Summer Assignment for AP Chemistry Class 2022-2023

You are to read and learn everything you can from chapters 1 and 2 of the book,
CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 12th EDITION by BROWN & LEMAY.

You can find a link to the AP Chemistry Textbook on my Carmel High School
AP Chemistry webpage: https://chs.carmelschools.org/classes/7954

1) You are to read all of chapter 1 and answer the following questions from chapter 1:
Pages 32 – 36: # 1.13, 1.14, 1.21, 1.28, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.39, 1.40, 1.59, 1.78
You MUST either write out or copy ALL of the questions.

2) You are to read all of chapter 2 and answer the following questions from chapter 2:
Pages 70 – 76: # 2.11, 2.13, 2.15, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.37, 2.38, 2.43, 2.51,
2.52, 2.53, 2.55, 2.56, 2.59, 2.60, 265, 2.66, 2.67, 2.68, 2.69, 2.70,
2.71, 2.72, 2.73, 2.75, 2.80, 2.89, 2.95, 2.100, 2.101, 2.105, 2.106
You MUST either write out or copy ALL of the questions.

3) You will be provided with a list of common ions. You are to MEMORIZE the name
and charge of every ion. You will also need to memorize the names of acids as
they are derived from their anions.

4) You will be provided with a solubility rules handout. You are to MEMORIZE the
solubility rules so you will know what compounds are soluble and what
compounds are insoluble.
 Common Ions

Many compounds consist of ions rather than molecules. Such compounds are said to be ionic. An ion is an
electrically charged "package" consisting of one (monatomic ion) or more (polyatomic ion) atoms. An ion
with a positive charge is called a cation (CAT-ion), while an ion with a negative charge is called an anion
(AN-ion).

Ionic compounds do not exist as molecules and so do not have molecular formulas. Rather, ionic
substances such as sodium chloride and magnesium chloride have only empirical formulas—NaCl and
MgCl2, respectively.
The charges on many atomic ions can be predicted using the periodic table. In general,
for a nonmetal to form an ion, it will gain as many electrons as it needs in order to have
the same number of electrons as a noble gas. Metals will lose electrons to become
cations, while nonmetals will gain electrons to become anions.
Some transition metals can form more than one ion. Iron, for example, forms both Fe2+
and Fe3+. To name such an ion unambiguously, we use the name of the element, a Roman
numeral in parentheses to denote the charge, and the word "ion." Fe2+ and Fe3+ would be
iron(II) ion and iron(III) ion, respectively. An older method, though still widely used, is
to apply the endings –ous for the smaller ionic charges and –ic for the larger ionic
charges. For example:
Fe2+ is a ferrous ion Fe3+ is a ferric ion
Cu+ is a cuprous ion Cu2+ is a cupric ion
Common Cations

Charge Formula Name Charge Formula Name

+1 H+ Hydrogen ion +1 Cs+ Cesium ion
Li+ Lithium ion Ag+ Silver ion
Na+ Sodium ion Cu+ Copper (I) or Cuprous ion
K+ Potassium ion NH4+ Ammonium ion
H3O+ Hydronium ion

+2 Mg2+ Magnesium ion +2 Co2+ Cobalt or Cobaltous ion

Ca2+ Calcium ion Cu2+ Copper (II) or Cupric ion
Sr2+ Strontium ion Fe2+ Iron (II) or Ferrous ion
Ba2+ Barium ion Hg22+ Mercury (I) ion
Zn2+ Zinc ion Hg2+ Mercury (II) ion
Cd2+ Cadmium ion Ni2+ Nickel (II) ion
Pb2+ Lead or Plumbous ion Mn2+ Manganese (II)
Sn2+ Tin(II) or Stannous ion

