MODULE 3

CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

OBJECTIVES:
a. Name and write chemical equations using symbols and formulas
b. Balance equations when correct formulas of reactants and products are supplied
c. Know the different types of chemical reaction
OVERVIEW
To make the subject Chemistry more interesting and easy to understand, the chemist derived a
distinct means of communication in the discussion of reaction thru chemical formulas and
equations. Naming of formulas and the symbols used for them makes us see the subject in a
different perspective, which is less complex.
This chapter attempts to make the herein be presented among students in a light manner,
making the subject chemistry more interesting rather than treated as struggle.

Rules in Writing Chemical Formulas

1. Write the symbol of the cation first followed by the symbol of the anion.
2. Write the respective oxidation numbers above the symbol.
3. When 'the valences are numerically equal the formula is correct.

Example 4.1

Aluminum has a valence of +3 and phosphate has a valence of -3. The formula of aluminum
phosphate is AlPO4.

4. When the valences are not numerically equal, we crisscross the valence numbers and these
numbers become the subscripts of the corresponding elements.

Example 4.2
Sodium has a valence of +1 and sulfur has a valence of -2. The formula of sodium sulfide is Na2S.

5. Every formula is electrically neutral

Example 4. 3
In Na2S, 2 sodium ions have a total charge of 2 is 1 = 2, and 1 sulfur ion has a total charge of 1 x (-
2) = -2. The overall charge of Na2S is 2 + (-2) = 0
6. Enclose the polyatomic ion in a parenthesis if the subscripts is more than one.

Example 4.4

Aluminum has a valence of +3 and sulfate has a valence of -2. The formula for aluminum sulfate is
Al2(SO4)3.

Rules in Naming Chemical Formulas

There is more systematic was of naming chemical formulas. The name of the formula indicates
the composition of the compound.

A. Binary Compounds

1. In Binary compound cation is named first followed by the anion. Monoatornic anions end in
the suffix -ide (hydroxide and cyanide, CN, are the only polyatomic ions in -ide). If it ends in
-ide and is it not hydroxide or cyanide, you can be sure it is a monoatomic anion.

Example 4.5

KBr – Potassium Bromide

2. When a Binary compound is of two non-metals. You name the less electronegative element
first. The number of atoms of each is specified by an appropriate Greek prefix (mono, di, tri,
tetra, penta etc.)

Example 4.6
→
N +5 and O-2 → N2O5 Dinitrogen pentoxide

3. When it comes to Binary acids and their salts, the former is identified by the prefix hydro and
the suffix -ic acid while their slats contain the monoatomic anion of the acid and have the
ide ending:
 Example 4.7

HCl – Hydrochloric Acid

4. Metals with two possible oxidation states use the ending -ous for the lower and -ic for the
higher. The preferred method is the stock system, which the number of positive in the metal
ion by a Roman Numeral in parenthesis following the name of the metal.
Example 4.8 F+2 and Cl-1 → FeCl2 - Iron (II) chloride F+3 and Cl-1 → FeCl3 - Iron (III)
chloride

B. Ternary Compounds

1. Ternary acids salts -when the central afom in the oxoacid can have two oxidation
states, the acid in which it has the higher one ends in "-lc". The acid having the central
atom in the lower oxidation state should end in "-ous".
When there are more than two possible oxidation states, the following prefixes and
suffixes are used (in order of increasing oxidation state of the central atom).
Example 4. 9

HCLO4 - Perchloric acid HClO3 - Chloric acid

HClO2 - Chlorous acid HClO - Hypohlorous acid

2. You must remember that the Ternary Slats, the “ic” acid give anion that ends in suffix
"ate" while the "ous" acid give anion that ends in "ite".
Example 4.10

H2SO3 - Sulfurous acid H2SO4 - Sulfuric acid

3. In Acid Slats, hydrogen is specified either as "hydrogen" or by the prefix "bi" which is
added to the name of the anion.

Example 4. 11

NaHCO 3 - Sodium hydrogen carbonate or Sodium bicarbonate

KHSO 3 - Potassium hydrogen sulfite or potassium bicarbonate

Li2HPO 4 - Lithium hydrogen phosphate or Lithium biphosphate

4. In mixed Salts since it contains two (2) cations. The one with lower charge is usually
written and name first.
 Example 4. 12

NaPO 4 - Sodium Calcium Phosphate

KAI(SO 4) - Potassium Aluminum Sulfate

5. Hydrates are salts that contain one or more molecules of water (water of hydration) as an
essential part of the crystal structure. The salt is named the usual way. Prefixed such as
di, tit tetra, penta etc. are used to indicate the number of water molecules present.

