UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

_________________________________________________________________________
__

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Professor Madya Ahmad Kamil Bin Husain
Group : EMD4M1C (Group 3)
_________________________________________________________________________
__

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : Pure Bending in Beam

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1.
MOHD SYAZWAN BIN SARUDIN 2021836538

2. MOHD IRSYAD HAKIM BIN MOHD

2021823788
ZAHAIR
3. MOHAMMAD ARIF BIN MOHAMMED 2021868524
4. MOHD AMER FARHAN BIN MOHD
2021620178
AZIZI
5. MUHAMMAD ADIB BIN MASHUDI 2021620282

0
 LABORATORY SESSION :
(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 8/6/2022

(DATE)

*By signing above, you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

1
ABSTRACT

In engineering mechanics, bending characterizes the behaviour of a slender structural element

subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.
Bending is the phenomenon when a straight member that has a longitudinal axis changes its
shape from a straight line to a curve. Every member with a length has an axis, that is , an
imaginary line running all along the length of the member, at its centre of cross-section. If, due
an applied force that line becomes a curve, then that is called bending. When the structure takes
a curved shape, the inside of the curve would be in compression and the outside of the curve
would be in tension. While Pure bending is a condition of stress where a bending moment is
applied to a beam without the simultaneous presence of axial, shear, or torsional forces. Pure
bending in beam tests used to estimate and compare the value of Young’s Modulus of Elasticity,
E, using deflection as the measurement data, allowing the elasticity modulus to computed and
compared to another value of Young’s Modulus of Elasticity, E obtained from a theoretical
result. For this experiment, a load is being applied on the left and the right sides of the beams
with a given distance and the load that being used is varied resulting in different deflections.
The material that was given are Aluminium, brass, and mild steel. The resulted show that mild
steel has the highest modulus of elasticity and the most resistance to bent compared to the
aluminium and brass. In conclusion, the experiment is successful because of the percentage
error does not exceeding 10 percent.

2
TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-2

2.0 THEORY 3-5

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 6-8

4.0 RESULTS 9 - 14

5.0 DISCUSSION 15

6.0 CONCLUSION 16

7.0. REFERENCES 17

3
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Bending is characterized as a slender structural element behaviour subjected to an external

load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. A structural element that
subjected to bending is known as a beam. In this experiment, the beam is subjected to pure
bending at the central section. When a beam experiences a bending moment, it will develop
internal stresses and change its shape. The figure 1 below illustrates the shape change of
elements of the beam in bending. The material is in compression on the inside of the curve
and tension on the outside of the curve. Transverse planes in the material remain parallel
to the radius during bending. Figure 1 below shows the change of elements of the beam due
to bending.

Figure 1: change of elements of beam due to bending

Shear force is the force in the beam acting perpendicular to its longitudinal (x) axis. Axial
force is the force in the beam acting parallel to the longitudinal axis. For design purpose,
the beam ability to resist shear force is more important than its ability to withstand axial
force. Shear force diagrams are simply plotting of the shear force on the y-axis versus the
position of various points along the beam on the x-axis. Thus, figure 2 below generalized
shear force diagram for beam.

Figure 2: Shear force diagram for beam

1
The bending moment at any point along the beam is equal to the area under the shear force
diagram up to that point. Bending moment diagrams are the plots of the bending moment
on y-axis versus the position of various points along the x-axis. Thus, figure 3 below
generalized bending moment diagram for the beam.

Figure 3: Bending moment diagram for beam

2
2.0 THEORY

When a load is placed in the middle of the beam, the beam tends to curve upwards. The
beams, on the other hand, would appear to concave downwards if they were solely
supported at each end.

Figure 4: shows the example of beams that concave upward and downward.

Next, pure bending is a type of stress that happens when a bending moment is put on a
beam but there are no axial, shear, or torsional forces at the same time. Pure bending can
only occur in the presence of a constant bending moment (M) because the shear force (V),
𝑑𝑀
which is equal to = 𝑉, must be equal to zero. In actuality, a state of pure bending does
𝑑𝑥

not exist because an absolutely weightless member is required for such a state. Pure bending
is an approximation which used derive formulas.

Figure 5: Bending in beam

3
The distance between points A and B is the distance between the support spans that
maintain the position of the beam during the experiment. Weights or loads are hung at the
end of each support. While R is the arc's radius of curvature when loads are added.

