__7__ total atoms
__3__ gram atom of ‘O’
1 mole of
Glucose
__6__ gram atom of H __4__ gram molecule of oxygen

__5__ gram molecule of Hydrogen
Questions:
Level - 1
1. Find the relative atomic mass, atomic mass and gram atomic mass of following is
i) Na ii) ‘O’ iii) F iv) Ca
v) Ag
2. How many nucleons are present in 5 atoms of an element which has atomic mass 14 amu
3. How many atoms of oxygen are there in 16 gram of oxygen atom?
4. How many gram atoms are present in 144 gram of sulphur?
5. Calculate the mass of sodium which contains same number of atoms as are present in 4 gram of
calcium. Atomic mass of sodium and calcium are 23 and 40 respectively?
6. Calculate the number of molecules in 4.25 gram of Ammonia?
12
7. Calculate the sum of number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 12 gram of 6C
8. Calculate the volume occupied by 112 gram of N2 at S.T.P?
MOLE CONCEPT 25
9. Calculate the number of atoms in 3.2 gram of oxygen gas?
10. The largest number of molecules are present in

(A) 36 gram of H2 O (B) 44 gram of CO2
(C) 46 gram of CH3OH (D) 54 gram of N2 O5
11. 40.5 gram of AlCl3 has

(A) N0 number of Cl ions (B) 0.3 N0 number of Al3 ions
(C) 2 N0 number of Al3 ions (D) 0.3 N0 number of Cl
12. Number of molecules in 100 ml of each O2 , NH3 and CO2 at S.T.P are
(A) In the order of CO2  O2  NH3 (B) In the order of NH3  O2  CO2
(C) All contain same (D) In the order of O2  NH3  CO2
13. Which of the following weighs the least ?

(A) 24 gram of carbon (B) 0.9 moles of N2 O3
(C) 22.4 lit of N2 at S.T.P (D) 6.023  1023 molecules of H2 S
14. Which of the following has maximum number of ions when present in 1 litre of the solution
(A) 0.1 mole of Ba NO3 2 (B) 0.1 mole of AlF3
(C) 0.1 mole of CaSO4 (D) 0.1 mole of MgBr2
15. The number of oxygen atoms in 1 gram of CaCO3

(A) 6  1021 (B) 1.8  1022 (C) 6  1023 (D) 6  1022
16. A sample of ammonium phosphate contain 3.18 mole of hydrogen atoms. The number of moles of
oxygen atoms in the sample is
(A) 0.265 (B) 0.795 (C) 1.06 (D) 3.18
17. Number of molecules present in a drop of water, if its volume is 0.05 ml are
(A) 1.66  1021 (B) 1.66  1022 (C) 1.66  1023 (D) 1.66  1024
18. The number of gram atoms of oxygen present in 0.3 mole  COOH2 .2H2O is
(A) 0.6 (B) 1.8 (C) 1.2 (D) 3.6
19. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a molecule that serves to transmit message in the brain. The
chemical formula of dopamine is C8H11O2N . How many moles are there in 1 g of dopamine?
(A) 0.00654 (B) 153 (C) 0.0654 (D) None of these
20. If 0.5 mole of ozone  O3  is removed from a sample of ozone weighing 144 gram, then the number
of gram molecules of ozone left is
(A) 2.5 (B) 5 (C) 7.5 (D) 3
21. The mass of carbon atoms present in 0.5 mole of K 4 Fe  CN6  is
(A) 1.8 g (B) 18 g (C) 3.6 g (D) 36 g
26 MOLE CONCEPT
22. A mixture of magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate is known to contain 0.6 moles of chloride
ions and 0.2 moles of sulphate ions. The number of moles of magnesium ions present is
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.8 (D) 1.0
23. How many grams of NH3 are there in 800 cm3 STP of NH3 gas?
(A) 0.607 g (B) 0.407 g (C) 0.807 g (D) 1.607 g
24. The number of electrons present in 4.4 gram of oxalate ion

(A) 0.05 NA (B) 2.3 NA (C) 2.2 NA (D) 2.1 NA
25. The number of valence electrons present in 6.5 gram peroxide ion is
(A) 0.2 NA (B) 3.2 NA (C) 3.6 NA (D) 2.8 NA
26. The number of F ions in 4.2 gram of AlF3 is

(A) 0.05 (B) 9.02  1022 (C) 3.01 1022 (D) 0.15
27. A quantity of 13.5 gram aluminium when changes to Al3 ion in solution will lose
(A) 18  1023 electrons (B) 6.02  1023 electrons
(C) 3.01 1023 electrons (D) 9.03  1023 electrons
28. A person has as many notes as number of oxygen atoms in 24.8 gram Na2S2 O3 .5H2O . A note
counting machine counts 48 million notes per day. How many days it would take to count these
notes? (In the order of)
(A) 1012 (B) 1014 (C) 1016 (D) 1018
29. Number of moles in 1 m3 gas at NTP are

(A) 4.46 (B) 44.6 (C) 446 (D) 4460
30. The total number of electrons in 18 ml of water (density  1 g.ml1 )

(A) 6.02  1023 (B) 6.02  1025 (C) 6.02  1024 (D) 6.02  18  1023
31. 10 dm3 of N2 gas and 10 dm3 of gas ‘x’ at the same temperature contain the same number of
molecules. The gas ‘x’ is
(A) CO (B) CO2 (C) H2 (D) NO
32. If “chemistry sir” is written by graphite pencil, it weighs 3  10 10 g . How many carbon atoms are
present in it?
(A) 1.5  1023 (B) 5  1022 (C) 2  1033 (D) 1.5  1010
33. A pre weighed vessel was filled with oxygen at NTP and weighed. It was then evacuated, filled with
SO2 at the same temperature and pressure and again weighed. The weight of oxygen is
1
(A) The same as that of SO2 (B) that of SO2
2
1
(C) twice that of SO2 (D) th that of SO2
4
MOLE CONCEPT 27
34. Calculate number electrons present in 9.5 gram of PO4 3
(A) 6 (B) 5 NA (C) 0.1 NA (D) 4.7 NA
35. Number of electrons in 4.2 gram N3 ion is

(A) 3 NA (B) 2 NA (C) 1.5 NA (D) 4.2 NA
36. One atom of an element ‘x’ weighs 6.664  10 23 g . The number of gram atoms in 40 kg of it is
(A) 10 (B) 100 (C) 100000 (D) 1000
37. Mass of one molecule of water approximately

(A) 1 g (B) 0.5 g (C) 1.66  1024 g (D) 3.2  10 23 g
38. ‘x’ L N2 gas at S.T.P contains 3  1022 molecules. The number of molecules in ‘x’ L ozone at S.T.P
will be
(A) 3  1022 (B) 4  1023 (C) 6.023  1023 (D) 3  1024
39. If Avogadro’s number is 1 1023 mol1 then the mass of one atom of oxygen would be
16
(A) a.m.u (B) 16  602 amu (C) 16 amu (D) 16  1023 amu
602
40. Which has maximum number of atoms?

(A) 24g of ‘c’ (B) 56g of Fe (C) 27g f Al (D) 10g of Ag
41. Out of 1 gram of dioxygen, 1 gram of atomic oxygen and 1 gram of ozone the maximum number of
oxygen atoms are contained in
(A) 1 gram of atomic oxygen (B) 1 gram of ozone
(C) 1 gram of oxygen gas (D) All contain the same number of atoms
42. The number of atoms in 0.1 mole of triatomic gas is

(A) 1.8  1022 (B) 6.026  1022 (C) 1.806  1023 (D) 3.6  1023
43. 16 gram of oxygen has same number of molecules as in

(A) 16 gram of CO (B) 25g of N2 (C) 14g of N2 (D) 2 gram of H2
44. Which of the following pairs have the same number of atoms?
(A) 16g of O2 and 4g of H2 (B) 16g of O2 and 44g of CO2
(C) 56 of N2 and 32g of O2 (D) 12g of C and 23g of Na
45. Which of the following element contains greatest number of atoms?

