Chapter 3

Compounds and the mole

Chapter 3 Outline
3.1 Chemical Formulas
3.2 Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
3.3 Formulas for Ionic Compounds
3.4 Naming Ionic Compounds
3.5 Naming Acids
3.6 Nomenclature Review
3.7 The Mole
3.8 Molar Mass
3.9 Percent Composition
3.10 Empirical Formulas
3.11 Molecular Formulas
3.12 Combustion Analysis
Chapter 3 Learning Objectives
• Interpret chemical formulas.
• Write chemical formulas to represent chemical compounds.
• Relate the names and chemical formulas of binary covalent compounds.
• Determine the formulas of ionic compounds from the charges of the ions that make up the compound.
• Relate the names and symbols of ions.
• Relate the names and chemical formulas of ionic compounds.
• Relate the names and chemical formulas of acids.
• Identify the appropriate naming system for a given compound.
• Calculate the number of moles from the number of particles and vice versa.
• Convert between mass and number of moles using molar mass.
• Calculate the percent composition by mass of a compound based on its chemical formula.
• Determine the empirical formula of a compound from percent composition or other mass-ratio data.
• Determine the molecular formula of a compound from its percent composition and molar mass data.
• Determine the molecular formula of a compound from its empirical formula and molar mass data.
• Determine the empirical formula for a compound based on data from a combustion analysis, in which the carbon in the
compound is converted to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen is converted to water.
 3.1 Chemical Formulas
Learning Objectives:

1. Interpret chemical formulas.

2. Write chemical formulas to represent chemical compounds.
Starting with a question…
What elements are present in the following compounds?
How many atoms of each type of element is present?

Mg(ClO3)2 (NH4)2SO3
Chemical Formulas
• Chemical formulas provide the relative numbers of atoms of each
element in a substance.
• Elemental symbols represent atoms.
• ______________ indicate the number of atoms of each type.
• Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)
• carbon atoms
• hydrogen atoms
• oxygen atoms
Formula Units & Compounds
A formula unit represents the ___________________ in a compound
Compounds can exist in different forms: molecules & lattice structures
• Molecules: ______________________ made up of bonded atoms
• One formula unit = _________________
• Nonmetal atoms bonded to other nonmetal atoms through covalent bonding
• More on covalent bonding in Chapter 10!
• Also known as “Molecular compounds” and “Covalent compounds”

Caffeine
(C8H10N4O2)
A molecule
Formula Units & Compounds continued
• Lattice structures: a three-dimensional __________________ bonded
together in repeating patterns
• One formula unit = one of the repeating units of bonded atoms
• Metal atom and nonmetal atom held together by ionic bonding
• More on ionic bonding in Chapter 9!
• Also known as:
• Ionic compound

Caffeine Sodium Chloride

(C8H10N4O2) (NaCl)
A molecule A lattice structure
7 Chemical Elements That Exist as
Diatomic Molecules

H2 N2 O2 F2

Cl2 Br2 I2
Other Elements That Occur as Atomic
Clusters

P4 S8
Learning Check
A compound from the beginning of this section is listed below. Is this
compound ionic or covalent?

Mg(ClO3)2
 3.2 Naming Binary
Covalent Compounds
Learning Objectives:

Relate the names and chemical formulas of binary covalent compounds.

Naming Chemical Compounds
• Chemists use a set of guidelines for naming compounds rather than
giving individual arbitrary names.

• The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has

established uniform guidelines for naming various types of chemical
substances.

• Nomenclature guidelines differ for __________________ compounds

and ________ compounds.
Naming Nonmetallic (Molecular) Binary
Compounds
1. The element that appears first keeps its elemental name.

2. The second element begins with a root derived from its

elemental name and ends with the suffix –ide.

3. When the formula contains more than one atoms of a given

element, the name of the element usually contains a prefix
that specifies the number of atoms present.