Example 4. 13

BaCl2 • 2H20 - Barium chloride dihydrate

CuSO4 • 5H20 - Copper (II) Sulfate pentahydrate

VALENCES OF SOME ELEMENTS AND POLYATOMIC IONS

Positive Ions
+1 +2 +3 +4
K+ Ca2+ Al3+ Sn4+ Stannic
Na+ Cd2+ Be2+ Cr3+ Chronic Pb4+ Plumbic
Ag+ mg2+ Fe3+ Ferric
NH4+ ammonium Sr2+ B3+ Boron
Li+ Ba2+
Zn2+
Pb2+
Sn2+ Stannous
Cu2+ Cupric
Fe2+ Ferrous
Mn2+ Manganese
Hg2+ Mercuric

Negative Ions
1- 2- 3- 4-
F- AsO33- Arsenate SiO44- Silicate
Cl- O2- Oxide PO43- Phospate
Br- S2- Sulfate
OH- Hydroxide SO3 2 Sulfite
ClO- Hypochlorite SO42- Sulfate
CIO2- Chlorite CO32- Carbonate
ClO3- Chlorate ClO4- Cr042- Chromate
Perchlorate Cr2O72-
Mn04- Dichromate
HCO3- Bicarbonate
-
NO3 Nitrate
CN- Cyanide

COMMON METAL IONS WITH VARIABLE OXIDATION NUMBER

SYMBOL ENGLISH NAME LATIN NAME
Cu+ Copper (I) Cuprous
Cu2+ Copper (II) Cupric
Hg+ Mercury (I) Mercurous
Hg2+ Mercury (II) Mercuric
Au+ Gold (I) Aurous
Au3+ Gold (III) Auric
Fe 2+
Iron (II) Ferrous
Fe 3+ Iron (III) Ferric
Co 2+ Cobalt (II) Cobaltous
Co 3+ Cobalt (III) Cobaltic
Ni 2+ Nickel (II) Nickelous
Ni3+ Nickel (Ill) Nickelic
Pb2+ Lead (II) Plumbous
Lead (IV) Plumbic
Pb4+
Tin (II) Stannous
Sn2+
Tin (IV) Stannic
Sn4+
Platinum (II) Platinous
Pt2+
Platinum (IV) Platonic
Pt4+ Arsenic (III) Arsenous
As3+ Arsenic (V) Arsenic
As Antimony (III) Antimonous
Sb3+ Sb5+ Antimony (V) Antimonic

COMMON POLYATOMIC IONS

CHARGE FORMULA NAME FORMULA NAME
+1 NH41+ Ammonium
-1 OH- hydroxide CIO- hypochlorite
NO2- nitrite ClO2- chlorite chlorate
NO3- nitrate cyanide ClO3- perchorate
CN- CNO- synate ClO4- hypobromite
SCN- thiocyanate BrO- bromite
acetate BrO2- bromated
C2H3O2-
bisulfate BrO3- perbromate
HSO3-
BrO4-
+2 CO32- carbonate O2- oxide
SO32- sulfite sulfate C2O42- C4H4O82- oxalate
SO42- S2O32- thiosulfate tartrate
HPO32-
CrO42- chromate hydrogen
Cr2O72- dichromate phosphite
HPO42- hydrogen
 phosphate
-3 P O 33- P phosphite SbO33- antimonite
O 43- phosphate SbO43- antimonate
B O 33- bromate AsO33- arsenite
A l O 33- F e aluminate AsO43- arsenate
(C N ) 6 3 - ferricyanide
-4 Fe(CN) 64- ferrocynide
SiO44- P2O74- silicate
pyrophosphate

ACTIVITY 2.1

1. Write the chemical formula of the following compounds

a. Cobalt (II) nitrate
b. Barium Chloride
c. Mercury (II) oxide
d. Sodium Arsenite
e. Lithium hydroxide
f. Cupric hydroxide
g. Sodium carbonate decahydrate
h. Aluminum Phosphate
i. Phosphorous tribromide
j. Sodium pyrophosphate

2. Name the compounds represented by the formula

a. Na2Cr2O7
b. H3PO3
c. KH2PO4
d. K2CrO
e. CaC2
f. ZnCO3
g. PbSO
h. Sn(OH)2
i. NH4NO3

3. Acetate ion has the formula, C 2H3O2-. What would be the name for the reagent
HC2H3O2?