(A) 4 gram of He (B) 46 gram of Na
(C) 0.40 gram of Ca (D) 120 gram of Ca
46. Number of moles of glucose present in 540gram of glucose

(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 2.5 (D) 7
47. Calculate the weight 0.1 mole of sodium carbonate

(A) 10.6 (B) 20.6 (C) 5.3 (D) 106
28 MOLE CONCEPT
48. Number of molecules present in 1.12  10 7 C.C of a gas at STP
(A) 3.01 1012 (B) 3.01 1023 (C) 6.023  1023 (D) 3.01 1015
49. The number of water molecules is maximum in

(A) 18g of water (B) 18 moles of water
(C) 18 molecules of water (D) 1.8g of water
50. Taking N2 and O2 as main components of the air (79%) N2 and 21% by volume). What is the
molecular mass of air?
(A) 28.84 (B) 27 (C) 25 (D) 23
Level - 2
1. If 1021 molecules are removed from 200 mg of CO2 , then the number of moles of CO2
(A) 2.88  103 (B) 1.66  103 (C) 4.54  10 3 (D) 1.66  102
2. The hydrated salt Na2SO 4 . nH2O undergoes 55.9% loss in weight on heating and becomes
anhydrous. The value of ‘n’ will be
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 10
3. The atomic masses of two elements ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are 20 and 40 respectively. If ‘a’ gram of ‘P’ contains
‘b’ atoms then how many atoms are present in ‘2a’ gram of Q?
(A) a (B) b (C) 2a (D) 2b
4. The molecular formula of a compound is X 4 O9 . If the compound contain 40% of ‘X’ by mass, then
what is the atomic mass of ‘X’?
(A) 24 (B) 12 (C) 26 (D) 13
5. The quantity of 1 gram of metallic carbonate MCO3 is completely converted into a chloride XCl2
weighing 1.11 gram. The atomic mass of the element ‘X’ is
(A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 40
6. A sample of hydrogen gas is collected and it is observed that it contains only hydrogen and
deuterium atoms in the atomic ratio 6000:1. The number of neutrons in 3 gram of such a sample
should be nearly
(A) 0.005 (B) 3.01 1020 (C) 1.80  1024 (D) 1
7. A compound contains 7 carbon atoms, 2 oxygen atoms and 9.96  1024 gram of other elements.
The molecular mass of compound is is
(A) 122 (B) 116 (C) 148 (D) 154
8. If the mass of neutron is doubled and that of proton is halved, the molecular mass of H2 O containing
only H1 and O16 atoms will
(A) Increase by about 25% (B) Decrease by about 25%
(C) Increase by about 16.67% (D) Decrease by about 16.67%
9. If an iodized salt contains 1% KI and a person takes ‘2’ gram of the salt everyday the iodine ions
going into his body everyday would be approximately
(A) 7.2  1021 (B) 7.2  1023 (C) 3.6  1021 (D) 9.5  1019
MOLE CONCEPT 29
1
10. If we consider 1/6 in place of mass of carbon atom is taken to be relative atomic mass units, the
12
mass of one mole of substance will be
(A) Increase two fold (B) Decrease twice
(C) Decreases thrice (D) Remain unchanged
11. If 1021 molecules are removed from 200 mg as CO2 , then number of moles of CO2 left are
(A) 2.88  103 (B) 1.66  103
(C) 4.54  10 3 (D) 1.66  102
12. If 1 ml of water contain 20 drops then number of molecules in a drop of water is

(A) 6.023  1023 (B) 1.376  1026 (C) 1.673  1021 (D) 4.346  1020
13. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular gaseous mixture is 1:4, the ratio of the
number of their molecules is
(A) 3:16 (B) 1:4 (C) 7:32 (D) 1:8
14. A given mixture consist only of pure substance ‘X’ and pure substance ‘Y’. The total mass of mixture
is 3.72g. The total number of moles is 0.06. If the mass of one mole of ‘Y’ is 48 g and there is 0.02
mole of ‘X’ in the mixture then what is the mass of one mole of ‘X’?
(A) 90g (B) 75g (C) 45g (D) 180g
15. Equal masses of oxygen, hydrogen and methane are taken in identical conditions. What is the ratio
of the volumes of the gases under identical conditions?
(A) 16:1:8 (B) 1:16:2 (C) 1:16:8 (D) 2:16:1
16. A gaseous mixture contains 40% H2 and 60% He by volume. What is the total number of moles of
gases present in 10 gram of such mixture?
(A) 5 (B) 2.5 (C) 3.33 (D) 3.125
17. A sample of ozone is found to be 40% dissociated into oxygen. The average molecular mass of
sample should be
(A) 41.60 (B) 40 (C) 43.25 (D) 38.40
18. The total number of atoms of all elements present in mole of ammonium dichromate is
(A) 19 (B) 6.023  1023 (C) 114.473  1023 (D) 84.322  1023
19. A quantity of 5 gram of a crystalline salt when rendered anhydrous lost 1.8 gram of water. The
formula mass of the anhydrous salt is 160. The number of molecules of water of crystallisation in the
salt is
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 1
20. The percentage of oxygen in a compound is 4%. Its minimum molecular mass will be
(A) 100 (B) 400 (C) 200 (D) 32
21. A compound contains 36% carbon by mass. If each molecule contains two carbon atoms, the
number of moles of compound in its 10 gram is
(A) 66.67 (B) 0.15 (C) 0.30 (D) 1.5
30 MOLE CONCEPT
th th
22. If the atomic mass were given by as 1/16 part and molecular mass as 1/12 part by mass of one
atom of
C -12 isotope, then what would be the molecular mass of water? Suppose atomic masses of
hydrogen and oxygen on new scale are 1 and 16 respectively
(A) 18 (B) 9 (C) 36 (D) Unpredictable
23. In an experiment it is found that 2.0769 gram of pure ‘x’ produces 3.6769 g of pure X2O5 . The
number of moles of ‘x’ is
(A) 0.04 (B) 0.06 (C) 0.40 (D) 0.02
24. The formula of an acid is HXO2 . The mass of 0.0242 moles of the acid is 1.6579. What is the atomic
weight of ‘x’?
(A) 35.5 (B) 28.1 (C) 128 (D) 19
25. The hydrated salt Na2CO3 . xH2 O undergo 63% loss in mass on heating and becomes anhydrous.
The value of ‘x’?
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 18
26. A 6.85 gram sample of the hydrate Sr  OH2 . xH2 O is dried in an oven to give 3.13 gram of
anhydrous Sr  OH2 . What is the value of ‘x’?
(A) 8 (B) 12 (C) 10 (D) 6
27. Twenty molecules of SO3 will weigh as much as ______ molecules of oxygen
(A) 100 (B) 50 (C) 15 (D) 8
28. The mass of CO2 that must be mixed with 20 g of oxygen such that 27 ml of a sample of the
resulting mixture would contain equal number of molecules of each gas, is
(A) 13.75 g (B) 27.50 g (C) 41.25 g (D) 55 g
29. A mixture of 2  1021 molecules of P and 3  1021 molecules of Q weighs 0.60 g. If the molecular
mass of P is 45, then the molecular mass of Q will be NA  6  1023 
(A) 45 (B) 180 (C) 90 (D) 270
30. The shape of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is cylindrical, having length 3000 Å and diameter 170 Å .
If the specific volume of virus is 12.5 ml/g, then the molecular mass of TMV Is NA  6  1023  
(A) 3.28 (B) 5.44  1024 (C) 5.44  1018 (D) 3.27  106
31. The density of a DNA sample is 1.1 g/ml and its molar mass determined by cryoscopic method was
found to be 6  108 g/mole. What is the volume occupied by one DNA molecule? NA  6  1023  
(A) 5.45  108 ml (B) 1.83  109 ml (C) 9.09  1016 ml (D) 1.09  10 13 ml
32. An alkaloid contains 17.28% of nitrogen and its molecular mass is 162. The number of nitrogen
atoms present in one molecule of the alkaloid is
(A) five (B) four (C) one (D) two
33. Vapour density of a molecule is 1.2. Its molecular mass would be

