Ms.

Hanani Yazid
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch
Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
 ATOM
• Smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristic properties of that element
• Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles: electrons (-), protons (+) and neutrons (neutral)

• Isotope: Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons

2
 ELEMENT
• Substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler
materials by any chemical reaction
• It is formed from the combination of ATOMS only
• Elements can also occur in a molecular form in which
the same type of elements (atoms) are chemically
combined
• They are called diatomic molecules or, sometimes,
molecular elements

Examples:
• hydrogen, H2; nitrogen, N2; oxygen, O2; fluorine, F2;
chlorine, Cl2; bromine, Br2; iodine, I2
3
 COMPOUND
COMPOUND MOLECULE
• Substance formed by the chemical • The smallest particles that can be
combination of two or more identified as a particular compound
element in fixed or constant • Formed when atom of the same
proportions by mass element or different element
• Combination of two or more combine chemically
elements Examples:
• There are two types of compounds:
Element – Hydrogen gas (H2), oxygen
molecular compounds and ionic
gas (O2), ozone gas (O3) and
compounds
nitrogen gas (N2)
Examples:
Compound – hydrochloric acid (HCl),
carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and
methane gas (CH4).

4
What is the difference between a compound and a
molecule?

• A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join

together chemically. A compound is a molecule that
contains at least two different elements. All
compounds are molecules but not all molecules are
compounds.
• Molecular hydrogen (H2), molecular oxygen (O2) and
molecular nitrogen (N2) are not compounds because
each is composed of a single element. Water (H2O),
carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are compounds
because each is made from more than one element.

5
 ION
Atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or
negative charge
CATION ANION
have a positive charge of one or have a negative charge of one or
greater greater

are generally derived from either are generally derived from either
metal elements or groups of non-metal elements or groups of
elements from which one or more elements to which one or more
electrons have been removed electrons have been added

cations (monotomic) are always  anions (monotomic) are always

smaller that the element from larger than the element from
which they are derived which they are derived

6
 Monoatomic ions
• Derived from single elements
Na               Na+    +     1e-     (e- is lost)

Ca               Ca2+   +      2e- (2e- are lost)

                  
Cl   +  1e-            Cl-            (e- is gained)
                  
O   +   2e-           O2-     (2e- are gained)

Polyatomic ions
• Derived from groups of elements which are generally
non-metals
• CO32-, PO43- , SO42- ,NH4+
7
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9
10
NAMING COMPOUND
1. Binary Compounds: Metal-Nonmetal
• Name the first element in the compound, the metal, by
its actual name
• The second element is then named by using the base of
the nonmetal's name and adding -ide as a suffix

Examples:
NaCl = Sodium chloride

11
Examples:
Complete the names of the following binary compounds:

KBr potassium ______________

Al2O3 aluminum ______________

MgS ________________________

12
2. Binary Compounds: Transition Metal-Nonmetal
• Name the first element in the compound, the metal, by its
actual name. Then you must also include its oxidation number
by putting it in ( ) after the name. *stock method

• The second element is then named by using the base of the

nonmetal's name and adding -ide as a suffix
FeCl3 (Fe3+) iron (III) chloride
CuCl (Cu+ ) copper (I) chloride
SnF4 (Sn4+) tin (IV) fluoride
PbCl2 (Pb2+) lead (II) chloride
Fe2S3 (Fe3+) iron (III) sulfide

Formula IUPAC Name Common Name Source

FeCl3 iron (III) chloride ferric chloride Fe3+ (higher charge)
FeCl2 iron (II) chloride ferrous chloride Fe 2+ (lower charge) 13
Examples:
Name the following compounds:

A. CaO
1) calcium oxide 2) calcium(I) oxide
3) calcium (II) oxide
B. SnCl4
1) tin tetrachloride 2) tin(II) chloride
3) tin(IV) chloride

C. Co2O3
1) cobalt oxide 2) cobalt (III) oxide
3) cobalt trioxide

14
Examples:
Complete the names of the following binary compounds with
variable metal ions:

FeBr2 iron (_____) bromide

Cu2O copper (_____) oxide

SnCl4 ___(_____ ) ______________

Fe2O3 ________________________

CuS ________________________

15
3. Binary Compounds: Nonmetal-Nonmetal
• name the first element (element to the left side on
periodic table)
• name the second element by ending it with -ide
• The Greek prefixes are used to tell how many of each
nonmetal ion are present in the compound