Ex: CO = carbon monoxide

Common Elemental Roots
Element Root
H hydr-
O ox-
S sulf-
C carb-
F fluor-
Cl chlor-
Br brom-
N nitr-
I iod-
Latin Counting Prefixes
# of Example
Atoms Prefix Formula Example Name
1 mon(o)- CO carbon monoxide
2 di- SiO2 silicon dioxide
3 tri- NI3 nitrogen triiodide
4 tetr(a)- CBr4 carbon tetrabromide
5 pent(a)- PCl5 phosphorus pentachloride
6 hex(a)- SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
7 hept(a) IF7 iodine heptafluoride
8 oct(a) S 2O 8 disulfur octoxide
9 non(a) I 4O 9 tetraiodine nonoxide
10 dec(a) P4O10 tetraphosphorus decoxide
Flowchart for naming binary covalent
compounds

Flowchart Example
Learning Check

Name the Following Compounds

• XeF4

• CO2

• N2O5
Learning Check
Write formulas for the following compounds.

• Phosphorus trichloride

• Iodine heptafluoride
Binary Compounds of Hydrogen
• Hydrogen compounds do not have systematic names.
• Binary hydrogen compounds with elements from Groups 1 or 2 are named as
with hydrogen as the second element.
• Ex. LiH is lithium hydride, and CaH2 is calcium hydride.
• Hydrogen is listed first in the formulas of the Group 16 and 17 compounds.
• Ex. HF is hydrogen fluoride, and HBr is hydrogen bromide.
• Other unsystematic hydrogen compounds
• Water: H2O
• Hydrogen Peroxide: H2O2
• Hydrogen Sulfide: H2S
 3.3 Formulas for Ionic
Compounds
Learning Objectives:

Determine the formulas of ionic compounds from the charges of the

ions that make up the compound.
Ionic Compounds
• Ionic compounds have both a positively-charged ion (________) and a
negatively-charged ion (________).

• Every stable sample of matter must be electrically __________, so

every ionic compound has an equal amount of positive and negative
charges.

• Ex. NaCl
• Na+
• Cl–
Referring to Ionic Compounds
• The atoms in ionic compounds are attracted with _________ bonds.

• Ionic compounds may not be referred to as molecules because the

atoms in molecules are connected with ___________ bonds.

• Ionic compounds may be referred to as formula units.

Ionic Compound Example: NaCl
• Na(s) and Cl2(g) react to form crystals of NaCl
• NaCl contains Na+ and Cl– in a 1:1 ratio
• Cation: Na+
• Na loses an electron to yield Na +
• Anion: Cl–
• Cl gains an electron to yield Cl –
• Overall charge of NaCl = 0 (neutral)

Sodium Metal (Na) Crystalline Sodium Chlorine Gas

Chloride (Cl2)
Some Elements are Likely to Form Specific
Ions
• Group IA elements are likely to form 1 ions
+

• Group IIA elements are likely to form 2+ ions

• Group VIA elements are likely to form 2- ions
• Group VIIA elements are likely to form 1- ions
• Other common ions: Al3+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ag+
Learning Check
Use monoatomic ion charges to determine the chemical formulas for
binary ionic compounds made up of the following elements.
• Ba and F

• Al and O

• Cu1+ and S
Polyatomic Ions
• Polyatomic ions are charged groups of atoms.
• Ex. Nitrate
• A group of 4 atoms held together with bonds.
• A 1– charge overall.

NO3–
Nitrate Anion
Two Important Polyatomic Cations

NH4+ H3O+
Ammonium Ion Hydronium Ion
Polyatomic Ions to Remember (Charge on Ions = –1) Perbromate BrO4–

Bromate BrO3–
(Charge on Ions = –1) Hydroxide OH– Bromite BrO2–
Cyanide CN– Hypobromite BrO–

Acetate C2H3O2– Periodate IO4–

Permanganate MnO4– Iodate IO3–

Cyanate CNO– Iodite IO2–

Thiocyanate SCN– Hypoiodite IO–

Hydrogen HCO3–
Nitrate NO3– carbonate
(bicarbonate)
Nitrite NO2–
Hydrogen HSO4–
sulfate
Perchlorate ClO4–
(bisulfate)
Chlorate ClO3– Hydrogen HSO3–
sulfite
Chlorite ClO2– (bisulfite)
Dihydrogen H2PO4–
Hypochlorite ClO– phosphate
Polyatomic Ions to Remember (Cont’d)
(Charge on Ions = –2) Peroxide O22–