(A) 1.2 (B) 2.4 (C) 36 (D) 72
MOLE CONCEPT 31
The atomic ratio of H to H in a sample of water is 1: 8  108 . How many H atoms are present in 9
1 3 3
34.
gram of such water sample? (In the order of 1015 )
(A) 48 (B) 78 (C) 35 (D) 39
35. Ethanol is a substance, which is commonly called alcohol. The density of liquid alcohol is 0.8 g/ml at
293 K. If 1.2 moles of ethanol is needed for a particular experiment, then what volume of ethanol
should be measured out?
(A) 55.2 ml (B) 57.5 ml (C) 69 ml (D) 47.9 ml
36. The volume of one mole of water at 277 K is 18 ml. One ml of water contains 20 drops. The number

of molecules in one drop of water will be NA  6  1023 
(A) 1.07  1021 (B) 1.67  1021 (C) 2.67  1021 (D) 1.67  1020
37. Suppose two elements ‘X’ and ‘Y’ combine to form two compounds XY2 and X2 Y , when 0.05 mole
of XY2 weights 5 gram while 3.01 1023 molecules of X2 Y3 weighs 85 gram. The atomic masses of
‘X’ and ‘Y’ respectively
(A) 20, 30 (B) 30, 40 (C) 40, 30 (D) 80, 60
38. One mole of element ‘x’ has 0.444 times the mass of one mole of element ‘Y’. One atom of element
‘x’ has 2.96 times the mass of one atom C – 12. What is the atomic weight of ‘Y’?
(A) 80 (B) 18.77 (C) 46.67 (D) 40
39. 16 gram of SO x gas occupies 5.6 lit at 1 atm and 273K. What will be the value of ‘x’
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5
40. If Ca3 PO 4 2 and H3PO3 contain same number of ‘P’ atoms then the ratio oxygen atoms in these
compounds respectively is
(A) 8/3 (B) 2/3 (C) 3 (D) 4/3
41. Silver (atomic weight  108 g.mol1 ) has a density of 10.5 g. cm3 . The number of silver atoms on
surface area 10 12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation as y  10 x . The value of ‘x’
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 3 (D) 5
42. A mixture of gases contains H2 and O2 gases in ratio of 1:4 (w/w). What is the molar ratio of the two
gases in the mixture?
(A) 16:1 (B) 2:1 (C) 1:4 (D) 4:1
43. Insulin contains 3.4% sulphur. Then the minimum molecular mass of the insulin about
(A) 941 g (B) 9400 g (C) 3600 g (D) 970 g
44. 25 gram of MCl4 contains 0.5 mol chlorine then its molecular mass is
(A) 100 g.mol1 (B) 200 g.mol1 (C) 150 g.mol1 (D) 400 g.mol1
45. A gas has a vapour density 11.2. The volume occupied by 1g of the gas at NTP is
(A) 1L (B) 11.2 L (C) 22.4 L (D) 4.6 L
46. The density of a gaseous element is 5 times that of oxygen under similar conditions. If the molecule
of the element is tri atomic. What will be its atomic mass?
32 MOLE CONCEPT
(A) 53.33 (B) 63.3 (C) 60.4 (D) 52.3
47. One atom of an element weighs 6.644  10 23 g. Calculate the number of gram atoms in 40 kg of it
(A) 1000 (B) 100 (C) 500 (D) 3000
48. If the volume occupied in a crystal by a molecule of NaCl is 47  10 24 ml. Calculate the volume of the
crystal weighing 1 g.
(A) 0.482 ml (B) 0.784 ml (C) 0.22 ml (D) 0.64 ml
49. The density of a gas ‘A’ is three times that of a gas ‘B’. If molecular mass of A is ‘M’. The molecular
mass of ‘B’ is
M M
(A) 3M (B) (C) 3M (D)
3 3
50. If mass of neutron is assumed to half of its original value whereas that of proton is assumed to be
twice of its original value then atomic mass of 146 C will be
(A) same (B) 14.28% more (C) 14.28% less (D) 28.56% less
KEY
Level-1:
1. i. 23, 23 amu, 23 gram, ii. 16, 16 amu, 16 gram, 2. 70
iii. 19, 19 amu, 19 gram, iv. 40, 40 amu, 40 gram
v. 108, 108 amu, 108 gram
3. 6.023  1023 4. 4.5 gram – atm 5. 2.3 gram
23
6. 1.5  10 7. 18 8. 89.6 lit
22
9. 12.04  10 10. A 11. B
12. C 13. A 14. B 15. B
16. C 17. A 18. B 19. A
20. A 21. D 22. B 23. A
24. B 25. D 26. B 27. D
28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A
32. A 33. B 34. B 35. A
36. D 37. D 38. A 39. C
40. A 41. D 42. C 43. C
44. D 45. D 46. A 47. A
48. A 49. B 50. A
Level-2:
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D
6. B 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. D
11. A 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B
16. D 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. B
21. B 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. A
26. A 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. D
31. C 32. D 33. B 34. A 35. C
36. B 37. C 38. A 39. B 40. D
41. B 42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A
46. A 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. B
STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
 Stoichiometry of chemical reactions
 Balanced equations of chemical reaction provides quantitative information about masses, moles,
molecules and volumes of reactant and product involved in it.
 The quantitative information conveyed by a chemical equation helps in a number of calculations. The
problems involving these calculations may be classified into the following different types
(i) Mole –mole relationship
(ii) Mass - Mass relationship
(iii) Volume – Volume relationship
(iv) Mass (or) Moles – Volume relationship
(v) Mole – Mass relationship
 N2  3H2  2NH3
According to above chemical reaction following relations can be written as
Mole – Mole relation :-
N2  3H2  2NH3
1mole 3 mole 2mole
1 mole of N2 reacts with 3 moles of H2 and form 2 moles of NH3
Mass – Mass Relation Ship :

28 grams of N2 reacts with 6 grams of H2 and form 34 gram of NH3
N2 g  3H2 g  2NH3 g
1 28 32 2  17
= 28g = 6g = 34g
Volume – Volume relationship :-

N2 g  3H2 g  2NH3 g
1 22.4 3  22.4 2  22.4

= 22.4 lit = 67.2 lit = 44.8 lit
At S.T.P, 22.4 lit of N2 reacts with 67.2 lit of H2 and form 44.8 lit of ammonia ( NH3 )
Mass – Volume relation relationship

N2 g  3H2 g  2NH3 g
28g 3  2  6g 2  22.4
1 22.4 3  22.4 ?
= 22.4 L = 67.2 L = 44.8 L at S.T.P
 28 g of N2 reacts with 6 gram of H2 and form 44.8 lit of Ammonia NH3 