PREFIX
mono - 1 P2O5 is named diphosphorous
di -2
tri -3 pentoxide
tetra - 4
penta - 5 CO is carbon monoxide
hexa - 6
hepta - 7
octa - 8
nona - 9
deca -10
16
Common Molecular Compounds

17
Examples:
CO carbon ______oxide
CO2 carbon _______________
PCl3 phosphorus _______chloride
CCl4 carbon ________chloride
N2O _____nitrogen _____oxide

A. P2O5 1) phosphorus oxide

2) phosphorus pentoxide
3) diphosphorus pentoxide
B. Cl2O7 1) dichlorine heptoxide
2) dichlorine oxide
3) chlorine heptoxide 18
4. Ternary Compound: Metal-Polyatomic anion
• +ve charge species on left (using Stock method/common name)
• -ve charge species on right (using name of polyatomic ion)
• Use parentheses as needed

Formula Ions name

BaSO4 Ba 2+ and SO4 2- Barium sulphate
Ca(NO3)2 Ca 2+ and NO3- Calcium nitrate
Ca(NO2)2 Ba 2+ and NO2- Calcium nitrite
Fe(NO3)2 Fe 2+ and NO3- Iron (II) nitrate or ferrous nitrate

19
Examples:
Match each set with the correct name:
A. Na2CO3 1) magnesium sulfite
MgSO3 2) magnesium sulfate
MgSO4 3) sodium carbonate

B. CaCO3 1) calcium carbonate

Ca3(PO4)2 2) calcium phosphate

20
Examples:
A. aluminum nitrate
1) AlNO3 2) Al(NO)3 3) Al(NO3)3
B. copper(II) nitrate
1) CuNO3 2) Cu(NO3)2 3) Cu2(NO3)
C. Iron(III) hydroxide
1) FeOH 2) Fe3OH3) Fe(OH)3
D. Tin(IV) hydroxide
1) Sn(OH)4 2) Sn(OH)2 3) Sn4(OH)

21
5. Hydro Acids: Hydro + halogen name + ic
• Acids which do not contain oxygen (e.g., HCl, H2S, HF)
are named by adding the hydro- prefix to the root
name of the element, followed by the -ic suffix.

Formula Molecular Name Acid name

HF Hydrogen fluoride Hydrofluoric acid
HCl Hydrogen chloride Hydrochloric acid
H2S Hydrogen sulfide Hydrosulfuric acid
HCN Hydrogen cyanide Hydrocyanic acid

22
6. Oxo Acids: Polyatomic ion + acid

• Recognize as polyatomic ions with a hydrogen at the beginning of

the formula
• Name with the -ous or -ic suffix. (works just like -ite and –ate suffix)
• -ic suffix is for acid with more oxygen atoms

Formula Name Source

HNO3 Nitric acid Nitric from nitrate (NO3-)
HNO2 Nitrous acid Nitrous from nitrite (NO2-)

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• When a non metal forms two oxoanions
‘–ate’ is used for the one with larger number of oxygens
‘–ite’ is used for the one with smaller number of oxygen

• When a nonmetal forms more than two oxoanions,

prefixes used:
- per (largest number of oxygen)
- hypo (smallest number of oxygens

Nitrogen Sulfur Chlorine

NO3- nitrate SO42- sulfate ClO4- perchlorate
NO2- nitrite SO32- sulfite ClO3- chlorate
ClO2- chlorite
ClO- hypochlorite
24
 MOLE CONCEPTS
1. Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) is the mass of an atom of an
element compared with that of one atom of 12C

For example, an atom of magnesium has twice the mass of atom of 12 C. Its
relative atomic mass is therefore 24.

2. Relative Molecular Mass (RMM) is the mass of a molecule

compared with that of one atom of 12C. Calculated by adding
together the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms.