+3 Al3+ Aluminum ion +3 Fe3+ Iron (III) or ferric ion

Common Anions

Charge Formula Name Charge Formula Name

1- H- Hydride ion 1- CN- Cyanide ion
F- Fluoride ion OH -
Hydroxide ion
Cl- Chloride ion C2H3O2- Acetate ion
Br- Bromide ion ClO- Hypochlorite ion
I- Iodide ion ClO2- Chlorite ion
NO2- Nitrite ion ClO3- Chlorate ion
NO3- Nitrate ion ClO4 -
Perchlorate ion
MnO4- Permanganate ion H2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate ion
HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate ion SCN- Thiocyanate ion
(or bicarbonate ion) HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate ion
N3- Azide ion

2- O2- Oxide ion 2- CO32- Carbonate ion

O22- Peroxide ion CrO42- Chromate ion
S2- Sulfide ion Cr2O72- Dichromate ion
S2O32- Thiosulfate ion SO32- Sulfite ion
HPO42- Hydrogen phosphate ion SO42- Sulfate ion
C2O42- Oxalate ion

3- N3- Nitride ion 3- PO43- Phosphate ion

P3- Phosphide ion PO33- Phosphite ion
Note that polyatomic ions that contain oxygen have names that end in either –ite for the
smaller number of oxygens or –ate for the larger number of oxygens. For Example:
NO2- Nitrite ion SO32- Sulfite ion

NO3- Nitrate ion SO42- Sulfate ion

Prefixes are used when the series of oxyanions of an element extends to four members.
The prefix per- indicates one more oxygen, while the prefix hypo- indicates one less
oxygen. For example:
ClO- Hypochlorite ion BrO- Hypobromite ion
ClO2- Chlorite ion BrO2- Bromite ion
ClO3- Chlorate ion BrO3- Bromate ion
ClO4 -
Perchlorate ion BrO4 -
Perbromate ion
Names and formulas of acids follow naturally from the naming of ionic compounds.
(Even though acids are not ionic!) A working definition of acid for this exercise will be:
an anion with enough hydrogen ions attached to make it neutral. Thus, Cl– requires one
hydrogen ion to become HCl, a familiar acid. SO42– requires two hydrogen ions to
become H2SO4, another familiar acid.
To name an acid derived from an atomic anion, remove the ide ending from the anion,
replace it with ic, and surround the new name with the prefix hydro and the word acid.
Example: The anion in HCl is the chloride ion. Remove the ide ending, and replace it
with ic. Surround the new word with hydro and acid, and you have hydrochloric acid.
For acids derived from polyatomic anions, simply replace the suffix of the anion name
and add the word acid. The ending ate gets replaced with ic; the ending ite gets replaced
with ous. The acid derived from nitrate ion becomes nitric acid. That derived from nitrite
ion becomes nitrous acid. (Some of the anion roots change slightly for acid names.
Example: The acids derived from sulfate and sulfite ions are sulfuric and sulfurous acids,
respectively.)
 Solubility Rules for Common Ionic Compounds in Water

Soluble Compounds Exceptions

Most common acids

Group 1 metals (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) None
Nitrates (NO3- ) None
Chlorates (ClO3- ) None
Perchlorates (ClO4 )-
None
Hydrogen carbonate (HCO3- ) None
Acetates (C2H3O2- ) (silver acetate only slightly soluble)
Ammonium (NH4+ ) (ammonium hydroxide breaks up)
Halides (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-) (Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+)
Sulfates (SO42- ) (Ag+, Pb+2, Hg22+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+)

Insoluble Compounds Exceptions

Carbonates (CO32- ) Group 1 metals, ammonium, dilute acids

Oxides (O2-) Group 1 metals, ammonium, dilute acids
Phosphates (PO43- ) Group 1 metals, ammonium, dilute acids
Sulfides (S2-) Group 1 metals, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, ammonium
Sulfites (SO32-) Group 1 metals, ammonium, dilute acids
Hydroxides (OH- ) Group 1 metals, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, dilute acids
Chromates (CrO42- ) Group 1 metals, Ca2+, Mg2+,ammonium,
dilute acids