 28 gram of N2 reacts with with 67.2 lit of H2 and form 44.8 lit of NH3
 22.4 lit of N2 reacts with 6 gram of H2 and form 44.8 lit of NH3
34 STOICHIOMETRY
Example 1:
Calculate the amount of water (in gram) produced by the combustion of 16 gram of methane?
Solution :
CH4  2O2  CO2  2H2 O
1 mole 2 mole
= 16 gram = 2  18
= 36 gram
16 gram of CH4  36 gram of H2 O
Ans: 36 g
Example 2:
How many moles of methane are required to produce 22gram of CO2 after combustion?
Solution:
CH4  2O2  CO2  2H2O
1mole 44 gram
44 gram of CO2  1mole of CH4 required
22 gram of CO2  ?  required 
22  1

44
= 0.5 mole
Ans: 0.5
Example 3:
3
The decomposition of a certain mass of CaCO3 gave 11.2 dm of CO2 gas at S.T.P. The mass of KOH
required to completely neutralize the gas is
(A) 56 gram (B) 28 gram (C) 42 gram (D) 20 gram
Ans: A
CaCO3  CaO  CO2
2KOH  CO2  K 2 CO3  H2O

3
= 112 g 22.4 dm at S.T.P
22.4 dm3 of CO2 at S.T.P require KOH = 112 g

 11.2 dm3 of CO2 at S.T.P will require KOH = 56 gram
Example 4:
What volume of CO2 is obtained at S.T.P by heating 4 gram of CaCO3

CaCO3   CaO  CO2
100 gram of  22.4lit CO2 at
CaCO3 S.T.P
4 gram of CaCO3  ?

4  22.4
100
Ans : 0.8962
 From these relationship. The given data can be inter converted as follows


Mass  

 moles 
 number of molecules
STOICHIOMETRY 35
What is a limiting reagent? How it is useful in chemical equation
Quite often, one of the reactant is present in larger amount than the other as required according to balanced
equation. The amount of the product formed then depends upon the reactant which has reacted completely.
Limiting Reagent :- The reactant which reacts completely in the reaction is called the limiting reagent (or)
limiting reactant.
Excess Reagent:-
The reactant which is not consumed in the reaction is called excess reagent.
Example 5: When 5 moles of N2 reacts with 5 moles of H2

i) Which is limiting reagent?
ii) Calculate the maximum amount of NH3 that can be formed?
Methods of find limiting reagent

1N2  3H2  2NH3
N2 : H2
Stoichiometric moles= 1 3
Given Moles = 5 5
given moles 5 5
=
Stoichiometric moles 1 3
=5 = 1.66

Least ratio

Limiting reagent
 H2 is limiting reagent
 The reactant which gives least ratio of given moles to stoichiometric moles is limiting reagent
 The amount of product depends upon limiting reagent.
N2  3H2 
 2NH3
5 moles 5 moles
Limiting reagent is H2
3moles of H2  2moles of NH3

5moles of H2  ?
52

3
 3.33 moles of NH3
= 3.33  17
= 56.61 gram of NH3 produced
36 STOICHIOMETRY
Example 6:
6 gram of H2 reacts with 16 gram of O2 to from H2 O
i) Which is limiting reagent ?
ii) Calculate the maximum amount of H2 O that can be formed?
iii) Calculate the amount of reactant left unreacted?
6
Moles of H2 
2
 3 mole
16
Moles of O2 =
32
 0.5 mole
2H2  O2  2H2 O
H2 : O2
Stoichiometric moles =2 1
Given Moles =3 0.5

3 0.5
Ratio =
2 1
= 1.5 = 0.5
 O2 is limiting reagent
1 mole of O2  2 mole of H2O
0.5 mole of O2  ?
= 0.5 x 2
= 1 mole of H2O
= 18 grams
Ans: 18 g
Example 7:
If 0.5 mole of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mol of Na3PO4 the maximum number of moles of Ba3 PO 4 2 that can
be formed is
(A) 0.7 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.1
Ans: D
Solution: Balanced stoichiometric equation 3BaCl2  2Na3PO 4  Ba3 PO4 2  6NaCl
BaCl2 : Na3PO4
Stoichiometric moles = 3 2
Given Moles = 0.5 0.2
0.5 0.2
Ratio =
3 2
= 0.166 = 0.1
 Limiting Reagent is Na3PO4

2 moles of Na3PO4  1 mole of Ba3 PO 4 2
0.2 mole of Na3PO4  ?
0.2  1
= = 0.1
2
STOICHIOMETRY 37
Example 8: If 20.0 g of CaCO3 is treated with 20.0 gm of HCl, how many grams of CO2 will be produced ?
Sol: CaCO3  2HCl  CaCl2  H2 O  CO2
100g 173g 44
(Here CaCO3 will be the limiting reagent)
100g CaCO3 produces 44g CO2
44  20 44
 20g CaCO3 will produces =   8.8gm
100 5
Example 9: A 10.0 g samples of a mixture of calcium chloride and sodium chloride is treated with \
Na2CO3 to precipitate the calcium carbonate. This CaCO3 is heated to convert all the calcium
to CaO and the final mass of CaO is 1.62 gms. The % by mass of CaCl2 in the original
mixture is
Sol: CaCl 2  Na2CO3  CaCO3  2NaCl
113 100

CaCO3   CaO  CO2
100 56
56 gm CaO Formed by = 100 g CaCO3
100
1.62 gm will formed by   1.62 g CaCO3
56
100 gm of CaCO3 is formed by = 113 g CaCl2
100 113 100 113  1.62
 1.62 g will be formed by    1.62  = 3.27 gm
50 100 56 56
10.0 gm contains = 3.27 g CaCl2
3.27
1 gm contains  gm CaCl2
100
3.27
100 gm contains   100  32.7% of CaCl2
100
Example 10: 27.6 g of K 2 CO3 was treated by a series of reagents so as to convert all of its carbon
to K 2 Zn3 [Fe  CN6 ]2 . Calculate the weight of the product.
(Given at wt. K = 39, C=12, O=16, Zn=65, Fe=56, N= 14)
Sol: mol. mass of K 2 CO3  138
Mol. mass of K 2 Zn3 Fe  CN6   698

2
Reaction involved
many steps
12K 2 CO3   K 2 Zn3 Fe  CN6 
2
12  138g 698 g
27.6 g w=?
698
w=  27.6  11.6g
138  12
[Note: stoichiometry is based on the molecular wt. of balanced equations here we do not
know the full equation so carbon is balanced at least]
Example 11: What volume of hydrogen at NTP is needed to reduce 125g of MoO3 to the metal ? Given
at.wt Mo = 96, O=16]
Sol: MoO3+3H2 Mo  3H2 O
38 STOICHIOMETRY
(96+48) = 144g 3 x 2 = 6g
125 g w=?
6 125
w  125  g of H2
144 24
125 / 24 125
moles of H2   mole
2 48
125
volume of H2 at NTP=  22.4 litre
48
= 58.33 litres
Example 12: How many moles of slaked lime would be required to decompose completely 4 gms of
ammonium chloride & what would be the mass of each product.
Sol: Ca  OH2  2NH4 Cl  CaCl2  2NH3  2H2 O
74g 107g 111g 34g 36g
From the eq.
107 gm of NH4 Cl are decomposed by 74g of Ca(OH)2
74  4
Therefore 4 gm of NH4Cl will be decomposed by =
107
= 2.76 g
wt
so the mole of slaked lime =
molecular wt.
2.76
=  0.04 mole
74
Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
Empirical Formula: The empirical formula of a compound is the chemical formula which expresses the
simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of the various elements present in one molecule of the compound.
Molecular Formula: The molecular formula of a compound is the chemical formula which represents the
true formula of its molecule.
 It express the actual number of atoms of various elements present in one molecule of the compound.
Molecular formula of Glucose = C6H12 O6