Example: CH3CH2OH, has a RMM of 46

25
3. Formula/Molecular Mass or weight is the average mass of
a formula unit relative to that of 12C atom. Calculated by
summing up the masses of the atoms or ions
represented by the chemical formula.
Example: Ca3(PO4)2
Ca3(PO4)2 = 3(RAM Ca) + 2[RAM P + 4(RAM O)]
= 3(40) + 2[31 + 4(16)]
= 120 + 2(95)
= 310 a.m.u
Q: Calculate the formula mass of:
a) (NH4)2S
b) (NH4)2SO4
Ans: a) 68.1 a.m.u.
b) 132.1 a.m.u. 26
• Mole (mol) is an amount of substance that contains as
many elementary units (atoms, molecule and formula
units) as there are atoms in exactly 12 gram of the 12C
isotope

1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles

6.02 x 1023 = Avogadro’s Number (NA)

• Molar mass = The mass of 1 mole of that substance

1 mol O2 molecules contain = 6.02 x 1023 O2 molecules

1 mol O2 molecules contain = 2 mol O atoms
1 mol O2 molecules contain = 2 x 6.02 x 1023 O atoms

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Using triangle boxes

Number of atom/
molecule/
Mass ion

Moles x RMM Moles x NA

Moles, mass, RMM Moles, num. of atom, NA

28
Exercise:
1) Calculate the grams present in:
a) 0.200 moles of H2S
b) 3.40 x 10-5 moles of Na2CO3
Ans: a) 6.82 g
b) 3.604 mg

2) Calculate the moles present in:

a) 75.57 grams of KBr Ans: a) 0.635 mol
b) 7.075 x 10-3 mol
b) 0.750 grams of Na2CO3

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EMPIRICAL FORMULA
• The percent by mass of each element the compound
contains.

• The sum of the mass percent of all the elements in a

compound as represented by its chemical formula is equal
to 100%

Empirical Formula (EF): The simplest possible whole number

ratios of all the atoms in a compound

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MOLECULAR FORMULA
Molecular Formula (MF): The formula which shows the
exact number of atoms of each
element in the molecule. It is the
actual formula for a molecule.

Example: Glucose (148 g/mol)

EF: CH2O
MF: C6H12O6

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Example: Mg(OH)2
 % Mg = mass Mg x 100
molar mass Mg(OH)2
= 24 x 100 = 41.38%
58

 %O = mass O2 x 100
molar mass Mg(OH)2
= 2 x 16 x 100 = 55.17%
58

 %H = mass H2 x 100
or
molar mass Mg(OH)2 100 – (41.38 +55.17)
= 2x1 x 100 = 3.45% = 3.45%
58
32
Example A: Percent of composition
Calculate the percentage by mass of:

a)F in BrF2
% F = 2 x RAM F x 100
RMM BrF2
= 2 x 19.0 x 100
(79.9 + (2x19.0))
= 32.23 %

a)H %
inHPtCl
= 2(NH
6 3x)2RAM H x 100
RMM PtCl2(NH3)2
= 6 x 1.0 x 100
(195.1 + (2x35.5) + (2x14) + (6x1.0))
= 1.999 % = 2.00 % 33
Example B: Percent of composition
Determine the empirical formula of 43.4 % Na, 11.3 % C and
45.3 % O

EF =
Na2CO3 34
Determine the empirical formula of 25.9 % Fe and 74.1 % Br

EF = FeBr2
35
Example C:
A compound is 75.46 % carbon, 4.43 % hydrogen, and 20.10 % oxygen by
mass. It has a molecular weight of 318.31 g/mol. What is the molecular
formula for this compound?

Elements C H O

1 Masses in gram 75.46 4.43 20.10

2 Number of moles 75.46 4.43 20.10
12 1 16
= 6.2883 = 4.3300 = 1.2563
3 Smallest ratio 6.2883 4.3300 1.2563
1.2563 1.2563 1.2563
= 5.0054 x2 = 3.4466 x2 = 1.0000 x
= 10.0108 ≈ = 6.8932 ≈ 7 2
10 =2
4 Empirical formula C10 H7 O2