The formula for pure bending is as follows:

2
𝐿 2
2
𝑅 = (𝑅 − 𝑦) + ( )
2

Simplifying and ignoring the small terms:

𝐿2
𝑅=
8𝑦

The radius of curvature R of the beam is given as:

𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑅= =
𝑀 𝑊𝑑

where, E is the beam’s elastic modulus, and I is the moment of inertia about neutral axis.

In terms of the measured quantities, therefore.

𝑊 𝑑𝐿2
𝐸 = ( )( )
𝑦 8𝐼

Another approach by using differential equations of the deflection curve:

Bending moment at a cut section x to the right of support O is −M, a constant where M=Wd

The differential equations:

4
 𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = −𝑀
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = −𝑀𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥

𝑀 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2

The deflection curve then is

𝑀 2 𝑀𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 𝑥
2 2

Maximum deflection measured using the dial gauge at x = L/2 therefore:

𝑀𝐿2 𝑊𝑑𝐿2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = =
8 8

Hence:

𝑊 𝑑𝐿2
𝐸 = ( )( )
𝑦 8𝐼

5
3.0 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
Apparatus

1. Vernier calliper.

2. Load holder.

3. Load weight.

6
4. Dial gauge.

5. Hanger.

6. Steel ruler.

7. Beam.

7
Procedure.

1. The beam was measured at several point by using vernier calliper and steel ruler to
obtain the width, thickness, and the length of the beam.
2. The position of the weight from the nearest support was measured and the length d was
recorded.
3. The support was placed at the midpoint of the support and dial gauge was set up on the
middle of the beam.
4. Weigh- hanger with a load (W) was placed on the position of the weight that being
measured. 2 N load was used for the starting load and the load will increase by
increments of 2 N.
5. The deflection y was measured, and load (W) was recorded at every increment.

8
4.0 RESULTS

Material Aluminium Brass Mild Steel

Theoretical Modulus
69 97 200
of Elasticity, E (Gpa)
Table 1: Theoretical Value of Materials

LOAD (N) Deflection of Beam by Materials

Aluminium Brass Mild Steel

0 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 0.143 0.113 0.163
4 0.273 0.243 0.353
6 0.353 0.333 0.493
8 0.553 0.463 0.713
10 0.633 0.553 0.903
12 0.783 0.683 1.063
14 0.903 0.783 1.243
16 1.033 0.933 1.433
Table 2: Beam Deflection Data

Aluminium

Materials Length, L (m) Width, b (m) Thickness, h (m)

Aluminium 0.998 0.019 0.00651
Table 3: Dimension of Aluminium

Length, L (m) Distance, d (m) Moment of Inertia, I (m^4)

0.4 0.1 4.36833E-10
Table 4: Moment of Inertia (Aluminium)

Load, N Deflection, y (mm) Modulus of Elasticity, E (Gpa)

0 0 0
2 0.143 6.4038E-10
4 0.273 6.7088E-10
6 0.353 7.7826E-10
8 0.553 6.0624E-10
10 0.633 7.2334E-10

9
 12 0.783 7.0172E-10
14 0.903 7.0988E-10
16 1.033 7.0920E-10
Table 5: Modulus of Elasticity (Aluminium)

Table 6: Deflection Graph (Aluminium)

Brass

Materials Length, L (m) Width, b (m) Thickness, h (m)

Brass 1.005 0.02 0.00598
Table 7: Dimension of Brass

Length, L (m) Distance, d (m) Moment of Inertia, I (m^4)

0.4 0.1 3.564E-10
Table 8: Moment of Inertia (Brass)

Load, N Deflection, y (mm) Modulus of Elasticity, E (Gpa)

0 0 0
2 0.113 9.9321E-10
4 0.243 9.2373E-10
6 0.333 1.0111E-11
8 0.463 9.6961E-10

10
 10 0.553 1.0147E-11
12 0.683 9.8595E-10
14 0.783 1.0033E-11
16 0.933 9.6234E-10
Table 9: Modulus of Elasticity (Brass)

Table 10: Deflection Graph (Brass)

Materials Length, L (m) Width, b (m) Thickness, h (m)

Brass 0.999 0.02 0.00411
Table 11: Dimension of Mild Steel

Length, L (m) Distance, d (m) Moment of Inertia, I (m^4)

0.4 0.1 1.1571E-10
Table 12: Moment of Inertia (Mild Steel)

Load, N Deflection, y (mm) Modulus of Elasticity, E (Gpa)

0 0 0
2 0.163 2.1208E-11
4 0.353 1.9585E-11
6 0.493 2.1036E-11
8 0.713 1.9394E-11
10 0.903 1.9141E-11

11
 12 1.063 1.9512E-11
14 1.243 1.9467E-11
16 1.433 1.9299E-11
Table 13: Modulus of Elasticity (Mild Steel)