Empirical formula of Glucose = CH2O
Relation between Empirical and molecular formula :
Molecular Formula = n  Empirical Formula
n = any integer such as 1,2,3,…. Etc
Molecular formulamass(or)Molecular mass

n
EmpiricalFormula mass
Molecular mass = 2 x vapour density
STOICHIOMETRY 39
Methods for calculation of the Empirical Formula
The empirical formula of a chemical compound can be deduced from

(a) Percentage composition of different elements by mass.
(b) Atomic masses of the elements.
The following steps are involved in the calculation of the empirical formula
Steps 1: To convert the mass percent into grams considering 100 gram of the compound the given mass
percentage represent the masses of the elements in grams.
Step 2: To calculate the number of moles. Divide the percentage (mass is given) of each element by its
atomic mass. This gives the number of moles of different elements thus calculated represent the relative
number of moles.
Step 3: To calculate the simplest molar ratio. Divide the moles obtained in step -1 by the least value amongst
the value obtained for each element. This gives the simplest molar ratio.
Step 4: To calculate the simplest whole number ratio multiply all the simplest atomic ratios by suitable
integer.
Step 5: Write empirical formula by mentioning the above numbers after writing the symbols of respective
elements.
Example 13:
A compound contains 4.07 % Hydrogen, 24.27%.Carbon and 71.65% Chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96 g.
What is its empirical and molecular formula?
Element : Carbon Hydrogen Chlorine

Symbol : C H Cl
Percentage of and element 24.27 4.07 71.65
%..an element 24.27 4.07 71.65
Atomic mass 12 1 35.5
(Relative no of moles) 2.02 4.07 2.02
2.02 4.07 2.02

Simplest Molar ratio 2.02 2.02 2.02
=1 =2 =1
Simplest Whole number molar ratio 1 2 1
 Empirical Formula = CH2Cl

Molecular Formula = n x E. F
Molecular Formula Weight
n
Emperical Formula Weight
98.96

49.5
=2
Molecular Formula = 2  CH2Cl

Molecular Formula = C2H4Cl2
40 STOICHIOMETRY
Example 14:
A carbon compound on analysis gave the following percentage composition carbon 14.5 %, Hydrogen 1.8 %,
Chlorine 64.46 and oxygen 19.24 % . Calculate the empirical formula of the compound .
Ans: C2H3 Cl3 O2
Example 15: A carbon compound contains 12.8% carbon, 2.1 % Hydrogen, 85.1 % brominc. The molecular
weight of the compound is 187.9 . Calculate the molecular formula
Ans: C2H4Br2
LEVEL-I
1. Insulin contains 3.4% sulphur. What will be the minimum molecular weight of insulin?
(A) 94.176 (B) 1884 (C) 941.176 (D) 976
2. What quantity of lime stone  CaCO3  on heating will give 56 kg of CaO?

(A) 1000 kg (B) 56 kg (C) 44 kg (D) 100 kg
3. A hydrated salt of Na2SO3 losses 22.22% of its mass on strong heating. The hydrated salt is
(A) Na2SO3 .4H2O (B) Na2SO3 .6H2O (C) Na2SO3 .H2O (D) Na2SO3 .2H2O
4. The minimum quantity in gram of H2 S needed to precipitate 63.5 g of Cu2 will be
 Cu 2
 H2 S  CuS  H2 
(A) 63.5 (B) 31.75 g (C) 34 g (D) 2g
5. 2.76 gm of Ag2CO3 on being strongly heated yields a residue weighing

(A) 2.16 gm (B) 2.48 gm (C) 2.32 gm (D) 2.64 gm
6. If 0.5 mole of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mol of Na3PO4 , the maximum amount of Ba3 PO 4 2 that can
be formed is
(A) 0.7 mol (B) 0.5 mol (C) 0.2 mol (D) 0.1 mol
7. An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contains 52.2% carbon and 13.04%
hydrogen. Vapour density of the compound is 23. Its molecular formula will be
(A) C2H6 O (B) C3H8 O (C) C4H8 O (D) C5H10 O
8. The atomic masses of two elements A and B are 20 and 40 respectively, if x gm of A contains y
atoms, how many atoms are present in 2x gm of B?
y y
(A) y (B) 2y (C) (D)
2 4
9. 2 volumes of gaseous mixture consisting of gaseous organic compound A and just sufficient amount
of O2 required for complete combustion yielded on burning 4 volumes of CO2 , 6 volumes of water
valour and 2 volumes of N2 all volumes measured at the same temperature and pressure. If the
compound A contained only C, H and N. What is the molecular formula of the compound A
(A) C2H4N6 (B) C4H8N2 (C) C2H6N2 (D) None of these
STOICHIOMETRY 41
10. On analysis, a certain compound was found to contain iodine and oxygen in the ratio of 254 gm of
iodine (atomic mass 127) and 80 gm oxygen (atomic mass 16). What is the formula of the
compound?
(A) IO (B) I2 O (C) I5 O3 (D) I2 O5
11. An unknown chlorohydrocarbon has 3.55% of chlorine. If each molecule of the hydrocarbon has one
chlorine atom only; chlorine atoms present in 1 g of chlorohydrocarbon are: (Atomic wt. of
Cl  35.5 u ; Avogadro constant  6.023  1023 mol1 )
(A) 6.023  109 (B) 6.023  1023 (C) 6.023  1021 (D) 6.023  1020
12. 0.54 gm of metal “M” yields 1.02 gm of its oxide M2O3 . The at. wt. of metal “M” is
(A) 9 (B) 18 (C) 27 (D) 54
13. Liquid benzene burns in oxygen according to 2C6H6     15O2  g   12CO2  g   6H2 O  g .
How many litre of O2 at STP are needed to complete the combustion of 39 g of liquid benzene:
(A) 11.2 litre (B) 22.4 lire (C) 84 litre (D) 74 litre
14. The crystalline salt Na2SO 4 .xH2 O on heating loses 55.9% of its weight. The formula of crystalline
salt is
(A) Na2SO 4 .5H2O (B) Na2SO 4 .7H2O (C) Na2SO 4 .2H2O (D) Na2SO 4 .10H2O
15. A gas mixture contains 50% helium and 50% methane by volume. What is the percent by weight of
methane in the mixture
(A) 19.97% (B) 20.25% (C) 75% (D) 80.03%
16. Cortisone is a molecular substance containing 21 atoms of carbon per molecule. The weight
percentage of carbon in cortisone is 69.98%. What is the molecular weight of cortisone?
(A) 360.4 (B) 252.2 (C) 287.6 (D) 312.8
17. 12 litre of H2 and 11.2 litre of Cl2 are mixed and exploded. The composition by volume of mixture is
(A) 24 litre of HCl (B) 0.8 litre Cl2 and 20.8 lit HCl
(C) 0.8 litre H2 & 22.4 litre HCl (D) 22.4 litre HCl
18. When 10 ml of propane (gas) is combusted completely, volume of CO2  g  obtained in similar
condition is
(A) 10 ml (B) 20 ml (C) 30 ml (D) 40 ml
19. The sulphate of a metal M contains 20% of M. This sulphate is isomorphous with ZnSO4 .7H2O . The
atomic weight of M is
(A) 12 (B) 24 (C) 36 (D) 48
20. A given sample of pure compound contains 9.81 gm of Zn, 1.8  1023 atoms of chromium and 0.60
mol of oxygen atoms. What is the simplest formula
(A) ZnCr2 O7 (B) ZnCr2 O4 (C) ZnCrO 4 (D) ZnCrO6
21. In the reaction