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Calculation: MF (molecular formula)

n ( C10H7O2) = 318.31
n [(12x10) + (1x7) + (16x2)] = 318.31
n=2

(C10H7O2)n = ( C10H7O2)2 = C20H14O4

37
Example 2:
When 5 g of acetic acid are burned in air, 7.33 g of CO2
and 3.00 g of water are obtained. What is the
simplest formula of acetic acid?
Simplest formula - EF

From CO2 determine the mass of C

Mass of C = C = 7.33 g x 12 g/mol = 1.9991 g C
CO2 44 g/mol
From H2O determine the mass of H
Mass of H = H = 3.00 g x 1 g/mol = 0.1667 g H
H2O 18 g/mol

Mass of 2H = 0.1667 x 2 = 0.3334 g 38

Mass of O
= mass of sample – mass of C – mass of H
= 5 g – 1.9991 g – 0.3334 g = 2.6675 g O

39
 From the mass, empirical formula can be calculated

Elements C H O

1 Masses in gram 1.9991 0.3334 2.6675

2 Divide the mass of each element by its molar 1.9991 0.3334 2.6675
mass in order to obtain the number of moles 12 1 16
of each atom in the compound
= = 0.3334 =
0.16659 0.16672
3 Change the ratio to whole number mole ratio 0.16659 0.3334 0.16675
by dividing each mole value in the above 0.16659 0.16659 0.16659
ratio by the smallest of the 3 mole values = 1.000 = 2.0013 = 1.0010
=1 2 1
4 Determine the molecular formula of the C1 H2 O1
compound

Empirical formula

CH2O
40
Complete combustion of 0.225 g of an alcohol produces 0.561 g
of CO2 and 0.306 g of H2O. Calculate its
i)Mass percent composition
Mass of C =RAM C x 0.561 g
RMM CO2
= 12 x 0.561 g = 0.153 g
44
% Mass C = 0.153 g x 100 = 68.00 % of C
0.225 g

Mass of H = 2 x RAM H x 0.306 g

RMM H2O
= 2 x 1 x 0.306 g = 0.034 g
18.0
% Mass H = 0.034 g x 100 = 15.11 % of C
0.225 g

% Mass O = 100 – [ 68.00 + 15.11 ] = 16.89 % of O 41

ii) Empirical formula

Elements C H O

1 % Masses in gram 68.00 15.11 16.89

2 Number of moles 68.00 15.11 16.89
12 1 16
= 5.66667 = 15.110000 = 1.055625
3 Smallest ratio 5.66667 15.110000 1.055625
1.055625 1.055625 1.055625
= 5.368071 x3 14.313795 x 3 1.000000x
= 16.1042 ≈ = 42.94138 ≈ 3
16 43 =3

4 Empirical formula C16 H43 O3

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BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION
Balancing of chemical equations using algebra concept:
Example :
aNa + bH O
2  cNaOH + dH2
(4) (5) ( ) for √
(Reactant: R) (Product: P) checking
Na : a = c
H : 2b = 2d + c
O: b = c
Total : (4) (5)
a=1, c=1,b=1
Equation: 2b = 2d + 1
2(1) = 2d + 1
2d = 2 - 1
d=½
aNa + bH2O  cNaOH + dH2
Na + H2O  NaOH + ½ H2 x 2
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2
43
Example: a
TiO2 + bBrF3  c
TiF4 + dBr2 + eO2
(7) (9)
(Reactant: R) (Product: P)

(R) (P)
Ti : a = c
O : 2a = 2e
Br : b = 2d
F : 3b = 4c
Total (7) (9)
a=1,c=1
2a = 2e
2(1) = 2e , e = 1
3b = 4(1), b = 4/3
2d = 4/3, d = 4/6 = 2/3

 TiO2 + 4/3BrF3  TiF4 + 2/3Br2 + O2 x 3

or
44
3TiO2 + 4BrF3  3TiF4 + 2Br2 + 3O2
Exercise: Balance the following equations

1. CH3OH + O2  CO2 + H2O

2. Be2C + H2O  Be(OH)2 + CH4
3. VO + Fe2O3  FeO + V2O5
4. MnO2 + HCl  Cl2 + MnCl2 + H2O
5. KO2 + H2O + CO2  KHCO3 + O2
6. CH3NH2 + O2  CO2 + N2 + H2O