Silicate SiO32–
Carbonate CO32–
Oxalate C2O42–
Sulfate SO42–
Sulfite SO32–
Chromate CrO42–

Dichromate Cr2O72–
Hydrogen Phosphate HPO42–
(Charge on Ions = –3) Phosphate PO43–
Phosphite PO33–
Arsenate AsO43–
Arsenite AsO33–

(Charge on Ions = +1) Ammonium NH4+

Hydronium H3O+
Learning Check
Determine the chemical formulas for binary ionic compounds made up
of the following elements and polyatomic ions
• Cr2+ and SO42-

• Cr3+ and CO32-

Recognizing Ionic Compounds
• A compound is ionic if it has:
• A metal and a nonmetal
• Ex. NaCl
• Ex. MgBr2

OR

• At least one polyatomic ion

• Ex. NH4Cl
• Ex. CaCO3
Learning Check
• Which of the following substances are ionic?
_____ carbon tetrachloride

_____ lithium periodate

_____ magnesium bromide

_____ sulfur dioxide

_____ calcium carbonate

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
1. The cation/anion ratio must give a net charge of zero.
2. The cation is always listed before the anion.
3. The formula of a polyatomic ion is written as a unit.
4. Polyatomic ions are placed in parentheses with a following subscript when the
number of polyatomic ions in the formula is larger than 1.

• Ex. Magnesium bromide

• Ex. Ammonium nitrate

• Ex. Calcium phosphate

Learning Check
• Write the formula for the following ionic compounds.
• Sodium oxide

• Magnesium nitrate
 3.4 Naming Ionic
Compounds
Learning Objectives:

1. Relate the names and symbols of ions.

2. Relate the names and chemical formulas of ionic compounds.
Some Cations May Have Varying Charge
• Many metals can form more than one cation.

• If only one cation can form, the charge of the cation is not indicated in the compound name.
• If more than one cation can form, its charge must be indicated in its name.
Flowchart for naming ionic compounds

Flowchart Examples
Indicating Charge in an Ionic Compound’s
Name
• If more than one cation can form, indicate the charge by adding a
_________________ in parentheses immediately after the cation’s
name.

• The charge must be determined by considering the ___________ of the

ionic compound.

• Ex. Copper forms two oxides: CuO and Cu2O

• CuO: Copper(II) oxide
• Cu2O: Copper(I) oxide
Naming Hydrates
• Hydrates are ionic compounds that have ___________ molecules incorporated
into their solid structures.
• The name of any hydrate is the name of the ionic compound followed by
“_____hydrate” with the proper Latin prefix to indicate the __________________
______________
• The formula of any hydrate shows the waters of hydration separated from the
rest of the chemical formula by a dot.
• A coefficient before H2O indicates the _______________ of water molecules in
the formula.
• Ex. Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
• CuSO4· 5 H2O
 Guidelines for Naming Oxoanions
1. The name has a root taken from the name of the central atom.

2. When an element forms more than one oxoanion, the one with
fewer oxygen atoms ends in –ite, and the other ends in –ate. Carbonate
CO32–
3. The halogens Cl, Br, and I form four oxoanions. The naming is
shown for chlorine, but it applies to bromine and iodine as well.

4. A polyatomic anion with a charge more negative than -1 can add a

hydrogen cation (H+) to give another oxoanion, named from the
parent ion by adding hydrogen to the front of the name. Hydrogen
carbonate
HCO3–
Learning Check
Name the following compounds.
a. CuS

b. Fe2O3

c. MgCl2ꞏ6H2O

d. BrO4-
Learning Check: Complete the Following
Table Type of Compound
Name Formula (Ionic or Molecular)
NO3

barium fluoride

CaCl2

methane

FeCl3

SnCl2· 2 H2O

sulfur dioxide

Na3PO4
Extra Slides
Guidelines for Writing Binary Formulas
• Except for hydrogen, the elements to the left in the periodic table appear
first.
• KCl PCl3 Fe3O4

• Hydrogen appears last except when the other element is from Group 16 or
17.
• LiH NH3 C2H6 but H2O2 H 2S HBr

• If both elements are from the same Group, the one from the lower row
appears first.
• SiC SO2 BrF3