2Al  s   6HCl  aq   2Al3   aq  6Cl  aq  3H2  g 
42 STOICHIOMETRY
(A) 33.6 L H2  g  is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts
(B) 67.2 L H2  g  at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts
(C) 11.2 L H2  g  at STP is produced for every mole HCl (aq) consumed
(D) 6 L HCl (aq) is consumed for every 3 L H2  g  is produced
22. A carbon compound containing carbon and oxygen has molar mass equal to 288. On analysis it is
found to contain 50% by mass of each element. Therefore, molecular formula of the compound is
(A) C12O9 (B) C4O3 (C) C3 O4 (D) C9 O12
23. A hydrocarbon has C  85.72% and remaining H. The hydrocarbon is

(A) C2H4 (B) C2H6 (C) C2H2 (D) CH4
24. A compound contains 34.8% oxygen, 52.2% carbon and 13.0% hydrogen. What is the empirical
formula mass of the compound?
(A) 16 (B) 40 (C) 51 (D) 46
25. Temporary hardness is due to HCO3 of Mg2 and Ca2  . It is removed by addition of
CaO.Ca HCO3 2  CaO  2CaCO3  H2O
Mass of CaO required to precipitate 2 g CaCO3 is
(A) 2.00 (B) 0.56 g (C) 0.28 g (D) 1.12 g
26. The percent loss in weight after heating a pure sample of KClO3 (molecular weight = 122.5) will be
(A) 12.25 (B) 24.50 (C) 39.18 (D) 49.0
27. For the following reaction, the mass of water produced from 445 g of C57H110 O6 is
C57H110O6  s   163O2  g   114CO2  g   110H2O  l
(A) 490 g (B) 990 g (C) 445 g (D) 890 g
28. The simplest formula of a compound containing 32.5% K, 0.839% H, 26.7%S and 39.9% O is
(A) KHSO 4 (B) KHSO3 (C) K 2SO 4 .2H2 O (D) KHSO2
29. Phosphine ( PH3 ) decomposes to produce P4  g and H2  g  . What would be the change in volume
when 100 ml of PH3 (g) is completely decomposed?
(A) 50 ml (B) 500 ml (C) 75 ml (D) 250 ml
30. Calculate the empirical formula for a compound that contains 26.6% potassium, 35.4% chromium
and 38.1% oxygen
[Given, K  39.1; Cr  52; O  16 ]
(A) K 2Cr7O2 (B) K 2Cr2O7 (C) K 2Cr3O2 (D) K 3 Cr2O3
31. The pair of species having same percentage of carbon is

(A) CH3 COOH and C6 H12 O6 (B) CH3 COOH and C2H5 OH
(C) HCOOCH3 and C12H22 O11 (D) C6 H12 O6 and C12H22 O11
32. The percent of nitrogen in 66% pure ( NH4 2 SO4 sample is

(A) 32 (B) 28 (C) 14 (D) None of these
STOICHIOMETRY 43
33. Which of the following has least mass
(A) 2 g atom of nitrogen (B) 3  1023 atoms of C
(C) 1 mole of S (D) 7.0 g of Ag
34. 100 mL of PH3 on decomposition produced phosphorus and hydrogen. The change in volume is
(A) 50 mL increase (B) 500 mL decrease (C) 900 mL decrease (D) Nil.
35. 7.5 grams of a gas occupy 5.8 litres of volume at STP the gas is
(A) NO (B) N2 O (C) CO (D) CO2
36. The number of atoms in 4.25 g of NH3 is approximately

(A) 1 1023 (B) 2  1023 (C) 4  1023 (D) 6  1023
37. A sample of calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) has the following percentage composition : Ca = 40%; C =
12%; O = 48%. If the law of constant proportions is true, then the weight of calcium in 4 g of a
sample of calcium carbonate from another source will be
(A) 0.016 g (B) 0.16 g (C) 1.6 g (D) 16 g
38. Assuming fully decomposed, the volume of CO2 released at STP on heating 9.85g of
BaCO3 (Atomic mass, Ba=137) will be
(A) 0.84 L (B) 2.24 L (C) 4.06 L (D) 1.12 L
39. Caffeine has a molecular weight of 194. If it contains 28.9% by mass of nitrogen, number of atoms of
nitrogen in one molecule of caffeine is
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 2 (D) 3
40. A 400 mg iron capsule contains 100 mg of ferrous fumarate, (CHCOO)2 Fe . The percentage of iron
present in it is approximately
(A) 33% (B) 25% (C) 14% (D) 8%
41. A compound possesses 8% sulphur by mass. The least molecular mass is

(A) 200 (B) 400 (C) 155 (D)355
42. The percentage of oxygen in NaOH is

(A) 40 (B) 60 (C) 8 (D) 10
43. The percentage of nitrogen in urea is about

(A) 46 (B) 85 (C) 18 (D) 28
44. If two compounds have the same empirical formula but different molecular formulae, they must have
(A) Different percentage composition (B) Different molecular weights
(C) Same viscosity (D) Same vapour density
45. A compound (80 g) on analysis gave C = 24 g, H = 4 g, O = 32 g. Its empirical formula is

(A) C2H2O2 (B) C2H2 O (C) CH2O2 (D) CH2O
46. An ore contains 1.24% of the material argentite, Ag2S by mass. How many grams of this ore would
have to be processed in order to obtain 1.0 g of pure solid silver?
(A) 46.3 g (B) 92.6 g (C) 69.45 g (D) 23.15 g
44 STOICHIOMETRY
47. The decomposition of a certain mass of CaCO3 gave 11.2 dm3 of CO2 gas at STP. The mass of
KOH required to completely neutralize the gas is
(A) 56 g (B) 28 g (C) 42 g (D) 20 g
48. In the reaction, 4NH3  g  5O2  g  4NO  g  6H2 O  l , when 1 mole of ammonia and 1 mole of
O2 are made to react to completion
(A) 1.0 mole of H2 O is produced (B) 1.0 mole of NO will be produced
(C) all the oxygen will be consumed (D) all the ammonia will be consumed
49. How many moles of led (II) chloride will be formed from a reaction between 6.5 g of PbO and 3.2 g of
HCl?
(A) 0.044 (B) 0.333 (C) 0.011 (D) 0.029
50. When 22.4 litres of H2  g  is mixed with 11.2 litres of Cl2  g  , each at S.T.P., the moles of HCl (g)
formed is equal to
(A) 1 mol of HCl  g (B) 2 mol of HCl  g (C) 0.5 mol of HCl  g (D) 1.5 mol of HCl  g
LEVEL-II
1. The number of molecules present in 8g of oxygen gas are

(A) 6.022  1023 (B) 3.011  1023 (C) 12.044  1023 (D) 1.55  1023
2. The largest number of molecules is in

(A) 56g of nitrogen gas (B) 28g of CO2 (C) 18g of water (D) 46g of ethyl alcohol
3. For the reaction A  B  C, 5 moles of A and 8 moles of B will produce

(A) 5 moles of C (B) 4 moles of C (C) 8 moles of C (D) 13 moles of C
4. 12g of Mg will react completely with an acid to give

1 1
(A) 1 mole of H2 (B) 1 ½ mole of H2 (C) mole of H2 (D) mole of H2
2 4
5. In a gaseous reaction of the type aA+bB  cC+dD, which statement is wrong.