45
STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATION
 Stoichiometry: The quantitative relationship between reactants and/or
products
 In chemical equation, the formulae reactant are written on the
leftside on the equation and the formulae of the products on the right
2H2S(g) + SO2(g) → 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
 Coefficient = number of moles
“2 mol of H2S is consumed to produce 3 mol of S”
H2S = 2 or S = 3
S 3 H 2S 2
or “ 2 mol of H2S is consumed together with 1 mol of SO2 ‘
H2S = 2 or SO2 = 1
SO2 1 H 2S 2

46
How many grams of KOH are needed to produce 100 g of
KCl
according to the following equation?
RMM KOH: 56 g/mol; RMM MgCl2: 95 g/mol; RMM KCl: 74.5 g/mol; Mg(OH)2:
58 g/mol
? gram 100 gram
2
2 KCl
KOH + MgCl2  + Mg(OH)2
mol KCl = 100/74.5
= 1.3422 mol
/
X
2 mol KCl been produced from 2 mol KOH
1.3422 mol KCl been produced from = 2 x 1.3422 mol KOH
2
= 1.3422 mol KOH

Mol = Mass KOH = 1.3422 mol x 56 g/mol

mass/RMM = 75.16 g

47
How many grams of are2 needed to react with 100 g of
MgCl
according to the following equation?
KCl

RMM KOH: 56 g/mol; RMM MgCl2: 95 g/mol; RMM KCl: 74.5 g/mol; Mg(OH)2:
58 g/mol
2 KOH + +  +
100 gram
MgCl2 2KCl Mg(OH)2
? gram mol KCl = 100 / 74.5
= 1.3423 mol

2 mol KCl been produced from 1 mol MgCl2

1.3423 mol KCl been produced from = 1 x 1.3423 mol MgCl2
2
= 0.6712 mol MgCl2

Mass MgCl2 = 0.6712 mol x 95 g/mol

= 63.76 g

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 Mg(OH)2
How many grams of are produced from 100 g of
KCl according to the following equation?
100 gram ? gram
2 KOH + MgCl2  2KCl + Mg(OH)2

RMM KOH: 56 g/mol; RMM MgCl2: 95 g/mol; RMM KCl: 74.5 g/mol; Mg(OH)2:
58 g/mol

= 38.86 g Mg(OH)2

49
Exercise:

All alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas

and the corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. Reaction
given:

2 Li + 2H2O 2 LiOH + H2

How many grams of H2 will be formed by the complete

reaction of 80.57 g of Li with water?

Answer : 11.68 g H2

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 LIMITING REACTANT
Limiting reactant: The reactant in a chemical reaction that
limits the amount of product that can be
formed.  The reaction will stop when all of
the limiting reactant is consumed

Excess Reactant: The reactant in a chemical reaction that

remains when a reaction stops when the
limiting reactant is completely consumed.
The excess reactant remains because there
is nothing with which it can react

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How many grams of KCl are produced when 10 g of KOH are
reacted with 10 g of MgCl2?
RMM KOH: 56 g/mol; RMM MgCl2: 95 g/mol; RMM KCl: 74.5 g/mol; Mg(OH)2:
58 g/mol

52
Calculate the maximum numbers of moles and grams of H2 that can
form when 15.8 g of SrH2 and 13.34 g of H2O. What is the mass of the
excess reactants reacts and how many gram
RAM of the
(g/mol): H =excess
1.0; Sr =reactant
87.6; O = 16
remains?
Given: SrH2 + H2O Sr(OH)2 + H2

SrH2 + 2H2O Sr(OH)2 + 2H2 Balance ??

