Flexural Stress in Beams

CE 211
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS I
Symmetric Beam Bending
[Flexural Stress in Beams]

CE 211
Mechanics of Solids I
Pure Bending
Figure 1
Pure Bending: Prismatic members
subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering
CE 211
Other Loading Types
• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading
which does not pass through
section centroid produces internal
forces equivalent to an axial force
and a couple
• Transverse Loading: Concentrated
or distributed transverse load
produces internal forces equivalent
to a shear force and a couple
• Principle of Superposition: The
normal stress due to pure bending
may be combined with the normal
stress due to axial loading and
shear stress due to shear loading to
Figure 2 find the complete state of stress.
CE 211
Definitions of Positive Moments
Figure 3
CE 211
Basic Kinematic Assumption
1. Plane sections, through a beam, taken normal to its axis, remain plane after
the beam is subjected to bending.
2. Some fibers or filaments of the beam along a surface do not change length.
These fibers free of stress and strain exist continuously over the whole length
and width of the beam. These fibers lie in a surface called neutral surface of
the beam. Intersection of the neutral surface with a right section through the
beam is termed as neutral axis of the beam (location of zero stress and zero
strain in a beam subjected to bending).
3. In a beam subjected to bending, strains in it’s fibers vary linearly or directly as
there respective distance from the neutral surface.
Figure 4
CE 211
Figure 4
CE 211
Figure 5
CE 211
Δu
Δx Figure 6
CE 211
∆𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑢𝑢 ∆𝑢𝑢 𝑦𝑦
= ⟹ =
𝜌𝜌 𝑦𝑦 ∆𝑥𝑥 𝜌𝜌
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 = ⟹ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝐸𝐸𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 ⟹ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝐸𝐸
𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌
𝐸𝐸 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥
=
𝜌𝜌 𝑦𝑦
Δu
Δx

CE 211
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0
∮ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 ⟹ ∮ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴 = 0
𝐸𝐸
⟹ ∮ 𝑦𝑦𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝜌𝜌
∴ NA passes through the centroid of the section.
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = 0 ⟹ 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 + ∮ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . 𝑦𝑦 = 0

𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 + ∮ 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 ⟹ 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 + 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 0
𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 𝑦𝑦
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 + 𝐼𝐼 =0 ⟹ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −
𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧

CE 211
Procedure Summary.
The same three basic concepts of engineering mechanics of solids that
were used in developing the theories are axially loaded bars and circular
shafts in torsion are used in the preceding derivation of flexure
formulas. These may be summarized as follows:
1. Equilibrium conditions (statics) are used for determining the internal
resisting bending moment at a section.
2. Geometry of deformation (kinematics) is used by assuming that
plane sections through a beam remain plane after deformation. This
leads to the conclusion that normal strains along a beam section
vary linearly from the neutral axis.
3. Properties of materials (constitutive relations) in the form of Hooke's
law are assumed to apply to the longitudinal normal strains. The
Poisson effect of transverse contraction and expansion is neglected.
CE 211
It is interesting to note that due to

Poisson's ratio, the compressed zone of
a beam expands laterally; the tensile
zone contracts. This is in complete
agreement with the rigorous solution.
Poisson's effect, as may be shown by the
methods of elasticity, deforms the
neutral axis into a curve of large radius;
and the neutral surface becomes curved
in two opposite directions; see Fig. 7. In
the previous treatment, the neutral
surface was assumed to be curved in
one direction only. These interesting
details are not significant in most
Figure 7 : Segment of A Bent Beam practical problems.
CE 211
Example 1:
Find the moment of inertia around the
horizontal axis passing through the
centroid for the rectangular area shown
in Fig. 8.
Solution: Figure 8
The centroid of this section lies at the intersection of the two axes of
symmetry. Here it is convenient to take 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 as 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. Hence,
+ℎ⁄2 3 +ℎ⁄2
𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 𝐼𝐼0 = � 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑏𝑏 =
𝐴𝐴 −ℎ⁄2 3 −ℎ⁄2
12
Hence,
𝑏𝑏ℎ3 𝑏𝑏 3 ℎ ... ... ... ... ... ... (1)

𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = and 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
12 12
CE 211
Example 2:
Find the moment of inertia about a
diameter for a circular area of radius c;
see Fig. 9.
Solution:
To find 𝐼𝐼 for a circle, first note that 𝜌𝜌2 = 𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 , as
may be seen from the figure. Then using the definition Figure 9
of 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 , noting the symmetry around both axes,
𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 = � 𝜌𝜌2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑧𝑧 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴
= 𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 + 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 2𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧
𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 4
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = = ... ... ... ... ... ... (2)
2 4
CE 211
Example 3:
Determine the moment of inertia I around the
horizontal axis for the area shown in mm in Fig. 10
for use in the flexure formula.
Solution:
y (mm)
Area A (mm2) (from bottom) Ay
Figure 10
Entire Area 40 × 60 = 2400 30 72,000
Hollow Interior −20 × 30 = −600 35 -21,000
∑ 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 =
∑ 𝐴𝐴 = 1800 mm2
51,000 mm3
∑ 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 51000
𝑦𝑦 = = = 28.3 mm from bottom
∑ 𝐴𝐴 1800
CE 211
For the entire area:
𝑏𝑏ℎ3 40×603
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = = = 72 × 104 mm4
12 12
𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑2 = 2400 30 − 28.3 2 = 0.69 × 104 mm4
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 72.69 × 104 mm4
For the hollow interior: Figure 10
𝑏𝑏ℎ3 20×303
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = = = 4.50 × 104 mm4
12 12
𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑 2 = 600 35 − 28.3 2
= 2.69 × 104 mm4
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 7.19 × 104 mm4
For the Composite Section:
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 72.69 − 7.19 × 104 = 65.50 × 104 mm4

CE 211
Example 4:
A 300-by-400-mm wooden cantilever beam weighing 0.75 kN/m carries
an upward concentrated force of 20 kN at the end, as shown in Fig.
11(a). Determine the maximum bending stresses at a section 2 m from
the free end.
Figure 11
Solution:
𝑏𝑏ℎ3 300 × 4003
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = = = 16 × 108 mm4
12 12
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 38.5 × 106 × 200
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 8
= ±4.81 MPa
𝐼𝐼 16 × 10
CE 211
Example 5:
Find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses acting normal to
section A-A of the machine bracket shown in Fig. 12(a) caused by the
applied force of 8 kips.
Figure 12

CE 211
Solution:
∑ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 17.0
𝑦𝑦 = = = 1.70 in from line 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
∑ 𝐴𝐴 10.0
4 × 13 2 × 1 × 3 3
𝐼𝐼 = � 𝐼𝐼0 + 𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑2 = + 4 × 1.22 + + 2 × 3 × 0.82
12 12
= 14.43 in4
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 8 × 16 × 2.3
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = = 20.4 ksi (compression)
𝐼𝐼 14.43
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 8 × 16 × 1.7
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = = 15.1 ksi (tension)
𝐼𝐼 14.43

CE 211
Stress Concentrations
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 nominal =
𝐼𝐼
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 actual
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 actual = 𝐾𝐾 ... ... ... ... ... ... (3)
𝐼𝐼
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 actual
𝐾𝐾 =
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 nominal
Figure 13 : Meaning of stress-

concentration factor in bending.

CE 211
Figure 14 : Stress-concentration Figure 15 : Stress-concentration

factors in pure bending for flat factors in bending for grooved
bars with various fillets. flat bars.

CE 211
Figure 16

CE 211
Example 5:
Consider a composite beam of the cross-sectional dimensions shown in
Fig. 17(a). The upper 150-by-250-mm part is wood, Ew = 10 GPa; the
lower 10-by-150-mm strap is steel, Es = 200 GPa. If this beam is
subjected to a bending moment of 30 kN·m around a horizontal axis,
what are the maximum stresses in the steel and wood?
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 17
CE 211
Solution:
Select 𝐸𝐸𝑤𝑤 as 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 · Then 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 = 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 ⁄𝐸𝐸𝑤𝑤 = 20. Hence,the transformed
cross section is as in Fig. 17(b) with the equivalent width of steel equal
to 150 × 20 = 3000 mm. The centroid and moment of inertia around
the centroidal axis for this transformed section are, respectively,
150×250×125+10×3000×255
𝑦𝑦 = = 183 mm (from the top)
150×250+10×3000
150×2503 3000×103
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = + 150 × 250 × 582 + + 10 × 3000 × 722
12 12
= 478 × 106 mm4
The maximum stress in the wood is :
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 0.03×109 ×183
𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = = 11.5 MPa
𝐼𝐼 478×106
The maximum stress in the steel is :
0.03×109 ×77
𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛𝑛𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 = 20 × = 96.7 MPa
478×106
CE 211
Alternative Solution:
Select 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 as 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 · Then 𝑛𝑛𝑤𝑤 = 𝐸𝐸𝑤𝑤 ⁄𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 = 1⁄20, and the transformed
section is as in Fig. 17(c).
7.5×250×135+150×10×5
𝑦𝑦 = = 77 mm (from the bottom)
7.5×250+150×10
7.5×2503 150×103
𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 = + 7.5 × 250 × 582 + + 150 × 10 × 722
12 12
= 23.9 × 106 mm4

The maximum stress in the steel is :
0.03×109 ×77
𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 96.7 Mpa
23.9×106
The maximum stress in the wood is :

𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 1 0.03×109 ×183
𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = × = 11.5 Mpa
𝑛𝑛 20 23.9×106
CE 211
Example 6:
Determine the maximum stress in the concrete and the steel for a
reinforced-concrete beam with the section shown in Fig. 18(a) if it is
subjected to a positive bending moment of 50,000 ft-lb. The
1
reinforcement consists to two #9 steel bars. (These bars are 1 in. in
8
diameter and have a cross-sectional area of 1 in2.) Assume the ratio of 𝐸𝐸
for steel to that of concrete to be 15 (i.e., 𝑛𝑛 = 15).
Figure 18
CE 211
Solution:
It is known that this axis coincides with the axis through the centroid of
the transformed section. It is further known that the first (or statical)
moment of the area on one side of a centroidal axis is equal to the first
moment of the area on the other side. Thus, let 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 be the distance from
the top of the beam to the centroidal axis, as shown in Fig. 18(c), where
𝑘𝑘 is the unknown ratio's and 𝑑𝑑 is the distance from the top of the beam
to the center of the steel. An algebraic restatement of the foregoing
locates the neutral axis.
10 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ⁄2) = 30 (20 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
concrete arm transformed arm
area steel area
5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2 = 600 − 30 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2 + 6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 120 = 0
Hence,
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 8.36 in and 20 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 11.64 in
CE 211
3 2
10 8.36 8.36 2
𝐼𝐼 = + 10 8.36 + 0 + 30 11.64 = 6020 in4
12 2
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 50,000 × 12 × 8.36

𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = = 833 psi
𝐼𝐼 6020
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 15 × 50,000 × 12 × 11.64
𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑛𝑛 = = 17,400 psi
𝐼𝐼 6020

CE 211
TO DO LIST FROM POPOV
In addition to other books mentioned, solve

following problems from Popov:
Problems from Chapter 8 (2nd ed):
11-15, 18, 25-26

CE 211
Observation & Kinematic Assumptions

1. Plane sections through a beam taken normal to its axis remain plane
after the beam is subjected to bending.
2. Some fibers or filaments of the beam along a surface do not change
length. These fibers free of stress and strain exist continuously over
the whole length and width over the whole length and width of the
beam. These fibers lie in a surface called the neutral surface of the
beam. Its intersection with a right section through the beam with
neutral surface is termed the neutral axis of the beam (location of
zero stress or strain in a member subjected to bending).
3. In a beam subjected to bending, strains in its fibers vary linearly or
directly as their respective distance from the neutral surface.

CE 211
∆𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑢𝑢 ∆𝑢𝑢 𝑦𝑦
a) 𝜌𝜌
=
𝑦𝑦
⟹
∆𝑥𝑥
=
𝜌𝜌
ρ 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 = ⟹ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝐸𝐸𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 ⟹ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝐸𝐸
𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌
𝐸𝐸 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥
y ∴ =
𝜌𝜌 𝑦𝑦
Δu
Δx b) ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0 → + ∴ ∫𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Figure 19 𝐸𝐸
⟹ ∫𝐴𝐴 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 ⟹ ∫𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝜌𝜌
⟹ ∫𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 = 0

∵ 𝐴𝐴 ≠ 0 ∴ 𝑦𝑦 = 0
∴ NA passes through the centroid of the section.

CE 211
y
dFx
Figure 20
c) ∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = 0 ↷ +
⟹ 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 + ∑ 𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 . 𝑦𝑦 = 0 +ve
⟹ 𝑀𝑀 + ∫𝐴𝐴 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 = 0
+ve
𝐸𝐸
⟹ 𝑀𝑀 + ∫ 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =0
𝜌𝜌
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝜎𝜎
+ve
⟹ 𝑀𝑀 = − = − 𝑥𝑥 𝐼𝐼
𝜌𝜌 𝑦𝑦
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦
⟹ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −
𝐼𝐼

Flexural Stress in Beams

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CE 211

Symmetric Beam Bending

[Flexural Stress in Beams]

Definitions of Positive Moments

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 = 0 ⟹ 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧 + ∮ 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . 𝑦𝑦 = 0

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

It is interesting to note that due to

𝑏𝑏ℎ3 𝑏𝑏 3 ℎ ... ... ... ... ... ... (1)

𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 = � 𝜌𝜌2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑧𝑧 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Hollow Interior −20 × 30 = −600 35 -21,000

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Figure 13 : Meaning of stress-

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Figure 14 : Stress-concentration Figure 15 : Stress-concentration

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

= 23.9 × 106 mm4

The maximum stress in the wood is :

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 50,000 × 12 × 8.36

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

TO DO LIST FROM POPOV

In addition to other books mentioned, solve

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Observation & Kinematic Assumptions

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

⟹ ∫𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 = 0

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

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