(A) a g of A combines with b g of B to give C & D
(B) a moles of A combine with b moles of B to give C & D
(C) a litres of A combine with b litres of B to give C & D
(D) a molecules of A combine with b molecules of B to give C & D
6. At STP 5.6 litre of a gas weighs 60g. The vapour density of the gas is
(A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 120 (D) 140
7. If the half mole of oxygen combines with Al to form Al2 O3 , the weight of aluminium used in the
reaction is
(A) 27g (B) 40.5g (C) 54 (D) 18g
8. The percentage of P2O5 in diammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH4 )2 HPO 4 is

(A) 23.48 (B) 46.96 (C) 53.78 (D) 71.00
STOICHIOMETRY 45
9. 4.4g of CO2 and 2.24 litre of H2 at STP are mixed in a container, the total number of molecules
present in the container will be
(A) 6.022  1023 (B) 1.2044  1023 (C) 2 mole (D) 6.022  1024
10. One mole of potassium chlorate is thermally decomposed and excess of aluminium is burnt in the
gaseous product. How many mole of aluminium oxide are formed ?
(A) 1 (B) 1.5 (C) 2 (D) 3
11. For complete oxidation of 4 litres of CO at NTP, the required volume of O2 at NTP
(A) 4 litres (B) 8 litres (C) 2 litres (D) 1 litre
12. Assuming that petrol is octane ( C8 H18 ) and has density 0.8g/ml, 1.425 litres of petrol on complete
combustion will consume.
(A) 50 moles of O2 (B) 100 moles of O2 (C) 125 moles of O2 (D) 200 moles of O2
13. Which is heaviest?

(A) 25g of Hg (B) 2 moles of CO2 (C) 2 moles of H2 O (D) 4 g atoms of oxygen
14. In which of the following pairs of compounds the ratio of C, H and O is same
(A) Acetic acid and methyl alcohol (B) Glucose and acetic acid
(C) Fructose and sucrose (D) All of these
15. Vapour density of a metal chloride is 66. Its oxide contains 53% metal. The atomic weight of the
metal is
(A) 21 (B) 54 (C) 27.06 (D) 2.086
16. 1.520 g of the hydroxide of a metal on ignition gave 0.995 of oxide. The equivalent weight of metal is
(A) 1.520 (B) 0.995 (C) 19.00 (D) 9.00
17. Zinc sulphate contains 22.65% of zinc and 43.9% of water of crystallization. If the law of constant
proportions is true, then the weight of zinc required to produce 20 g of the crystals will be
(A) 45.3 g (B) 4.53 g (C) 0.453 g (D) 453 g
18. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form H2 O in which 16 g of oxygen combine with 2 g of hydrogen.
Hydrogen also combines with carbon to form CH4 in which 2 g of hydrogen combine with 6 g of
carbon. If carbon and oxygen combine together then they will do show in the ratio of
(A) 6 : 16 or 12 : 32 (B) 6 : 18 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 12 : 24
19. The sulphate of a metal M contains 9.87% of M. This sulphate is isomorphous with ZnSO4 .7H2O .
The atomic weight of M is
(A) 40.3 (B) 36.3 (C) 24.3 (D) 11.3
20. The number of moles of oxygen in 1L of air containing 21% oxygen by volume, in standard
conditions, is
(A) 0.186 mol (B) 0.21 mol (C) 2.10 mol (D) 0.0093 mol
21. In a mole of water vapour at STP, the volume actually occupied or taken by the molecules (i.e.,
Avogadro’s No.  Volume of one molecule) is
(A) Zero (B) Less than 1% of 22.4 litres
(C) About 10% of the volume of container (D) 1% to 2% of 22.4 litres
46 STOICHIOMETRY
22. The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O. 0.0835 moles of the compound contains 1.0 g of
hydrogen. Molecular formula of the compound is
(A) C2H12 O6 (B) C5H10 O5 (C) C4H8O8 (D) C3H6O3
23. In an ionic compound moles ratio of cation to anion is 1:2. If atomic masses of metal and non-metal
respectively are 138 and 19, then correct statement is
(A) molecular mass of compound is 176 (B) Formula mass of compound is 176
(C) Formula mass of compound is 157 (D) Molecular mass of compound is 157
24. One mole of a mixture of CO and CO2 requires exactly 20 gram of NaOH in solution for complete
conversion of all the CO2 into Na2CO3 . How many grams more of NaOH would it require for
conversion into Na2CO3 if the mixture (one molecule) is completely oxidised to CO2 ?
(A) 60 g (B) 70 g (C) 40 g (D) 50 g
25. 10 ml of H2 O2 solution when reacted with KI solution produced 0.5 g of iodine. Calculate % of purity
of H2 O2 (by volume) (Assuming dH2O2  1g /ml)
(A) 0.669% (B) 0.769% (C) 0.500% (D) 0.400%
26. A substance was known by its mode of synthesis to contain 10 atoms of carbon per molecule along
with unknown number of atoms of chlorine hydrogen and oxygen. Analysis showed 60.5 carbon,
5.55% hydrogen, 16.10% oxygen and 17.9% chlorine. The Empirical formula of the compound is
(A) C10H8 OCl2 (B) C10H11O2Cl (C) C10H10 OCl (D) C10H12 O2Cl
27. 8 g of sulphur is burnt to form SO2 which is oxidised by Cl2 water. Then solution is treated with
BaCl2 solution. The amount of BaSO 4 precipitated is
(A) 1 mole (B) 0.5 mole (C) 0.24 mole (D) 0.25 mole
28. 2.24 ml of a gas ‘X’ is produced at STP by the action of 4.6 mg of alcohol (ROH) with methyl
magnesium iodide the molecular mass of alcohol and the gas ‘X’ are respectively
(A) 0.46, CH4 (B) 4.6, C2H6 (C) 46, CH4 (D) 6, C2H4
29. One g of the chlorine of an element was found to contain 0.835 g of chlorine. It’s vapour density is
85. Find the molecular formula of chloride.
(A) MCl2 (B) MCl3 (C) MCl4 (D) MCl5
30. When CO2 (g) is passed over red hot coke it partially gets reduced to CO(g). Upon passing 0.5 litre
of CO2 (g) over red hot coke, the total volume of the gases increased to 700 mL. The composition of
the gaseous mixture at STP is
(A) CO2  200 mL : CO  500 mL (B) CO2  350 mL : CO  350 mL
(C) CO2  0.0 mL : CO  700 mL (D) CO2  300 mL : CO  400 mL
31. 3 gm of Mg is burnt in a closed vessel containing 3 gm of oxygen. The weight of excess reactant left
is
(A) 0.5 gm of oxygen (B) 1.0 gm of oxygen (C) 1.0 gm of Mg (D) 0.5 gm of Mg
32. Calculate the weight of lime (CaO) obtained by heating 200 kg of 95% pure lime stone  CaCO3 
(A) 104.4 kg (B) 105.4 kg (C) 212.8 kg (D) 106.4 kg
STOICHIOMETRY 47
33. A compound on analysis was found to have following composition: (i) Sodium = 14.13%,
(ii) Sulphur = 9.97%, (iii) Oxygen = 69.50%, (iv) Hydrogen = 6.22%. Calculate the molecular formula
of the compound assuming that whole of hydrogen in the compound is present as water of
crystallization. Molecular mass of the compound is 322
(A) Na2SO 4 .H2O (B) Na2SO 4 .10H2O (C) Na4 SO4 .10H2O (D) Na2SO2 .5H2O
34. When burnt in air, 14.0 g mixture of carbon and sulphur gives a mixture of CO2 and SO2 in the
volume ratio of 1:2, volume being measured at the same conditions of temperature and pressure
moles of carbon in the mixture is
(A) 0.75 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.40 (D) 0.25
35. 10 ml of a mixture of CH4 , C2H4 and CO2 were exploded with excess of air. After explosion, there
was contraction on cooling of 17 ml and after treatment with KOH, there was further reduction 14 ml.
What is composition of mixture?
(A) CH4  2.5 ml, C2H4  6 ml, CO2  1.5 ml (B) CH4  4.5 ml, C2H4  4 ml, CO2  1.5 ml
(C) CH4  4.5 ml, C2H4  3 ml, CO2  2.5 ml (D) CH4  3.5 ml, C2H4  5 ml, CO2  1.5 ml
36. A mixture of KBr, NaBr weighing 0.56 gm was treated with aqueous solution of Ag and the bromide
ion was recovered as 0.97 gm of pure AgBr. The fraction by weight of KBr in the sample is
(A) 0.025 (B) 0.2378 (C) 0.380 (D) 0.285
37. A sample of impure cuprite, Cu2O , contains 66.6% copper. What is the percentage of pure Cu2O in
the sample
(A) 75% (B) 25% (C) 60% (D) 80%
38. 1 mole of mixture of CO and CO2 required exactly 28 g KOH in solution for complete conversion of
all the CO2 into K 2CO3 . How much amount more of KOH will be required for conversion into
K 2CO3 . If one mole of mixture is completely oxidised to CO2
(A) 112 g (B) 84 g (C) 56 g (D) 28 g
39. 0.75g platinic chloride of a mono-acidic base on ignition gives 0.245g platinum. The molecular weight
of the base is
(A) 75.0 (B) 93.5 (C) 100 (D) 80.0
40. A gas mixture of 3 litres of propane  C3H8  and butane  C4H10  on complete combustion at 25 C
produced 10 litre CO2 . Find out the composition of gas mixture (Propane:Butane)
(A) 2:1 (B) 1:2 (C) 1.5:1.5 (D) 0.5:2.5
41. An ore contains 1.24% of the mineral argentite Ag2S by mass. How many grams of this ore would
have to be processed in order to obtain 1.0 g of pure solid silver
(A) 23.15 g (B) 69.45 g (C) 92.6 g (D) 46.3 g
42. A mixture of CuO and Cu2O contain 88% Cu. What is the percentage of CuO present in the
mixture?
(A) 9.06% (B) 10% (C) 20% (D) 45%
43. Calculate the weight of Iron which will be converted into its oxide by the action of 18 g of steam
(A) 40 g (B) 50 g (C) 45 g (D) 42 g
44. At 300 K and 1 atmosphere pressure, 10 mL of a hydrocarbon required 55 mL of O2 for complete