15.8 g 13.34 g ? moles
? gram

53
 or react

Mass of reactant react = mol x RMM

or water
= 0.353 mol x 18
g/mol
Mass of excess water = 13.34 g – 6.35 g = 6.35 g H2O
= 6.99 g

54
 Given: C + O2 CO2
1
When 0.100 mol of C is burned with 8.00 g of O2, how many grams of
CO2 can form? Which reactant is in excess, and how many grams of
2 3
it remain after reaction?
C + O2 CO2
0.1 mol 8.00 g ?g

C O2
Mol = 8 / 32
0.1 mol = 0.25 mol
0.1 / 1 = 0.1 0.25 / 1 = 0.25

Therefore C is LR and O2 is excess 2

1 mol of C 1 mol of CO 2
0.1 mol C 0.1 mol CO 2

Mass CO2 = 0.1 x RMM CO2

= 0.1 x 44 g/mol = 4.4 g 1

55
 1 mol of C 1 mol of O2
0.1 mol C 0.1 mol O 2

= 0.25 - 0.1 mol O2

= 0.15 mol O2
Mass of O2 = 0.15 mol x 32 g/mol
= 4.8 g O2

56
 THEORETICAL YIELD
1. Theoretical Yield
• The amount of product that would be formed if the reaction went to
completion
• It is based on the stoichiometry of the reaction and ideal conditions in
which starting material is completely consumed, undesired side
reactions do not occur, the reverse reaction does not occur, and there
no losses in the work-up procedure. The theoretical yield is based on
the moles of limiting reagent you started with

2. Actual Yield
• The real, experimentally measured amount of product that is obtained
from a chemical reaction.

57
3. Percent Yield

Exercise:

In a lab experiment, 0.80 g of copper metal should be

produced.  If a student actually made 0.77 g of copper,
what is the percent yield?

% Yield = 0.77g / 0.80 g x 100

= 96.25 %

58
a. Calculate the theoretical yield of ZnS, in grams, from the
reaction of 0.488 g Zn and 0.503 g S8
8Zn + S8 8ZnS

for S8
1.959 x 10-3 1.0263 x 10-3

1.0263 x 10-3
0.26 g 59
b. If the actual yield is 0.606 g ZnS, what is the percentage
yield?

Percentage yield = Actual yield x 100 = 0.606 g x 100

Theoretical yield 0.73 g

= 83.01 %

60
 SOLUTION
• Solute = the substance that dissolve to form a solution
• Solvent = the substance in which a solute dissolves
• Solution = a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a
solvent

Concentration = Amount of solute

amount of solvent or solution

Molarity, M = No of mole (mol) = concentration (g/L)

volume of solution (L) Molar mass (g/mol)

 Consider a solution prepared from 1.20 mol of

example substance A, diluted to a total volume of 2.50 L
- Concentration is 1.20 mol/2.50 L or 0.480 M
61
Exercise:
Determine the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 20.0 g of
NaOH in sufficient water to yield a 482 ml solution.
RAM (g/mol): Na = 23; H = 1; O = 16
? M; V = 482 ml; mol ??

Mol = MV
1000 mol = mass / RMM

1. Mol NaOH = 20.0 g

(23+16+1) g/mol
= 0.5 mol

2. Molarity NaOH (M) = Mol x 1000

V
= 0.5 mol x 1000
482
= 1.04 M 63
Exercise: RAM (g/mol): Ba = 137.3 ; S = ; O = 16

How many grams of BaSO4 are formed when excess of

BaCl2 is added to 635 ml of 0.214 M Na2SO4.
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
excess M = 0.214 ? gram
V = 635 ml
Mol !!
Mol = MV
1000
= 0.214 (635) = 0.1359 mol
1000

1 mol of Na2SO4 1 mol of BaSO4

0.1359 mol Na2SO4 0.1359 mol of BaSO4
Mass BaSO4 = 0.1359 mol x RMM
BaSO4
= 0.1359 x 233.4 g/mol
= 31.72 g
64
Exercise:
How many mililiters of 3.84 M HCl are required to consume
4.12 g of zinc in the reaction?

2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2
M = 3.84 4.12 g
V=? mol = 4.12 g
65.4 g/mol
= 0.063 mol

1 mol of Zn react with 2 mol of HCl

0.063 mol Zn react with = 2 x 0.063 mol HCl
1
= 0.126 mol HCl

Mol = MV
V = (0.126 mol x 1000)
1000
3.84 mol/L
= 32.8 mL
65
Dilution of Solutions
 Concentrated solutions or ‘stock’ solutions are usually
stored to the desired concentrations when required
 Dilution is a procedure for preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated one by adding a solvent
 Dilution does not change the amount of solute in a solution
but does change the molar concentratioN
M1V1 = M2V2