Table 14: Deflection Graph (Mild Steel)

Percentage Error (%):

Theoretical Modulus Experimental Percentage Error

Materials
(Pa) Modulus (Pa) (%)
Aluminium 6.9 x 10^10 6.924 x 10^10 0.34
Brass 9.7 x 10^10 9.684 x 10^10 0.16
Mild Steel 2.0 x 10^11 1.983 x 10^10 0.85
Table 15: Percentage error of each material

12
 Related Calculation:

Moment of Inertia:

I=

Where;

b = base

h = height

Elastic Modulus:

Where;

w = weight

L = length

y = deflection

d = load distance

I = moment of inertia

Beam Specification

Length of Distance
two Load
Length Width Thickness support Hanger
Materials
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) and
Support
(mm)
Aluminium 998 19.00 6.51
Brass 1005 20.00 5.98 400 100
Mild Steel 999 20.00 4.11

13
Example Calculation

Aluminium

Moment Of Inertia

= 1/12 (0.019)(0.00651)^3

Elastic Modulus

= Pa

Brass

Moment of Inertia

= 1/12 (0.02)(0.00598)^3

= 3.56 x 10^-10 Pa

Elastic Modulus

= 9.943 x 10^-10 Pa

14
5.0 DISCUSSION
From this experiment, we get to determine all the values of elastic modulus, E of three
types of beams, which is aluminium, brass and mild steel. It is found out that the value of
elastic modulus, E of aluminium is slightly different when comparing the theoretical and
experimental calculation. The value of theoretical elastic modulus, E of aluminium is 69
GPa while the obtained value of elastic modulus, E of aluminium is 69.4 GPa. The
percentage errors for elastic modulus, E of aluminium is merely less than 1% that is at
0.34% and therefore can be considered acceptable. Aside that, the value of theoretical
elastic modulus, E of brass is 97 GPa while the obtained value of elastic modulus, E of
brass is 96.48 GPa. The percentage errors for elastic modulus, E of brass is 0.16% which
can be considered acceptable. Lastly, the value of theoretical elastic modulus, E of mild
steel is 200 GPa while the obtained value of elastic modulus, E of mild steel is 198 GPa.
The percentage errors for elastic modulus, E of mild steel is 0.85% and can be considered
acceptable. There might some parallax and precision errors while taking the dimension of
the beam even though a Vernier calliper was used. The person’s eyes may not be placed
accordingly when taking the measurement. Therefore, the reading might be affected.
During the placing of weights, a dial gauge was used to record the deflection of the beam,
there might be zero error as the dial gauge has been worn too many times. This may cause
record values to be inaccurate than it is supposed to be. All this disturbance and errors may
affect the values of elastic modulus, E. There is other test could be used to determine the
elastic modulus, E of the materials, that is tension (or compression) test and natural
frequency test. The tension test is based on the Hooke’s law, like this experiment and are
also called as static methods.

15
6.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we can say that our experiment is successful as we could obtained the value
of elastic modulus, E for all three beams, aluminium, brass and mild steel. We also manage
to validate the data of this experiment to the theoretical as the values is only slightly
different. We can conclude that this experiment proves that the theory of bending in beam
can be proved.

16
7.0 REFERENCES

1. Beer, F. P., Johnston, Jr, E. R., DeWolf, J. T., & Mazurek, D. F. (2012).

Mechanics Of Materials. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Beer, F. P., Johnston, Jr, E. R., & DeWolf, J. T. (2002). Mechanis Of

Materials. Texas Tech University: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. Korsunsky, A. M. (2017). Inelastic Bending of Beams. A Teaching Essay On

Residual Stresses and Eigenstrains.

4. E P Popov, Sammurthy Nagarajan, Z A Lu, “Mechanics of materials”

Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1976 2nd ed p.119, Pure Bending of

Beams

17
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Teamwork Assessment Form
Name : MOHD SYAZWAN BIN SARUDIN
Member’s Name 1: MOHAMMAD ARIF BIN MOHAMMED
2: MOHAMAD IRSYAD HAKIM BIN MOHAMAD
ZAHAIR
3: MUHAMAD AMER FARHAN BIN MOHD AZIZI
4: MUHAMMAD ADIB BIN MASHUDI

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self : Done a very good job

Member 1 : Done a very good job

Member 2 : Done a very good job
Member 3 : Done a very good job
Member 4 : Done a very good job

18