combustion and 40 mL of CO2 is formed
(A) C4H7Cl (B) C4H6 (C) C4H10 (D) C4H8
48 STOICHIOMETRY
45. Two oxides of a metal contain 50% and 40% metal M respectively. If the formula of the first oxide is
MO2 , the formula of the second oxide will be
(A) MO2 (B) MO3 (C) M2O (D) M2O5
46. 22.4 litres of H2 S and 22.4 litres SO2 both at STP are mixed together. The amount of sulphur
precipitated as a result of chemical reaction? ( H2 S  SO2  2H2O  3 ' S' )
(A) 16 g (B) 23 g (C) 48 g (D) 96 g
47. Atoms of elements A, B and C combine to form a compound in the atomic ratio 1:6:2. Atomic masses
of A, B and C are 64, 9, 16 amu respectively. The maximum mass of the compound (in gram) formed
from 1.28 g of A, 3  1023 atoms of ‘B’ and 0.04 mole atom of ‘C’ is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7
48. 1.0 g of magnesium is burnt with 0.56 g O2 in a closed vessel. Which reactant is left in excess and
how much? (At. Wt. of Mg=24, O=16)
(A) Mg, 0.16 g (B) O2 , 0.16 g (C) Mg, 0.44 g (D) O2 , 0.28 g
49. Sucrose solution which is 40% by mass is heated till it becomes 50% by mass. Water lost form 100 g
of the solution is
(A) 10 g (B) 15 g (C) 20 g (D) 25 g
50. The percentage of an element M is 53 in its oxide of molecular formula M2O3 . Its atomic mass is of
the metal will be
(A) 45 (B) 9 (C) 18 (D) 27
KEY
LEVEL-I
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. D
11. D 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. D
16. A 17. C 18. C 19. A 20. B
21. C 22. A 23. A 24. D 25. B
26. A 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. B
31. A 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. A
36. D 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. D
41. B 42. A 43. A 44. B 45. D
46. B 47. A 48. C 49. D 50. A
LEVEL-II
1. B 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. A
11. C 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. C
16. D 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D
21. B 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. A
26. B 27. D 28. C 29. C 30. D
31. B 32. D 33. B 34. B 35. B
36. C 37. A 38. B 39. B 40. A
41. C 42. A 43. D 44. B 45. B
46. C 47. B 48. A 49. C 50. D

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Molecules Do you Know

Mono–atomic elements (mono one)

Diatomic elements (Di  two)

Tetra atomic elements (tetra four)

Octa atomic elements (octa eight)

Polyatomic elements (poly many)

Cations are positively charged ions.

Mono valent basic radicals

Ammonium NH4 Potassium K

Copper Cu Phosphonium PH4

Hydrogen H Rubidium Rb

Mono valent acidic radicals

Bromide Br1 Nitrate NO13

Chlorate ClO13 Acetate CH3 COO1

Bivalent basic radicals

Bivalent acidic radicals

Trivalent basic radicals

Trivalent acidic radicals

Tetravalent basic radicals

Tetravalent Acidic radicals

Pentavalent basic radicals

How to name element with two different valencies

1 Which of the following represents perchlorate ion?

2. Formula of Ferro cyanide is

3. Which is not a trivalent radical?

4. Which is not a basic radical?

5. The formula of carbonate ion is ______

6. What is the formula for sulphate radical?

7. Which among the following radicals is tetravalent?

8. The charge on phosphide ion is

9. Charge on Peroxide Ion is

10. Which of the following ions are formed by loss of electron(s)?

11. Charge on Superoxide Ion is

12. Which of the following ions are formed by gain of electron(s)?

13. Number of oxygen atoms present in one ion of oxalate

14. The charge on phospate ion is

15. The charge on borate ion is

(i) Binary compounds

(ii) Ternary compounds

Ca2 PO34 Ca3 PO 4 2

Naming Chemical compounds from their formulae:

1. Formula of chromic acid is H2CrO4. Formula of divalent metal chromate is

2. If a compound has a formula A2B3 then nitride of A is

3. If the formula of metal sulphate is MSO4 then formula of metal chloride is

4. Atomic number of chlorine is 17 what is the no. of protons

(A) NH4C2O4 (B) NH4(C2O4)2 (C) (NH4)2C2O4 (D) (NH4)3(C2O4)2

(A) Na2PO4 (B) Na3PO4 (C) Na4PO4 (D) Na2HPO4

7. The valency of iron in Fe2O3 is

(A) Mg N (B) N3Mg2 (C) Mg N2 (D) Mg3N2

9. Which of the following statement is not true?

(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 2

12. Formula of Barium nitrate is Ba NO3 2 . Formula of Barium chloride is

13. What is the formula of Iodic acid?

14. What is the formula of Periodic acid?

15. What is the formula of Alminium nitride?

Element Symbol Z (Atomic number A (Mass number)

Atomic number (Z)

Mass Number (A)

Mass number = no. of protons + number of neutrons

Symbolic representation of elements

Isotope Mass number Atomic Number of Number of Number of