Where M1 = Molarity (M) of the concentrated solution

M2= Molarity (M) of the diluted solution
V1 = volume (cm3/dm3) of concentrated solution
V2 = volume (cm3/dm3) of diluted solution

66
Example:
How many cm3 of a 10.00 M HCl stock solution would you use to
prepare 5.0 dm3 of 0.500 M HCl

Solution

M1 = 10.00 M
M2 = 0.500 M
V1 = volume (cm3 or dm3) of concentrated solution = ???
V2 = 5 dm3

M1V1 = M2V2

V1 = M2V2 = 0.5 x 5 = 0.25 dm3 or 250 cm3

M1 10

67
Exercise:
A dilute NaOH solution is prepared from a concentrated NaOH soln that has
a density of 1.48 g/ml. Calculate the volume of this solution needed to
prepare 2 L of 0.150 M NaOH

M1V1 = M2V2
? volume
= 0.150 mol/L x
2L
= 0.30 mol
RMM NaOH = 40 g/mol

? Volume, ml = 0.30 mol x 40 g x mL

mol 1.48 g
= 8.11 mL

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 TITRATION
• Titration - a procedure used in analytical chemistry to
determine the amount or concentration of an analyte

• Titrant (in the buret) - Know concentration Strong acid/base

- Know volume

• Analyte (in the Erlenmeyer flask)

- Know volume or mass
- Determine concentration or mass percent by
reacting with the titrant
• Endpoint of acid base titration is the point at which the
indicator turn color.

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ACID BASE TITRATION

Know concentration
Know volume

Concentration????
Know volume /mass
Example:
The reaction between oxalic acid (H2C2O4) and sodium
hydroxide can be described by the following equation
H2C2O4 + 2 NaOH Na2C2O4 + 2 H2O
Calculate:
a) The molarity of an oxalic acid solution if it taken 34.0 mL of
0.200 M NaOH solution to consume the acid in a 25.0 mL sample
of this oxalic acid
H2 C 2 O 4 + 2 NaOH Na2C2O4 + 2 H2O
1 Va = 25.0 mL Mb = 0.200 M
Ma ? Vb = 34.0 mL
MaVa = a
( M1 x 25 ) = 1
MbVb b
( 0.2 x 34 ) 2
( M1 x 25 ) = 1 x 0.2 x 34
2
= 3.4
M1 = 3.4 = 0.136 M
71
25
The concentration of oxalic acid in g/L

In (a) the molarity of oxalic acid is 0.136 M

M is mol/L

RMM oxalic acid, H2C2O4 :

= 2(1) + 2(12) + 4(16) = 90 g /mol

So, the concentration is:

Concentration, g = 0.136 mol x 90 g

L L mol

= 12.24 g/L

72
 OCT2010/CHM138

15.0 g of phosphorus, P and 68.0 g of iodine, l2 are mixed

and allowed to react according to the following equation:

2P(s) + 3l2 (s)  2PI3 (s)

i)State the physical properties of the compounds used in the

above reaction
ii)Determine the limiting reactant
iii)Calculate the mass of excess reactant after the reaction
has completed
iv)How many moles of Pl3 are produced?

73
 SEP 2011/CHM138

5 g of copper(ll) chloride (CuCI2) and 20 g sodium nitrate

(NaN03) reacted to form copper(ll) nitrate (Cu(N03)2) and
sodium chloride (NaCI).

i)Write a balance equation for the reaction given above.

ii)Determine the limiting reactant.
iii)Calculate the mass of sodium chloride formed in the
reaction
iv)iv) How many moles of excess reactant left at the end
of reaction?

74
 APR 2010/CHM138

Hot Cl2 gas will combine with gold, Au, to form gold (III)
chloride. Suppose 20.0 g Au and 10.0 g Cl2 are sealed together
in a container and heated until complete reaction takes place.

i)Write a balanced chemical reaction for the above reaction

ii)Which is the limiting reactant?
iii)How many molecules of the product are formed?
iv)What mass of the excess reactant should remain after
complete reaction?
v)Calculate the percent yield of the reaction if 4.6 g of Au in
excess Cl2 gives 4.7 g of gold (III) chloride.

75